King Charles III Diana Wedding Solid Silver Coin Queen Elizabeth II Stamps Spare

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Seller: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3,666) 99.9%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 276356211812 King Charles III Diana Wedding Solid Silver Coin Queen Elizabeth II Stamps Spare. Biography portalRoyalty portalEngland portal. Duke of Rothesay. Peerage of the United Kingdom. "TRH continue their annual tour of Wales". Prince of Wales website. Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Royal Wedding Solid Silver 1981 Crown Boxed with COA and Stamps This is Solid Silver 1981 Crown complete with the Original Case and COA It has never been removed from its original air tight case There is also two Royal Wedding stamps one has the word "Specimin" accross it Manufacturer: Royal Mint Issuing Country: United Kingdom Year: 1981 Monarch: Elizabeth II (1952 - Present) Collections: Elizabeth II Series / Ranges: Royal Wedding Denomination: 25p Crown Metal: Silver Purity: .925 Metal Content: 0.841 Troy Ounce Weight: 28.28 Grams Diameter: 38.61mm Quality: Silver Proof Presentation: Boxed with Info Card The wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales took place at St Paul’s Cathedral on 29 July 1981. Attended by foreign royals and heads of state and watched on TV by an estimated 750 million, the ‘fairytale wedding’ was a cause for jubilation in the UK and across the Commonwealth. To celebrate the wedding of the century, The Royal Mint struck a special commemorative Crown coin bearing a double portrait of the bride and groom by Philip Nathan. It’s a contemporary and instantly recognisable depiction of Charles and Diana. This is paired with Arnold Machin’s third definitive portrait of the groom’s mother, Her Majesty the Queen, to the obverse. The face value of a Crown coin in 1981 was Twenty Five Pence, prior to the denomination being re-tariffed in 1990 to Five Pounds. Like later issues, however, this 1981 Crown is struck in 28.28 grams of .925 sterling silver and has a diameter of 38.61 millimetres. It’s offered in its original velvet presentation box from The Royal Mint and comes with a certificate of authenticity. Obverse Arnold Machin's third official coinage portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Inscription: 'ELIZABETH II D · G · REG · F · D ·'. Reverse Double portrait of Prince Charles and Princess Diana by Philip Nathan. Legend around: 'H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES AND LADY DIANA SPENCER' with date below (1981). Specification 28.28 grams of .925 sterling silver. Struck to flawless proof standard. Diameter: 38.61 millimeters. Face value: 25p / Twenty Five Pence. Presentation One of some 218,000 issued in 1981. Offered in original capsule and presentation box with certificate of authenticity. Product Summary Product Code:UKCDSPStock Remaining:5Metal:SilverPrecious Metal Content:26.16 (g)Material:SilverMonarch:Elizabeth II (1952-2022)Denomination:CrownCountry:United KingdomFinish:ProofCapital Gains Tax Status:ExemptWeight:28.28gNew / Pre-owned:NewCondition:Proof - Boxed with certificate of authenticityDiameter:38.61mm Steeped in more than 1,100 years of history, The Royal Mint supplies all of the United Kingdom's coinage as well as currency for nations around the world. Renown for craftsmanship and thoughtful design, The Royal Mint also produces commemorative coins, favoured by investors and collectors. A Millennia of Minting Founded in the reign of Alfred the Great, around the year 886, The Royal Mint was originally one of several mints which were centralised to London in 1279. For more than 800 years the Mint was based at the Tower of London before moving to Royal Mint Court where it remained until the 1960s. The Royal Mint has always been on the forefront of economic, technical and artistic innovation. Its skilled craftsmen minted coins that would reach the far corners of the British Empire, establishing the image and reputation of Britain for all whose pockets they ended up in. In 2010 The Royal Mint became a limited company owned by Her Majesty’s Treasury. In recent years the Mint has struck medals for the 2012 London Olympic Games and opened a visitor centre, The Royal Mint Experience, in Llantrisant, Wales: the current home of The Royal Mint. Collecting and Investing The Royal Mint's commemorative and bullion coins – often minted to mark important national events and anniversaries – are not intended for circulation. They might look like ordinary coins but they are generally worth much more, thanks to their scarcity, finish and composition. Most commemorative coins produced by The Royal Mint are available in a range of striking standards including Gold Proof, Silver Proof, Brilliant Uncirculated and Bullion. Some are also available in collectors sets. Gold and Silver Proof coins are minted in small numbers, making them rare and desirable. The Royal Mint's commemorative coins are both VAT-free and Capital Gains Tax (CGT) exempt, making them an attractive and valuable investment. Whether you are diversifying your investments or simply appreciate world-class design, commemorative coins from The Royal Mint are a great buy. Would make an Magnificent Gift for any who likes the Royal Family or a Keepsake to remember great woman In Very Good Condition for its age 42 years old A Must-Have Souvenir Click Here to Check out my other Antiques items Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from almost 1000 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together  I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.

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I have sold items to coutries such as  Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL)  * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL)  * Sint Maarten (NL)  * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra Diana, Princess of Wales Lady Diana Frances Spencer (1961-1997) married Prince Charles in 1981 and became Princess of Wales. Retaining her title after the royal couple divorced in 1996, Diana continued her humanitarian work. She died in a tragic car accident in 1997. Lady Diana Spencer began enchanting the public and international press shortly before July 29, 1981, wedding to Prince Charles of Wales, heir to the British throne, in a ceremony that was broadcast worldwide. The media's obsessive fascination with the Princess of Wales hardly waned over the years and at times became frenetic, particularly in the mid-1990s as her marriage to Prince Charles became increasingly unstable. On February 29, 1996, the Princess announced that she had agreed to a divorce. True to her high-profile image, in March of 1996 Diana suggested to Charles that they announce their divorce on television; according to The Daily Telegraph, Diana argued that such an appearance "would help the nation as much as themselves." After some stalling, Prince Charles agreed to the request and a hefty financial settlement of almost $23 million, plus $600,000 a year for the maintenance of Diana's private office. Diana, meanwhile, lost her title of Her Royal Highness and right to the throne, but kept the moniker Princess of Wales and continued to live in Kensington Palace. Just over a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car accident in Paris. Rumors about the stability of Charles and Diana's marriage surfaced repeatedly over the years. Many royal watchers say the union was destined for trouble because the fairy tale wedding raised expectations that most couples would find impossible to meet. Others cited the difference in the couple's ages and interests, and Charles's long-time friendship with Camilla Parker Bowles, a woman he had once asked to marry him. Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961, in Norfolk, England, the third of the Lord and Lady Althorp's four children. She grew up at Park House, a mansion in Norfolk located next door to the royal family's Sandringham estate. One of Diana's playmates was Prince Andrew, Charles's brother. Diana's mother, the Honorable Frances Shand-Kydd, is the daughter of a wealthy Anglo-Irish baron. Lady Fermoy, Diana's grandmother, was for years chief lady-in-waiting to the Queen Mother. Diana's father, the Viscount Althorp who became an earl in 1975, was a remote descendant of the Stuart kings and a direct descendant of King Charles II (1630-1685). The Spencers have served the Crown as courtiers for generations and are related to the Sir Winston Churchills and at least eight U.S. presidents, including George Washington, John Adams, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Diana's younger brother Charles is Queen Elizabeth's godson, and her father was the late Queen Mary's godson and former personal aide to both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Diana, a quiet and reserved child, had a relatively happy home life until she was eight years old, when her parents went through a bitter divorce, and her mother ran off with the heir to a wallpaper fortune. Her father eventually won the custody battle over their son and three daughters. Diana, who remained close to her mother, subsequently became depressed. In 1976 the Earl Spencer married Raine Legge, the daughter of British romance novelist Barbara Cartland. Apparently, the Spencer children and their stepmother had a stormy relationship. Diana's academic career was unremarkable. She was tutored at home until the age of nine, when she was sent to Riddlesworth Hall in Norfolk. Her "major moment of academic distinction," according to People, was when she won an award for taking especially good care of her guinea pig, Peanuts. At the age of 12, Diana began attending the exclusive West Heath School in Sevenoaks, Kent, where she developed a passion for ballet and later Prince Charles. She hung his picture above her cot at the boarding school and told a classmate, as reported by People," I would love to be a dancer—or Princess of Wales." Diana became bored with academics and dropped out of West Heath at the age of 16. Her father sent her to a Swiss finishing school, Chateau d'Oex. She became homesick within a few months and returned to Norfolk. For a while she hired herself out as a cleaning woman, eventually finding work as a kindergarten teacher's aide. Her father bought her a three-bedroom flat not far from fashionable Sloane Street and Knightsbridge, where Diana helped her three roommates with housekeeping and cooking duties. Although Prince Charles had known Diana, literally the girl next door, for virtually all of her life, he regarded her as a playmate for his younger brothers. He later dated Diana's older sister, Lady Sarah, who eventually became Mrs. Neil McCorquodale. Lady Sarah reintroduced Charles and Diana at a 1977 pheasant hunt at Althorp. "[Diana] taught him how to tap-dance on the terrace," a family friend once told McCall's. "He thought she was adorable … full of vitality and terribly sweet." Charles was struck by "what a very amusing and jolly and attractive 16-year-old she was," Time reported. Diana concluded that the prince was "pretty amazing." Charles thought Diana was too young to consider as a marriage prospect, however, and the romance didn't bloom for another three years. In July of 1980 Diana visited the royal family's Balmoral Castle in Scotland to see her sister, Lady Jane, who was married to Robert Fellowes, the queen's assistant secretary. Once again Diana ran into Charles, and the two walked and fished together. Charles was quoted as saying in Time, "I began to realize what was going on in my mind and hers in particular." Diana was invited back in September. Soon afterward, reporters began to suspect the nature of her relationship with Charles and began to hound Diana mercilessly, photographing her with the prince at her London flat and once while holding one of the children at the nursery school where she taught. To her horror, the sun behind her back clearly outlined her thighs through her skirt in a photo that has since been reprinted many times. At one point Diana's mother fired off a letter to the London Times, demanding, "Is it necessary or fair to harass my daughter daily?," as quoted in Time. Charles proposed to Diana at dinner in his Buckingham Palace apartment on February 3, 1981. Diana was the first British citizen to marry the heir to the throne since 1659, when Prince James—later James II—married Lady Anne Hyde. In addition, Diana was an Anglican, presenting no legal obstacles to marriage with the man who, as king, would head the Church of England. Her past was pristine, a matter of great importance to the royal family. A well-known saying soon made the rounds in the press: Diana had a history, but no past. According to a Time interview with the royal couple, Charles said the courtship was conducted "like a military operation" on national television. He proposed over dinner for two before Diana's February 6 departure for a vacation in Australia. "I wanted to give Diana a chance to think about it—to think if it was going to be too awful. If she didn't like the idea, she could say she didn't. … But in fact she said …." Diana interrupted, "Yes, quite promptly. I never had any doubts about it." When Diana returned from her trip, Charles asked the Earl Spencer for his daughter's hand. Diana resigned her teaching post and moved into the palace's Clarence House with the Queen Mother, where she was instructed in royal protocol. The Archbishop of Canterbury and 25 other clerics officiated at the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana on July 29, 1981. A congregation of 2,500 and a worldwide TV audience of about 750 million watched the ceremony under the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral. Five mounted military police officers led Diana in her glass coach from Clarence House to St. Paul's. Two million spectators—whose behavior was kept in check by 4,000 policemen and 2,228 soldiers—jammed the processional route. Soon afterward, Diana's professional life became an endless round of ceremonial tree plantings, introductions, and public appearances. She was scheduled for 170 official engagements during the year following the royal wedding. In their first seven years of marriage, the Prince and Princess of Wales made official visits to 19 countries and held hundreds of handshaking sessions. But Diana was shielded from the press, never making any public statements—except for those approved by the palace—or giving a private interview to any reporter. There seemed to be no doubts about Charles and Diana's love for each other in those early days. "Diana seems absolutely floating on air when she's around the Prince—squeezing his hand, nuzzling his cheek or leaning her head on his shoulder," Rita Lachman, a close friend of the Spencers, observed in McCall's. "And although the Prince's training has made his behavior more restrained, it is obvious how he feels about her." Later developments would make it appear that the relationship was rocky even before the marriage, but the public would only see the fairy tale facade. On November 5, 1981, the palace announced that the Princess of Wales was expecting a child. Charles was present when his wife gave birth at London's St. Mary's Hospital 11 months after the royal wedding. Dr. George Pinker, Queen Elizabeth's gynecologist, attended the birth. Prince William, nicknamed Wills, was born in June of 1982. A second son, Harry, was born two years later in September of 1984. Diana was said to be a doting mother, trying to raise the children as normally as possible, away from the glare of publicity. After giving birth, Diana dropped 30 pounds from her 5-foot 10-inch frame, according to a People correspondent, "leaving it lean and elegant—a splendid rack for the designer rags she assembled with impressive taste. Almost overnight a pretty girl was transformed into a statuesque belle." Around that time, reports alleging that Diana suffered from anorexia nervosa first began to surface. At the moment the Queen died, the throne passed immediately and without ceremony to the heir, Charles, the former Prince of Wales. But there are a number of practical - and traditional - steps which he must go through to be crowned King. What will he be called? He will be known as King Charles III. That was the first decision of the new king's reign. He could have chosen from any of his four names - Charles Philip Arthur George. He is not the only one who faces a change of title. Prince William and his wife Catherine are now titled Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and Cambridge, and the king has conferred on them the title of Prince and Princess of Wales. There is also a new title for Charles' wife, Camilla, who becomes the Queen Consort - consort is the term used for the spouse of the monarch. Formal ceremonies Charles was officially proclaimed King on the Saturday following the Queen's death. This event took place at St James's Palace in London, in front of a ceremonial body known as the Accession Council. This was made up of members of the Privy Council - a group of senior MPs, past and present, and peers - as well as some senior civil servants, Commonwealth high commissioners, and the Lord Mayor of London. The Accession Council has two parts and King Charles was only present for the second. Prince Charles file photoImage source, PA Media Around 200 privy counsellors attended the ceremony - the same number who attended the last Accession Council in 1952. In the first part of the meeting, the death of Queen Elizabeth was announced by the Lord President of the Privy Council (currently Penny Mordaunt MP), and the proclamation was read aloud. It included a series of prayers and pledges, commending the previous monarch and pledging support for the new one. The proclamation was then signed by a number of senior figures including the prime minister, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord Chancellor. It was read aloud from a balcony above Friary Court in St James's Palace and for the first time since 1952, the national anthem was played with the words "God Save the King".     The grand ceremony that announced Charles as new king The King's first declaration King Charles attended the second meeting of the Accession Council, along with the Privy Council. This was not a "swearing in" at the start of a British monarch's reign, in the style of some other heads of state, such as the president of the US. Instead the King made a declaration to uphold the constitutional government and - in line with a tradition dating from the early 18th Century - he made an oath to preserve the Church of Scotland. Queen Elizabeth II crowns her son Charles, Prince of Wales, during his investiture ceremony at Caernarvon Castle. 1969Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Queen Elizabeth II crowned her son Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969 1px transparent line After this the Accession Council concluded. The proclamation announcing Charles as the King was later read out in Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The coronation The symbolic high point of the accession will be the coronation, when Charles is formally crowned. Because of the preparation needed, the coronation is not likely to happen very soon after Charles's accession - Queen Elizabeth succeeded to the throne in February 1952, but was not crowned until June 1953. For the past 900 years the coronation has been held in Westminster Abbey - William the Conqueror was the first monarch to be crowned there, and Charles will be the 40th. It is an Anglican religious service, carried out by the Archbishop of Canterbury. At the climax of the ceremony, he will place St Edward's Crown on Charles's head - a solid gold crown, dating from 1661. This is the centrepiece of the Crown Jewels at the Tower of London, and is only worn by the monarch at the moment of coronation itself (not least because it weighs a hefty 2.23kg - almost 5lbs). Unlike royal weddings, the coronation is a state occasion - the government pays for it, and ultimately decides the guest list. Royal Family on Balcony at Buckingham Palace, London, pictured after Coronation, 2nd June 1953.Image source, Mirrorpix / Getty Images 1px transparent line There will be music, readings and the ritual of anointing the new monarch, using oils of orange, roses, cinnamon, musk and ambergris. The new King will take the coronation oath in front of the watching world. During this elaborate ceremony he will receive the orb and sceptre as symbols of his new role and the Archbishop of Canterbury will place the solid gold crown on his head. Head of the Commonwealth Charles has become head of the Commonwealth, an association of 56 independent countries and 2.5 billion people. For 14 of these countries, as well as the UK, the King is head of state. These countries, known as the Commonwealth realms, are: Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, St Christopher and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu. The marriage of Charles and Diana, (later the Prince and Princess of Wales), took place on 29 July 1981, marking a highpoint in the popularity of the Royal Family. It was seen by a global television audience of 750 million in 74 countries. In Britain, where a public holiday had been declared, 28.4 million watched on BBC and ITV - the majority on the BBC - while 600,000 lined the streets of London. BBC Midday News 29 July 1981. Kate Adie reports from London as thousands gather in the streets for the wedding of Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral. The BBC pulled out all the stops to ensure the widest possible audience on the day. Television coverage of the 11am ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral began at 7.45am, presented by Angela Rippon and Peter Woods. Commentary on the carriage processions and marriage service was given by Tom Fleming. Simultaneous coverage on BBC Two provided live subtitles for hearing impaired viewers, the first big outing for the Palantype system. Radio coverage was also extensive, with commentators as varied as Wynford Vaughan-Thomas and Rolf Harris along the processional route, and Terry Wogan on Radio 2, capturing the mood on the streets. The Royal Wedding remains one of the most watched programmes, and the BBC the broadcaster most trusted for such events. In 2011 the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton (later the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge) again proved very popular, and the BBC's coverage attracted 70% of the audience. Charles, Prince of Wales Born Prince Charles of Edinburgh 14 November 1948 (age 73) Buckingham Palace, London Spouses Lady Diana Spencer ​ ​(m. 1981; div. 1996)​ Camilla Parker Bowles ​ ​(m. 2005)​ Issue Detail Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Names Charles Philip Arthur George[fn 1] House Windsor Father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Mother Elizabeth II Signature Charles's signature Education Gordonstoun University of Cambridge Military career Allegiance   United Kingdom[fn 2] Service/branch   Royal Navy  Royal Air Force[fn 2] Years of active service 1971–1977 Rank See list Commands held HMS Bronington Royal family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been heir apparent as well as Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952 and is both the oldest and the longest-serving heir apparent in British history.[2] He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held the title since July 1958.[3] Upon the death of his father, Prince Philip, on 9 April 2021, Charles also inherited the title of Duke of Edinburgh.[4] Charles was born in Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun schools, both of which his father attended as a child. He later spent a year at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer, with whom he had two sons: William and Harry. In 1996, the couple divorced following well-publicised extramarital affairs by both parties. Diana died as the result of a car crash in Paris the following year. In 2005, Charles married his long-term partner Camilla Parker Bowles. As the Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen. He founded The Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors The Prince's Charities, and is a patron, president, or a member of over 400 other charities and organisations. As a self-described environmentalist, Charles has spoken publicly about issues such as organic farming and climate change, which has earned him awards and recognition from environmental groups.[5][6][7][8] His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been the subject of criticism.[9][10] His views on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings have received significant attention from British architects and design critics.[11][12][13] Since 1993, Charles has worked on the creation of Poundbury, an experimental new town based on his architectural tastes. He is also an author or co-author of a number of books. Early life, family and education Princess Elizabeth with her one-month-old son Prince Charles of Edinburgh, in London on 14 December 1948. Charles was born in Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948, during the reign of his maternal grandfather George VI, as the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[14][15] He was baptised there by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948.[fn 3] The death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 made Charles the heir apparent. As the monarch's eldest son, he automatically assumed the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.[17] Charles attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953.[18] As was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, making him the first heir apparent to be educated in that manner.[19] On 7 November 1956, Charles commenced classes at Hill House School in west London.[20] He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[21] Charles then attended two of his father's former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England,[22] from 1958,[20] followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland,[23] beginning classes there in April 1962.[20] Prince Charles with his parents and sister in October 1957 Though he reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts",[22] Charles subsequently praised Gordonstoun, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities. It taught me to accept challenges and take the initiative." In a 1975 interview, he said he was "glad" he had attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much exaggerated".[24] He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse.[25][26][27] In 1973, Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education.[28] Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy. He left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C respectively.[25][29] On his early education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I might have, but that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere else."[24] Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining the British Armed Forces.[22] In October 1967, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read archaeology and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos, and then changed to history for the second part.[30][31][25] During his second year, Charles attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and language for a term.[25] He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree on 23 June 1970, the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree.[25] On 2 August 1975, he was awarded a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree by Cambridge. At Cambridge, Master of Arts is an academic rank, not a postgraduate degree.[25] Prince of Wales Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[32][33] though his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle.[34] He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1970,[35][36] and he made his maiden speech in June 1974,[37] the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884.[38] He spoke again in 1975.[39] Charles began to take on more public duties, founding The Prince's Trust in 1976,[40] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[41] In the mid-1970s, the prince expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General of Australia, at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, but because of a lack of public enthusiasm nothing came of the proposal.[42] Charles commented: "So, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?"[43] Charles is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having surpassed the record held by Edward VII on 9 September 2017.[3] He is the oldest and longest-serving British heir apparent, the longest-serving Duke of Cornwall, and the longest-serving Duke of Rothesay.[2] If he becomes monarch, he will be the oldest person to do so, the current record holder being William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830.[44] Official duties See also: List of official overseas trips made by Charles, Prince of Wales In 2008, The Daily Telegraph described Charles as the "hardest-working member of the royal family."[45] He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008,[45] 499 in 2010,[46] and over 600 in 2011. The Prince of Wales met US President Richard Nixon in the Oval Office on an official visit to the United States in July 1970. As Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen. He officiates at investitures and attends the funerals of foreign dignitaries.[47] Prince Charles makes regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[48] The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust meet three times a year under his chairmanship.[49] Prince Charles travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom. Charles has been regarded as an effective advocate of the country. In 1983, Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with Diana and William.[50] While visiting Australia in January 1994, two shots from a starting pistol were fired at him on Australia Day by David Kang in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum seekers held in detention camps.[51][52] In 1995, Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity.[53][54] In 2000, Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales. He and the Duchess of Cornwall also spend one week each year in Scotland, where he is patron of several Scottish organisations.[55] His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions.[56] For instance, in 2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier,[57] and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.[58] At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying: "The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund, which works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government."[59] In November 2001, Charles was struck in the face with three red carnations by teenager Alina Lebedeva, whilst he was on an official visit to Latvia.[60] Official opening of the Fourth Assembly at the Senedd in Cardiff, Wales. From left to right: Carwyn Jones, the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, the Queen and Rosemary Butler, 7 June 2011. In 2010, Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[61] He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011.[62][63][64] From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[65][66] Letters sent by Prince Charles to government ministers during 2004 and 2005 – the so-called black spider memos – presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that the Prince's letters must be released.[67] The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015.[68][69][70] Reaction to the memos upon their release was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him.[71] The memos were variously described in the press as "underwhelming"[72] and "harmless"[73] and that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him",[74] with reaction from the public also supportive.[75] The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation" by the British Embassy.[76] During the trip, Charles shook hands with Sinn Féin and supposed IRA leader Gerry Adams in Galway, which was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[77][78][79] In the run up to the Prince's visit, two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb attack. Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect Donal Ó Coisdealbha, member of a self-styled Óglaigh na hÉireann organisation, who was later jailed for five and a half years.[80] He was connected to a veteran republican, Seamus McGrane of County Louth, a member of the Real IRA, who was jailed for 11 and a half years.[81][82] In 2015, it was revealed that Prince Charles had access to confidential UK cabinet papers.[83] Charles with the Queen, Theresa May, Donald Trump and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D-Day on 5 June 2019 Charles has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms exports for companies such as BAE Systems. In 2013,[84] 2014,[85] and 2015,[86] he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia's National Guard Mutaib bin Abdullah. In February 2014, he took part in a traditional sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah festival in Riyadh.[87] At the same festival, British arms company BAE Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz.[88] Charles was criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia.[89] According to Charles's biographer Catherine Mayer, a Time magazine journalist who claims to have interviewed several sources from Prince Charles's inner circle, he "doesn't like being used to market weaponry" in deals with Saudi Arabia and other Arab Gulf states. According to Mayer, Charles has only raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in private.[90] Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018 meeting that the Prince of Wales will be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen. The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.[91] On 7 March 2019, the Queen hosted a Buckingham Palace event to mark the 50th anniversary of Charles's investiture as the Prince of Wales. Guests at the event included the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prime Minister Theresa May and Welsh First Minister Mark Drakeford.[92] The same month, at the request of the British government, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall went on an official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit the country. The tour was seen as effort to form a closer relationship between the UK and Cuba.[93] In November 2021, Charles attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as their head of state.[94] Health On 25 March 2020, it was announced that Charles had contracted  the virus. He and his wife subsequently isolated at their Birkhall residence. Camilla was also tested, but returned a negative result.[95][96][97] Clarence House stated that he showed "mild symptoms" but "remains in good health". They further stated "It is not possible to ascertain from whom the prince caught the virus owing to the high number of engagements he carried out in his public role during recent weeks."[96] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[98][99] On 30 March 2020, Clarence House announced that Charles had recovered from the virus, and that, after consulting his doctor, he was no longer isolating.[100][101] Two days later, he stated in a video that he would continue to practice social distancing.[102] In February 2021, Charles and his wife received doses of a  vaccine.[103] Military training and career Charles served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received Royal Air Force training. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot.[104] After the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). In 1974, he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[105] On 9 February 1976, Charles took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten months of active service in the navy.[105] He learned to fly on a Chipmunk basic pilot trainer, a BAC Jet Provost jet trainer, and a Beagle Basset multi-engine trainer; he then regularly flew the Hawker Siddeley Andover, Westland Wessex and BAe 146 aircraft of The Queen's Flight[106] until he gave up flying after crashing the BAe 146 in the Hebrides in 1994.[107][108] Relationships and marriages Bachelorhood In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him: In a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage.[109] Charles's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John Russell, who was British ambassador to Spain;[110] Lady Jane Wellesley, the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[111] Davina Sheffield;[112] Lady Sarah Spencer;[113] and Camilla Shand,[114] who later became his second wife and Duchess of Cornwall.[115] Charles in 1974, photograph by Allan Warren Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, who was Mountbatten's granddaughter.[116][117] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother—Lady Brabourne, who was also his godmother—expressing interest in her daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though she suggested that a courtship with the not yet 17-year-old girl was premature.[118] Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected; Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple.[119] However, in August 1979, before Charles would depart alone for India, Mountbatten was killed by the IRA. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda, but in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal family.[119] In June 1980, Charles officially turned down Chevening House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence. Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it.[120] In 1977, a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg.[121] Marriages Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer The Prince and Princess of Wales visit Ayers Rock in Australia, March 1983 Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home, Althorp. He was the companion of her elder sister, Sarah, and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral of his granduncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Charles's chosen biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.[122] Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her.[123] Meanwhile, the couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[124] Prince Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[125] The couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.[19] Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.[126][127] In a videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[128][129] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[130] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[129][131] Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[132] Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[133] Diana exposed Charles's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story. Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[133] Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[134][135] Legal separation and divorce In December 1992, British Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's legal separation in Parliament. Earlier that year, the British press had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed Camillagate by the press.[136][137] Prince Charles sought public understanding in a television film, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, with Jonathan Dimbleby that was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[138][139][140] Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996.[141] Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[142] Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in Jamaica, March 2008 The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother.[143] The Queen's consent to the marriage (as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March.[144] In Canada, the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne.[145] Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England. Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal,[146] though these were dismissed by Charles's spokesman,[147] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government.[148] The marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor Guildhall, because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the wedding, it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[149] Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[150] The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[151] The blessing, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was televised.[152] Social interests Philanthropy and charity Since founding The Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations, and now serves as president of all of those.[153] Together, these form a loose alliance called The Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise and international."[153] In 2010, The Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK.[154] Charles is also patron of over 400 other charities and organisations.[155] He uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education.[156] In Canada, Charles has supported humanitarian projects. Along with his two sons, he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[156] Charles has also set up The Prince's Charities Australia, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for the Prince of Wales's Australian and international charitable endeavours[157] Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating objections in the international arena,[158] and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation,[155] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.[159] In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal, which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil war.[160][161] According to The Guardian, It is believed that after turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an unnamed charity that supports elderly people.[162] In March 2014, Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners, of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are believed to protect five million children below the age of five from measles.[163][164] In January 2020, the Prince of Wales became the first British patron of the International Rescue Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by war, persecution, or natural disaster.[165] In April 2021 and following a surge in  cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing the launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust, of which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need.[166] Built environment The Prince of Wales has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[167][168] In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture.[169] He asserted that "it is possible, and important in human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for facades, ornaments and soft materials,"[169] called for local community involvement in architectural choices, and asked: Why can't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design? What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[169] The Prince of Wales at the newly opened @Bristol, 14 June 2000 His book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) was also critical of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design,[170] despite criticism in the press. Two of his charities (The Prince's Regeneration Trust and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity) promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the guidance of Prince Charles and in line with his philosophy.[167] Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[171] In 1999, the Prince agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places.[172] While visiting the United States and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities.[173][174] From 1997, the Prince of Wales has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[175][176][177] Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust, a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation,[178] and has purchased a house in Romania.[179] Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer that was reportedly turned down,[180] but Buckingham Palace denied the reports.[181] Charles also has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture", and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.[182] Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism.[183][184][185] In 2009, Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site, labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently, Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[186] Rogers claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[186] Lord Foster, Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry, among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted the "open and democratic planning process".[187] Piers Gough and other architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in 2009.[183][185] In 2010, The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[188] The foundation is known for refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and in Kingston, Jamaica. The project has been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment.[189] For his work as patron of New Classical Architecture, in 2012 he was awarded the Driehaus Architecture Prize for patronage. The prize, awarded by the University of Notre Dame, is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical Architecture and urban planning.[190] Livery company commitments The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."[191] The Prince of Wales is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners.[192] Natural environment The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall meeting Federal Emergency Management Agency officials in Louisiana, as they arrive to tour the damage created by Hurricane Katrina, November 2005 Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness.[193] In order to decrease his carbon footprint, he has used biomass boilers for heating Birkhall, where has also installed a hydroelectric turbine in the river beside the estate. He has utilised solar panels at Clarence House and Highgrove, and – besides using electric cars on his estates – runs his Aston Martin DB6 on E85.[194] Upon moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy Originals,[195] which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture; the profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to The Prince's Charities.[195][196] Documenting work on his estate, Charles co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of The Daily Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along similar lines, the Prince of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. Although the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers at Assiniboia town hall.[197][198] In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons.[199] His organic farming has attracted media criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a determined merchandising programme."[200] In 2007, he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".[201] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[202][203] In 2007, Charles launched The Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008, he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best."[204] In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rain forest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and competitive.[205] In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such as the conservation of rainforests.[206] On 27 August 2012, the Prince of Wales addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive: I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete, so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots, the land dies.[207] In February 2014, Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that "There's nothing like a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The tragedy is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000 donation, provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families and businesses.[208][209][210] In December 2015, Charles delivered a speech at the opening ceremony for COP21, making a plea to industries to put an end to practices that cause deforestation.[211] In August 2019, it was announced that the Prince of Wales had collaborated with British fashion designers Vin and Omi to produce a line of clothing made out of nettles found in his Highgrove estate. Nettles are a type of plants which are usually "perceived to have no value". The Highgrove plant waste was also used to create the jewellery worn with the dresses.[212] In September 2020, the Prince of Wales launched RE:TV, an online platform featuring short films and articles on issues such as climate change and sustainability. He serves as the platform's editor-in-chief.[213] The platform later partnered with Amazon Prime Video and WaterBear, another streaming platform dedicated to environmental issues.[214] In the same month, he stated in a speech that a military-style response similar to the Marshall Plan was required to combat climate change.[215] In January 2020, Chares launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, a project which encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities.[216] In May 2020, the Prince of Wales's Sustainable Markets Initiative and the World Economic Forum launched the Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the  pandemic.[217] In January 2021, Charles launched Terra Carta ("Earth Charter"), a sustainable finance charter that would ask its signatories to follow a set of rules towards becoming more sustainable and make investments in projects and causes that help with preserving the environment.[218][219] In June 2021, he attended a reception hosted by the Queen during the 47th G7 summit, and a meeting beween G7 leaders and sustainable industry CEOs to discuss governmental and corporate solutions to environmental problems.[220] In September 2021, he launched the Food for the Future initiative, a programme with contributions from Jimmy Doherty and Jamie Oliver which aims to educate secondary school children about the food system and eliminating food waste.[221] In the following month, he delivered a speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green-led sustainable economy.[222] In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year, stating that a "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate change.[223] In 2021, Prince Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one day a week he eats no dairy products.[224][225] Alternative medicine The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall with NIH Director Elias Zerhouni and Surgeon-General Richard Carmona, November 2005 Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine.[226] The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients,[227][228] and in May 2006, Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for homeopathy.[229][9] In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the Prince's Foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine, saying "the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A speaker for the foundation countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary therapies."[230] That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh, mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales", called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments.[231] The Prince's Duchy Originals produce a variety of complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that Edzard Ernst has denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[232] In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading.[232] The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters[233] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[234] In October 2009, it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[232] In 2016, Charles said in a speech that he used homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his farm.[235] In Ernst's book More Good Than Harm? The Moral Maze of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, he and ethicist Kevin Smith call Charles "foolish and immoral", and "conclude that it is not possible to practice alternative medicine ethically". Ernst further claims that the private secretary of the Prince contacted the vice chancellor of Exeter University to investigate Ernst's complaints against the "Smallwood Report", which the Prince had commissioned in 2005. While Ernst was "found not to be guilty of any wrong-doing, all local support at Exeter stopped, which eventually led to my early retirement."[236] In April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at the Prince's Foundation and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £300,000.[237] Four days later, the foundation announced its closure, claiming that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health."[238] The charity's finance director, accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison.[239] The Prince's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine.[239][240][241] Religious and philosophical interests With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský in 2010 Prince Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[242] He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove,[243] and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Charles has visited (amid some secrecy) Orthodox monasteries several times on Mount Athos[244] as well as in Romania.[175] Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford, and in the 2000s, he inaugurated the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural context.[182][245][246] Sir Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Charles's son, Prince William.[247] From van der Post, Prince Charles developed a focus on philosophy and interest in other religions.[248] Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World,[249][250][251] which won a Nautilus Book Award.[252] In November 2016, he attended the consecration of St Thomas Cathedral, Acton, to be Britain's first Syriac Orthodox Cathedral.[253] In October 2019, he attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman.[254] Charles visited Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in January 2020 culminating in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, after which he walked through that city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries.[255][256] Although it had been rumoured that Charles would vow to be "Defender of the Faiths" or "Defender of Faith" as king, he stated in 2015 that he would retain the monarch's traditional title of "Defender of the Faith", whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.[257] Hobbies and personal interests Sports From his youth until 1992, Prince Charles was an avid player of competitive polo. He continued to play informally, including for charity, until 2005.[258] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it. The League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds.[259][260] Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[261] Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club.[262] Visual, performing and contemporary arts Prince Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, which include the Royal College of Music, the Royal Opera, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, and the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at Cambridge he played cello, and has sung with the Bach Choir twice.[263] Charles founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts in 2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand. He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and attends the company's annual general meeting.[263] He enjoys comedy,[264] and is interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups and balls" effect.[265] Charles has also been patron of the British Film Institute since 1978.[266] Charles is a keen and accomplished watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works and also published books on the subject. In 2001, 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art.[267] He is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust.[268] Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people.[269] On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's Shakespeare Live! at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death in 1616. The event was televised live by the BBC. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of Hamlet's celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the question".[270] Publications Main article: Bibliography of Charles, Prince of Wales Prince Charles is an author of several books that reflect his own interests. He has also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers and has also written, presented and has been featured in documentary films.[271][272][273][274] Media image Since his birth, Prince Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and its aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King Charles III.[275] The Prince and Princess of Wales with Nancy Reagan and Ronald Reagan in November 1985 Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[276] Prince Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[277] After her death, the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In 2003, Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury" so that he could marry again.[278][279][280] When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had these feelings.[281] In 2006, the prince filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[282] Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political consensus."[282] Jonathan Dimbleby reported that the prince "has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction."[283] Other people who were formerly connected with the prince have betrayed his confidence. An ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor".[284] In 2012, Charles met backlash for his long-standing association with Jimmy Savile, who was accused of hundreds of allegations of sexual abuse after his death in 2011. Charles met Savile through mutual charity interests, and later consulted him as a confidant and adviser.[285] His work with Stoke Mandeville Hospital also made Savile a suitable figure to whom the prince could turn "for advice on navigating Britain's health authorities".[286] Dickie Arbiter, the spokesman for the Queen between 1988 and 2000, said that during his regular visits to Charles's office at St James's Palace, Savile would "do the rounds of the young ladies taking their hands and rubbing his lips all the way up their arms", though no record of any assistants making a complaint exists.[285] Charles met Savile on several occasions. In 1999, he visited Savile's Glen Coe home for a private meal.[285] He reportedly sent him gifts on his 80th birthday and a note reading: "Nobody will ever know what you have done for this country, Jimmy. This is to go some way in thanking you for that".[285] In August 2021, it was announced that The Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports that middlemen took cuts for setting up dinners involving wealthy donors and Prince Charles, with prices as high as £100,000 and the fixers taking up to 25% of the fees.[287] In the following month it was alleged that the prince's aide Michael Fawcett had fixed a CBE for Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz who donated more than £1.5 million to royal charities contrary to section 1 of the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925.[288] Charles gave Mahfouz his Honorary CBE at a private ceremony at Buckingham Palace in November 2016, though the event was not published in the Court Circular.[289] The allegations led to Fawcett temporarily stepping down from his role as chief executive of The Prince's Foundation, while Republic reported the prince and Fawcett to the police.[290] The foundation's chairman Douglas Connell also quit his job over claims the charity had accepted "a six-figure sum from a Russian donor", with the prince thanking the businessman in a letter and suggesting a meeting. This led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity Regulator.[291] Clarence House responded that Charles had "no knowledge of the alleged offer of honours or British citizenship on the basis of donation to his charities and fully supports the investigation".[292] The auditing firm EY, which was hired by the charity to carry out an investigation, published a summary report in December 2021, stating that there was "no evidence that trustees at the time were aware of these communications".[293] Reaction to press treatment See also: Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd Charles's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a question from the BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, Charles muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is."[294] Charles's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015 In 2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism.[295][296] Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."[296] But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."[296] Guest appearances on television The Prince of Wales has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[297] as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.[298][299] Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of The Prince's Trust in 2006[300] and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.[301] His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in May 2012.[302] Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences.[303] In December 2015, Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously approved, and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to "remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme". Channel 4 News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis, which some journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency.[304] Residences and finance Clarence House, the official residence of the Prince of Wales Clarence House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, is Charles's official London residence.[305] His primary source of income is generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for his use in 1980, and which Prince Charles rents for £336,000 per annum.[306] The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £19.1 million.[307] In 2007, the prince purchased a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence.[308] A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population.[309] Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[310] They also stay at Birkhall for some holidays, which is a private residence on the Balmoral Castle estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[311][312][313] In 2016, it was reported that his estates receive £100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies.[314] Starting in 1993, the Prince of Wales has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[315] In December 2012, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[316] The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda-based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's Cambridge contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax.[317] Titles, styles, honours and arms Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles, Prince of Wales See also: List of awards received by Charles, Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales's feathers heraldic badge Titles and styles Charles has held titles throughout his life: the grandson of the monarch, the son of the monarch and in his own right. He has been a British prince since birth and was created Prince of Wales in 1958.[fn 4] There has been speculation as to what regnal name the prince would choose upon his succession to the throne. If he uses his first name, he would be known as Charles III. However, it was reported in 2005 that Charles has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his maternal grandfather, and to avoid association with the Stuart kings Charles I (who was beheaded) and Charles II (who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle),[319] as well as to be sensitive to the memory of Bonnie Prince Charlie, who was called "Charles III" by his supporters.[319] Charles's office responded that "no decision has been made".[320] Honours and military appointments Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was made a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972. Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then, the prince has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32 military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British army.[321] Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen awarded the Prince of Wales honorary five-star rank in all three branches of the British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her role as Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[322][323][324] He has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Arms Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales  Coat of Arms of Charles, Prince of Wales.svg Notes The coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, as used outside Scotland, is the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with the addition a three-pointed label and an inescutcheon bearing the arms of Wales. For the arms of the Duke of Rothesay in Scotland, see royal coat of arms of Scotland. Crest Upon the royal helm the coronet of the Prince of Wales, thereon a lion statant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Escutcheon Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent overall an inescutcheon quarterly Or and Gules four lions passant guardant counterchanged, ensigned by the coronet of his degree. Supporters Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned proper, sinister a unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or Motto ICH DIEN (German for I serve) Orders Garter ribbon. Honi soit qui mal y pense (French for Shame be to him who thinks evil of it) Other elements The whole differenced by a plain label of three points Argent, as the eldest child of the sovereign Symbolism As with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom. The first and fourth quarters are the arms of England, the second of Scotland, the third of Ireland. Banners, flags, and standards The banners used by the prince vary depending upon location. His Personal Standard is the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent, and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces.[325] The personal flag for use in Wales is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales (the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales.[325] In Scotland the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.[325] In Cornwall, the banner is the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15 bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.[325] In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada, consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves, and a white label of three points.[326] Banner of arms   Standard for Wales   Standard for Scotland   Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall   Standard of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada Issue Name Birth Marriage Children Date Spouse Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Cambridge Princess Charlotte of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle Archie Mountbatten-Windsor Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor Ancestry Ancestors of Charles, Prince of Wales[327] Notes  As a member of the royal family entitled to be called His Royal Highness, Charles does not usually use a family name. But when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]  In addition to his active service listed here, Charles holds ranks and honorary appointments in the armed forces of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom.  Prince Charles's godparents were: the King of the United Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his cousin, for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[16]  As the child of a daughter of the sovereign, Charles would not usually have been accorded the titles of a British prince or the style Royal Highness. 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New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6. Junor, Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110. Lacey, Robert (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0. Smith, Sally Bedell (2000). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9. Further reading Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9. Bower, Tom, (2018) The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles, William Collins ISBN 978-0-00-829173-0 Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0. Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0. Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9. Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3. Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0. Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House. Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0. Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9. Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0. Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3. Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7. Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9. Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3. Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles:a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2. Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 9780213165680. Martin, Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate (Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04048-2. Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1. Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the clown prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8. Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0. Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers. Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1. Mayer, Catherine (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4. Bedell Smith, Sally (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0. Jobson, Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams: Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3. External links the Prince of Wales at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website of the Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales at the Royal Family website The Duke of Cornwall at the Duchy of Cornwall website Charles, Prince of Wales at IMDb Appearances on C-SPAN Charles, Prince of Wales House of Windsor Born: 14 November 1948 Lines of succession First Heir apparent Succession to the British throne 1st in line Followed by The Duke of Cambridge British royalty Vacant Title last held by Edward (VIII) Prince of Wales 26 July 1958 – present Incumbent Presumed next holder: The Duke of Cambridge Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 6 February 1952 – present Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded by The Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh 9 April 2021 – present Incumbent Heir: The Duke of Cambridge Academic offices Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma President of the United World Colleges 1978–1995 Succeeded by The Queen of Jordan Preceded by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother President of the Royal College of Music 1993–present Incumbent Honorary titles Preceded by The Duke of Gloucester Great Master of the Order of the Bath 10 June 1974 – present Incumbent Order of precedence Preceded by The Sovereign Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Succeeded by The Duke of York in current practice Succeeded by The Duke of Cambridge vte Charles, Prince of Wales 14 November 1948 (age 73) Titles Prince of Wales coat of armscoronetDuke of CornwallDuke of RothesayDuke of EdinburghEarl of ChesterEarl of CarrickEarl of MerionethBaron GreenwichBaron of RenfrewLord of the IslesPrince and Great Steward of Scotlandmore Family Diana, Princess of Wales (first wife)Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (elder son)Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (second wife)Elizabeth II (mother)Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (father)Anne, Princess Royal (sister)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (brother)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (brother)Mountbatten-Windsor family Life events Investiture of the Prince of WalesFirst wedding guest listSecond weddingOverseas visitsBlack spider memosPrince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd Charities and campaigns Mutton Renaissance CampaignThe Prince's Charities British Asian TrustBusiness in the CommunityChildren & the ArtsIn Kind Directiwill CampaignThe Prince's FoundationThe Prince's Foundation for Integrated HealthThe Prince's School of Traditional ArtsThe Prince of Wales's Charitable FundRoyal Drawing SchoolTurquoise Mountain FoundationYouth Business ScotlandThe Prince's May Day NetworkThe Prince's TrustSustainable Markets Initiative Great Reset Residences Clarence House (official)Highgrove House (family)BirkhallLlwynywermod Awards given and created List of environmental/social interest awards receivedPrince of Wales's Intelligence Community AwardsPrince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage LeadershipThe Sun Military Awards Business ventures Duchy Home FarmDumfries HouseHighgrove House ShopsPoundburyWaitrose Duchy Organic Popular culture Documentaries Royal Family (1969)Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016) Film and television Her Royal Highness..? (1981)Chorus Girls (1981)The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen (2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV serial)King Charles III (play, 2014; film, 2017)The Windsors (TV series, 2016–; play, 2021)The Crown (2019–)The Prince (2021) Publications Bibliography Miscellaneous Prince Charles IslandPrince Charles stream tree frog Links to related articles vte Order of precedence in the United Kingdom (gentlemen) Shared (royal family) The QueenThe Prince of Wales (in Scotland: the Duke of Rothesay)The Duke of York (in Scotland: the Earl of Inverness)The Earl of Wessex (in Scotland: the Earl of Forfar)The Duke of Cambridge (in Scotland: the Earl of Strathearn)The Duke of Sussex (in Scotland: the Earl of Dumbarton)Viscount SevernThe Duke of GloucesterThe Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent England and Wales Justin Welby, Archbishop of CanterburyDominic Raab, Lord ChancellorStephen Cottrell, Archbishop of YorkSir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of CommonsThe Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Lord Burnett of Maldon, Lord Chief Justice of England and WalesAmbassadors and High CommissionersThe Marquess of Cholmondeley, Lord Great ChamberlainThe Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the Horse Scotland Lord LieutenantsSheriffs PrincipalDominic Raab, Lord High ChancellorColin Sinclair, Moderator of the General AssemblyKen Macintosh, Presiding Officer of the Scottish ParliamentAlister Jack, Secretary of State for ScotlandThe Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of ScotlandThe Duke of Argyll, Master of the Household in Scotland Northern Ireland Lords Lieutenant of counties and citiesHigh sheriffs of countiesJohn McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)Diarmuid Martin, Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)Michael Jackson, Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)Charles McMullen, Moderator of the Presbyterian ChurchLord Mayor of Belfast and Mayors of boroughs in Northern IrelandDominic Raab, Lord High ChancellorSir Lindsay Hoyle, Commons SpeakerThe Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Marquess of Cholmondeley, Lord Great ChamberlainThe Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the Horse not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers vte British princes The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and StrathearnPrince Frederick 4th generation King George IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Prince Albert1King George V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VIIPrince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Leopold, Duke of AlbanyPrince Ernest Augustus 7th generation Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and AvondaleKing George VPrince Alexander John of WalesAlfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur of ConnaughtPrince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince George William of HanoverPrince Christian of HanoverPrince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIIIKing George VIPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterPrince George, Duke of KentPrince JohnAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and StrathearnJohann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2Prince William of GloucesterPrince Richard, Duke of GloucesterPrince Edward, Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles, Prince of WalesPrince Andrew, Duke of YorkPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William, Duke of CambridgePrince Harry, Duke of SussexJames Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn3 12th generation Prince George of CambridgePrince Louis of Cambridge 1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 3 Status debatable; see his article. vte Princes of Wales Edward (1301–1307)Edward (1343–1376)Richard (1376–1377)Henry (1399–1413)Edward (1454–1471)Richard (1460; disputed)Edward (1471–1483)Edward (1483–1484)Arthur (1489–1502)Henry (1504–1509)Edward (1537–1547)Henry (1610–1612)Charles (1616–1625)Charles (1641–1649)James (1688)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1729–1751)George (1751–1760)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1958–present) See also: Principality of Wales vte Dukes of Cornwall Edward (1337–1376)Richard (1376–1377)Henry (1399–1413)Henry (1421–1422)Edward (1453–1471)Richard (1460; disputed)Edward (1470–1483)Edward (1483–1484)Arthur (1486–1502)Henry (1502–1509)Henry (1511)Edward (1537–1547)Henry Frederick (1603–1612)Charles (1612–1625)Charles (1630–1649)James (1688–1701/2)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1727–1751)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1952–present) Cornwall Portal vte Dukes of Rothesay David (1398–1402)James (1402–1406)Alexander (1430)James (1430–1437)James (1452–1460)James (1473–1488)James (1507–1508)Arthur (1509–1510)James (1512–1513)James (1540–1541)James (1566–1567)Henry Frederick (1594–1612)Charles (1612–1625)Charles James (1629)Charles (1630–1649)James (1688–1689)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1727–1751)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1952–present) vte Dukes of Edinburgh Frederick (1726–1751)George (1751–1760)Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)Alfred (1866–1900)Philip (1947–2021)Charles (2021–present) vte Current dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland* Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grant Royal dukes Cornwall and RothesayGloucesterKentEdinburghYork^†CambridgeSussex Coronet of a British Duke.svg England Kingdom of England 18th Duke of Norfolk^HL19th Duke of Somerset^HL11th Duke of Richmond12th Duke of Grafton12th Duke of Beaufort14th Duke of St Albans15th Duke of Bedford12th Duke of Devonshire12th Duke of Marlborough11th Duke of Rutland Scotland Kingdom of Scotland 16th Duke of Hamilton10th Duke of Buccleuch11th Duke of Lennox12th Duke of Queensberry13th Duke of Argyll12th Duke of Atholl8th Duke of Montrose^HL11th Duke of Roxburghe Great Britain Kingdom of Great Britain 13th Duke of Brandon13th Duke of Manchester12th Duke of Northumberland Ireland Kingdom of Ireland Pre-1801 9th Duke of Leinster Post-1801 5th Duke of Abercorn United Kingdom United Kingdom 9th Duke of Wellington^HL7th Duke of Sutherland7th Duke of Westminster^†6th Duke of Gordon6th Duke of Argyll4th Duke of Fife * Current title holders, listed by date of creation, from earliest to most recent Italics indicate the titleholder also holds a previously listed dukedom of greater precedence  ^† Currently without an heir ^HL Currently a member of the House of Lords vte Great Masters of the Order of the Bath John Montagu, 2nd Duke of MontaguPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William, Duke of Clarence and St AndrewsPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexAlbert, Prince ConsortAlbert Edward, Prince of WalesPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterCharles, Prince of Wales CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG vte Current members of the Order of the Garter Ex officio The QueenThe Prince of Wales Arms of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.svg Knights and Ladies Companion The Lord Sainsbury of Preston CandoverThe Duke of AbercornThe Lord IngeThe Lord Butler of BrockwellThe Lord Morris of AberavonSir John MajorThe Lord LuceSir Thomas DunneThe Lord Phillips of Worth MatraversThe Lord BoyceThe Lord StirrupThe Baroness Manningham-BullerThe Lord King of LothburyThe Lord ShuttleworthSir David BrewerLady Mary FaganThe Viscount BrookeboroughLady Mary PetersThe Marquess of SalisburyFive vacancies Royal Knights and Ladies The Duke of KentThe Princess RoyalThe Duke of GloucesterPrincess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady OgilvyThe Duke of YorkThe Earl of WessexThe Duke of Cambridge Stranger Knights and Ladies The Queen of DenmarkThe King of SwedenKing Juan Carlos I of SpainPrincess Beatrix of the NetherlandsEmperor Emeritus Akihito of JapanThe King of NorwayThe King of SpainThe King of the Netherlands Officers The Bishop of Winchester (Prelate)The Duke of Abercorn (Chancellor)The Dean of Windsor (Register)David White (Garter Principal King of Arms)Clarenceux King of Arms (Secretary)Sarah Clarke (Black Rod) vte Current members of the Order of the Thistle Nemo me impune lacessit The Sovereign Elizabeth II Insignia of Knight of the Thistle.png Knights and Ladies Companion The Earl of Elgin and KincardineThe Earl of AirlieThe Earl of Crawford and BalcarresThe Lord Mackay of ClashfernThe Lord Wilson of TillyornThe Lord Steel of AikwoodThe Lord Robertson of Port EllenThe Lord Cullen of WhitekirkThe Lord Hope of CraigheadThe Lord PatelThe Earl of HomeThe Lord Smith of KelvinThe Duke of Buccleuch and QueensberrySir Ian WoodTwo vacancies Extra Knights The Duke of Rothesay and EdinburghThe Princess RoyalThe Earl of 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GuillaumeMonaco JacquesNetherlands Catharina-AmaliaNorway HaakonSpain LeonorSweden VictoriaUnited Kingdom CharlesVatican City None (elected) Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu CharlesTonga Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala See also: Current monarchs of sovereign states Cornwall portalMonarchy portalUnited Kingdom portalWales portal Diana, Princess of Wales Born Diana Frances Spencer 1 July 1961 Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk, England Died 31 August 1997 (aged 36) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France Cause of death Injuries sustained in a car crash Burial 6 September 1997 Althorp, Northamptonshire, England Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales ​ ​(m. 1981; div. 1996)​ Issue Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex House Spencer (by birth) Windsor (by marriage) Father John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer Mother Frances Roche Education Riddlesworth Hall School West Heath Girls' School Institut Alpin Videmanette Signature Lady Diana signature-vect.svg Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales—the heir apparent to the British throne—and mother of Prince William and Prince Harry. Diana's activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity as well as unprecedented public scrutiny, exacerbated by her tumultuous private life. Diana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. They had two sons, William and Harry, who were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties became increasingly publicised, and they divorced in 1996. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and the elderly but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns, that involving the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the campaign promoted through the International Red Cross for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. The Princess was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s. Diana's death in a car crash in Paris led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal family and British society.[1] Early life Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk.[2] She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (née Roche; 1936–2004).[3] The Spencer family had been closely allied with the British royal family for several generations;[4] her grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[5] Her parents were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week, until they settled on Diana Frances after her mother and after Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who was also a prospective Princess of Wales.[6] Within the family, she was also known informally as "Duch", a reference to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.[7] On 30 August 1961,[8] Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham.[6] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles.[9] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.[10] The desire for an heir added strain to her parents' marriage, and Lady Althorp was reportedly sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the "problem".[6] The experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother, Charles: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it."[6] Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[11] The family leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The royal family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with the Queen's sons Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.[12] Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced.[13] Her mother later began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969.[14] Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in 1967, but during that year's Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let his daughter return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards, he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Lady Fermoy.[15] In 1976, Lord Althorp married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth.[16] Diana's relationship with her stepmother was particularly bad.[17] She resented Raine, whom she called a "bully". On one occasion Diana "pushed her down the stairs".[17] She later described her childhood as "very unhappy" and "very unstable, the whole thing".[18] She became known as Lady Diana after her father later inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point her father moved the entire family from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in Northamptonshire.[19] Education and career Diana was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen.[20] She began her formal education at Silfield Private School in King's Lynn, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Thetford, when she was nine.[21] She joined her sisters at West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1973.[22] She did not perform well academically, failing her O-levels twice. Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award from West Heath.[23] She left West Heath when she was sixteen.[24] Her brother Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[25] She showed a talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[23] She also excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[26] After attending Institut Alpin Videmanette (a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland) for one term, and leaving after the Easter term of 1978,[27] Diana returned to London, where she shared her mother's flat with two school friends.[28] In London, she took an advanced cooking course, but seldom cooked for her roommates. She took a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work.[29] She then found employment as a playgroup pre-school assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a hostess at parties. She spent time working as a nanny for the Robertsons, an American family living in London,[30] and worked as a nursery teacher's assistant at the Young England School in Pimlico.[31] In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne Court in Earl's Court as an 18th birthday present.[32] She lived there with three flatmates until 25 February 1981.[33] Marriage Diana first met Charles, Prince of Wales, the Queen's eldest son and heir apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977. He was then 29 and dating her older sister, Sarah.[34][35] Charles and Diana were guests at a country weekend during the summer of 1980 when she watched him play polo and he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride. The relationship progressed when he invited her aboard the royal yacht Britannia for a sailing weekend to Cowes. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle (the royal family's Scottish residence) to meet his family one weekend in November 1980.[36][37] She was well received by the Queen, the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh. Charles subsequently courted Diana in London. He proposed on 6 February 1981 at Windsor Castle, and she accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for two and a half weeks.[33] Engagement and wedding Further information: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer and Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer The wedding of Charles and Diana commemorated on a 1981 British crown coin Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981.[20] Diana selected her own engagement ring.[20] Following the engagement, she left her occupation as a nursery teacher's assistant and lived for a short period at Clarence House, which was the home of the Queen Mother.[38] She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding,[38] where, according to biographer Ingrid Seward, her life was incredibly lonely.[39] Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since Anne Hyde married the future James II over 300 years earlier, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her engagement.[23][20] She made her first public appearance with Prince Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she met Grace, Princess of Monaco.[38] Twenty-year-old Diana became the Princess of Wales when she married Charles on 29 July 1981. The wedding was held at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal nuptials.[23][20] The service was widely described as a "fairytale wedding" and was watched by a global television audience of 750 million people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse of the couple en route to the ceremony.[20][40] At the altar, Diana inadvertently reversed the order of his first two names, saying "Philip Charles" Arthur George instead.[40] She did not say she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which caused some comment at the time.[41] Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000 (equivalent to £35,268 in 2020) with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[42] After she became Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the third-highest female in the British order of precedence (after the Queen and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Prince of Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana visible tokens of membership in the royal family; she lent her the Queen Mary's Lover's Knot Tiara,[43][44] and granted her the badge of the Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II.[45] Children The couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana's pregnancy was announced.[46] In January 1982–12 weeks into the pregnancy—Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham, suffering some bruising, and the royal gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured.[47] Diana later confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs because she was feeling "so inadequate".[48] On 21 June 1982, Diana gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William.[49] She subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first pregnancy.[50] Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William—who was still a baby—on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, Diana had not initially intended to take William until Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.[51] A second son, Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.[52] The Princess said she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy with Harry. She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Charles.[53] Diana gave her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal children.[20][54][55] She rarely deferred to Charles or to the royal family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their timetables.[56] Problems and separation The Prince and Princess of Wales with Nancy Reagan and Ronald Reagan in November 1985 Five years into the marriage, the couple's incompatibility and age difference of 12 years became visible and damaging.[57] Charles resumed his relationship with his former girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles, and Diana later began one with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor. The media speculated that Hewitt, not Charles, was Harry's father based on the alleged physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry, but Hewitt and others have denied this. Harry was born two years before Hewitt and Diana began their affair.[53][58] By 1987, cracks in their marriage had become visible and the couple's unhappiness and cold attitude towards one another were being reported by the press.[39][59] In 1989, Diana was at a birthday party for Camilla's sister, Annabel Elliot, when she confronted Camilla about her and Charles's extramarital affair.[60][61] These affairs were later exposed in May 1992 with the publication of Andrew Morton's book, Diana: Her True Story.[62][63] The book, which also revealed Diana's allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. In 1991, James Colthurst had conducted secret interviews with Diana in which she had talked about her marital issues and difficulties. These recordings were later used as a source for Morton's book.[64][65] The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana and unsuccessfully tried to effect a reconciliation.[66] Philip wrote to Diana and expressed his disappointment at the extramarital affairs of both her and Charles; he asked her to examine their behaviour from the other's point of view.[67] The Duke was direct and Diana was sensitive.[68] She found the letters hard to take, but nevertheless appreciated that he was acting with good intent.[69] It was alleged by some people, including Diana's close friend Simone Simmons, that Diana and her former father-in-law, Prince Philip, had a relationship filled with tension;[70][71][72] however, other observers said their letters provided no sign of friction between them.[73] Philip later issued a statement, publicly denying the allegations of him insulting Diana.[74] During 1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations reflected negatively on both Charles and Diana. Tape recordings of Diana and James Gilbey were made public in August 1992,[75] and transcripts were published the same month.[20] The article, "Squidgygate", was followed in November 1992 by the leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges between Charles and Camilla, published in the tabloids.[76][77] In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's "amicable separation" to the House of Commons.[78][79] Between 1992 and 1993, Diana hired voice coach Peter Settelen to help her develop her public speaking voice.[80] In a videotape recorded by Settelen in 1992, Diana said that in 1984 through to 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[81][82] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[83] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[82][84] Diana said in the tape that Mannakee had been "chucked out" from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion that the two were having an affair.[81] Penny Junor suggested in her 1998 book that Diana was in a romantic relationship with Mannakee.[85] Diana's friends dismissed the claim as absurd.[85] In the subsequently released tapes, Diana said she had feelings for that "someone", saying "I was quite happy to give all this up [and] just to go off and live with him". She described him as "the greatest friend [she's] ever had", though she denied any sexual relationship with him.[86] She also spoke bitterly of her husband saying that "[He] made me feel so inadequate in every possible way, that each time I came up for air he pushed me down again."[87][88] Charles's aunt, Princess Margaret, burned "highly personal" letters that Diana had written to the Queen Mother in 1993. Biographer William Shawcross considered Margaret's action to be "understandable" as she was "protecting her mother and other members of the family", but "regrettable from a historical viewpoint".[89] Although she blamed Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles, Diana began to believe her husband had also been involved in other affairs. In October 1993, Diana wrote to her butler Paul Burrell, telling him that she believed her husband was now in love with his personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke—who was also his sons' former nanny—and was planning to have her killed "to make the path clear for him to marry Tiggy".[90][91] Legge-Bourke had been hired by Charles as a young companion for his sons while they were in his care, and Diana was resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.[92] Prince Charles sought public understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In the interview, he said he had rekindled his relationship with Camilla in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[93][94][95] In the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over 300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver Hoare.[96][97] These calls were proven to have been made both from her Kensington Palace apartment and from the phone box just outside the palace. According to Hoare's obituary, there was little doubt she had been in a relationship with him.[98] However, Diana denied any romantic relationship with Hoare, whom she described as a friend, and said that "a young boy" was the source of the nuisance calls made to Hoare.[99][100] She was also linked by the press to rugby union player Will Carling[101][102] and private equity investor Theodore J. Forstmann,[103][104] yet these claims were neither confirmed nor proven.[105][106] Divorce The Princess of Wales in Russia, 1995 Journalist Martin Bashir interviewed Diana for the BBC current affairs show Panorama. The interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[107] The Princess discussed her own and her husband's extramarital affairs.[108] Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[107] Authors Tina Brown, Sally Bedell Smith, and Sarah Bradford support Diana's admission in the interview that she had suffered from depression, "rampant bulimia" and had engaged numerous times in the act of self mutilation; the show's transcript records Diana confirming many of her mental health problems, including that she had "hurt [her] arms and legs".[107] The combination of illnesses from which Diana herself said she suffered resulted in some of her biographers opining that she had borderline personality disorder.[109][110] The interview proved to be the tipping point. On 20 December, Buckingham Palace announced that the Queen had sent letters to Charles and Diana, advising them to divorce.[111][112] The Queen's move was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[113] Charles formally agreed to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[111] In February 1996, Diana announced her agreement after negotiations with Charles and representatives of the Queen,[114] irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of the divorce agreement and its terms. In July 1996, the couple agreed on the terms of their divorce.[115] This followed shortly after Diana's accusation that Charles's personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke had aborted his child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed her attorney Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[116][117] Diana's private secretary Patrick Jephson resigned shortly before the story broke, later writing that she had "exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an abortion".[118][119] The rumours of Legge-Bourke's alleged abortion were apparently spread by Martin Bashir as a means to gain his Panorama interview with the princess.[120] The decree nisi was granted on 15 July 1996 and the divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996.[121][122] Diana was represented by Anthony Julius in the case.[123] She received a lump sum settlement of £17 million (equivalent to £32,623,216 in 2020) as well as £400,000 per year. The couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing the details of the divorce or of their married life.[124][115] Days before, letters patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. Diana lost the style "Her Royal Highness" and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the mother of the prince expected to one day ascend to the throne, she continued to be regarded as a member of the royal family and was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed during her marriage.[125] The Queen reportedly wanted to let Diana continue to use the style of Royal Highness after her divorce, but Charles had insisted on removing it.[115] Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: "Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King."[126] Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, Prince Philip had warned Diana: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." She is said to have replied: "My title is a lot older than yours, Philip."[127] Public life Public appearances Diana in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in 1983 Following her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana made her first official public appearance in March 1981 in a charity event at Goldsmiths' Hall.[128][129] In October 1981, Charles and Diana visited Wales.[23][130] Diana attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time on 4 November 1981.[131] Her first solo engagement was a visit to Regent Street on 18 November 1981 to switch on the Christmas lights.[132] She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 1982, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. The Princess made her inaugural overseas tour in September 1982, to attend the state funeral of Grace, Princess of Monaco.[23] Also in 1982, Diana accompanied Charles to the Netherlands and was created a Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen Beatrix.[133] In 1983, she accompanied Charles on a tour of Australia and New Zealand with Prince William. The tour was a success and the couple drew immense crowds, though the press focused more on Diana rather than Charles, coining the term 'Dianamania' as a reference to people's obsession with her.[134] In New Zealand, the couple met with representatives of the Māori people.[23] Their visit to Canada in June and July 1983 included a trip to Edmonton to open the 1983 Summer Universiade and a stop in Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th anniversary of that island's acquisition by the Crown.[135] In 1983, she was targeted by the Scottish National Liberation Army who tried to deliver a letter bomb to her.[136] In February 1984, Diana was the patron of London City Ballet when she travelled to Norway on her own to attend a performance organised by the company.[23] In April 1985, Charles and Diana visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.[23] They met with President Alessandro Pertini. Their visit to the Holy See included a private audience with Pope John Paul II.[137] In autumn 1985, they returned to Australia, and their tour was well-received by the public and the media, who referred to Diana as "Di-amond Princess" and the "Jewel in the Crown".[138] In November 1985, the couple visited the United States,[23] meeting President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House. Diana had a busy year in 1986 as she and Charles toured Japan, Indonesia, Spain, and Canada.[135] In Canada, they visited Expo 86,[135] where Diana fainted in the California Pavilion.[139][140] In November 1986, she went on a six-day tour to Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, where she met King Fahd and Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said.[141] In 1988, Charles and Diana visited Thailand and toured Australia for the bicentenary celebrations.[23][142] In February 1989, she spent a few days in New York as a solo visit, mainly to promote the works of the Welsh National Opera, of which she was a patron.[143] During a tour of Harlem Hospital Center, she made a profound impact on the public by spontaneously hugging a seven-year-old child with AIDS.[144] In March 1989, she had her second trip to the Arab Gulf States, in which she visited Kuwait and the UAE.[141] Charles and Diana with the US Vice President Dan Quayle and his wife Marilyn following the enthronement of Emperor Akihito, 1990 In March 1990, Diana and Charles toured Nigeria and Cameroon.[145] The President of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in Yaoundé.[145] Highlights of the tour included visits by Diana to hospitals and projects focusing on women's development.[145] In May 1990, they visited Hungary for four days.[144][146] It was the first visit by members of the royal family to "a former Warsaw Pact country".[144] They attended a dinner hosted by President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest.[146] Peto Institute was among the places visited by Diana, and she presented its director with an honorary OBE.[144] In November 1990, the royal couple went to Japan to attend the enthronement of Akihito.[23][147] In her desire to play an encouraging role during the Gulf War, Diana visited Germany in December 1990 to meet with the families of soldiers.[144] She subsequently travelled to Germany in January 1991 to visit RAF Bruggen, and later wrote an encouraging letter which was published in Soldier, Navy News and RAF News.[144] In 1991, Charles and Diana visited Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their royal charter.[148] In September 1991, Diana visited Pakistan on a solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[149] During the Brazilian tour, Diana paid visits to organisations that battled homelessness among street children.[149] Her final trips with Charles were to India and South Korea in 1992.[23] She visited Mother Teresa's hospice in Kolkata, India, in 1992.[150] The two women met each other again that year[151] and developed a personal relationship.[150] It was also during the Indian tour that pictures of Diana alone in front of the Taj Mahal made headlines.[152][153][154] In November 1992, she went on an official solo trip to France and had an audience with President François Mitterrand.[155] In December 1993, she announced that she would withdraw from public life, but in November 1994 she said she wished to "make a partial return".[23][144] In her capacity as the vice-president of British Red Cross, she was interested in playing an important role for its 125th anniversary celebrations.[144] Later, the Queen formally invited her to attend the anniversary celebrations of D-Day.[23] In February 1995, Diana visited Japan.[147] She paid a formal visit to Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko,[147] and visited the National Children's Hospital in Tokyo.[156] In June 1995, Diana went to the Venice Biennale art festival,[157] and also visited Moscow where she received the International Leonardo Prize.[158][159] In November 1995, Diana undertook a four-day trip to Argentina in order to attend a charity event.[160] The Princess visited many other countries, including Belgium, Nepal, Switzerland, and Zimbabwe, alongside numerous others.[23] During her separation from Charles which lasted for almost four years, she participated in major national occasions as a senior member of the royal family, notably including "the commemorations of the 50th anniversaries of Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day" in 1995.[23] The Princess's 36th and final birthday celebration was held at Tate Gallery, which was also a commemorative event for the gallery's 100th anniversary.[23] In July 1997, Diana attended Gianni Versace's funeral in Milan, Italy.[161] Charity work and patronage In 1983, she confided to the Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, "I am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of being Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it."[162] She was expected to make regular public appearances at hospitals, schools, and other facilities, in the 20th-century model of royal patronage. From the mid-1980s, she became increasingly associated with numerous charities. She carried out 191 official engagements in 1988[163] and 397 in 1991.[164] The Princess developed an intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In recognition of her effect as a philanthropist, Stephen Lee, director of the UK Institute of Charity Fundraising Managers, said "Her overall effect on charity is probably more significant than any other person's in the 20th century."[165] The Princess at the official opening of the community centre on Whitehall Road, Bristol, in May 1987 She was the patroness of charities and organisations who worked with the homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. She was patron of the Natural History Museum[166][167] and president of the Royal Academy of Music.[116][168][166] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of Barnardo's, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnardo in 1866 to care for vulnerable children and young people.[169][166] In 1988, she became patron of the British Red Cross and supported its organisations in other countries such as Australia and Canada.[144] She made several lengthy visits each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to comfort seriously ill or dying patients.[150] From 1991 to 1996, she was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[166][170] In 1992, she became the first patron of Chester Childbirth Appeal, a charity she had supported since 1984.[171] The charity, which is named after one of Diana's royal titles, could raise over £1 million with her help.[171] In 1994, she helped her friend Julia Samuel launch the charity Child Bereavement UK which supports children "of military families, those of suicide victims, [and] terminally-ill parents", and became its patron.[172] Prince William later replaced his mother as the charity's royal patron.[173] Her patronages also included Landmine Survivors Network,[168] Help the Aged,[168][166] the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,[168][166] the British Lung Foundation,[168][166] Eureka! (joint patron with Prince Charles),[168][166] the National Children's Orchestra,[168][166][144] British Red Cross Youth,[174][166] the Guinness Trust,[166] Meningitis Trust,[166][144] the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children,[166][144] the Royal School for the Blind,[166][144] Welsh National Opera,[166][144] the Variety Club of New Zealand,[175][166] Birthright,[166][176] the British Deaf Association (for which she learned sign language),[174][166][177] All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club,[166] Anglo-European College of Chiropractic,[166] Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,[166] Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,[166] British Sports Association for the Disabled,[166] British Youth Opera,[166] Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,[166] London City Ballet,[166] London Symphony Orchestra,[166] Pre-School Playgroups Association,[166][144] as well as president or patron of other charities.[166] Diana and Luciano Pavarotti at the benefit concert Pavarotti & Friends for the Children of Bosnia in Modena, Italy, September 1995 In 1987, Diana was awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London, the highest honour which is in the power of the City of London to bestow on someone.[178][179] In June 1995, she travelled to Moscow. She paid a visit to a children's hospital she had previously supported when she provided them with medical equipment. In Moscow, she received the International Leonardo Prize, which is given to "the most distinguished patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and sports".[180] In December 1995, Diana received the United Cerebral Palsy Humanitarian of the Year Award in New York City for her philanthropic efforts.[181][182][183] In October 1996, for her works on the elderly, she was awarded a gold medal at a health care conference organised by the Pio Manzù Centre in Rimini, Italy.[184] The day after her divorce, she announced her resignation from over 100 charities and retained patronages of only six: Centrepoint, English National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, National AIDS Trust, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.[185] She continued her work with the British Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign, but was no longer listed as patron.[186][187] In May 1997, Diana opened the Richard Attenborough Centre for Disability and the Arts in Leicester, after being asked by her friend Richard Attenborough.[188] In June 1997, some of her dresses and suits were sold at Christie's auction houses in London and New York, and the proceeds that were earned from these events were donated to charities.[23] Her final official engagement was a visit to Northwick Park Hospital, London, on 21 July 1997.[23] She was scheduled to attend a fundraiser at the Osteopathic Centre for Children on 4 September 1997, upon her return from Paris.[189] HIV/AIDS The Princess began her work with AIDS patients in the 1980s.[190] She was not averse to making physical contact with AIDS patients,[150][191][192] and was the first British royal figure to do so.[190] In 1987, she held hands with an AIDS patient in one of her early efforts to de-stigmatise the condition.[193][194] Diana noted: "HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it. What's more, you can share their homes, their workplaces, and their playgrounds and toys."[144][195][196] To Diana's disappointment, the Queen did not support this type of charity work, suggesting she get involved in "something more pleasant".[190] In 1989, she opened Landmark Aids Centre in South London.[197][198] In October 1990, Diana opened Grandma's House, a home for young AIDS patients in Washington, D.C.[199] She was also a patron of the National AIDS Trust.[144] In 1991, she hugged one patient during a visit to the AIDS ward of the Middlesex Hospital,[144] which she had opened in 1987 as the first hospital unit dedicated to this cause in the UK.[193][200] As the patron of Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, Diana visited its project in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[201] She later established and led fundraising campaigns for AIDS research.[20] In March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President Nelson Mandela.[202][203] On 2 November 2002, Mandela announced that the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund would be teaming up with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to help people with AIDS.[204] They had planned the combination of the two charities a few months before her death.[204] Mandela later praised Diana for her efforts surrounding the issue of HIV/AIDS: "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such people".[205] Diana had used her celebrity status to "fight stigma attached to people living with HIV/AIDS", Mandela said.[204] In 2009, a panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana's portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London.[206] In October 2017, the Attitude magazine honoured Diana with its Legacy Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry accepted the award on behalf of his mother.[200][207] Landmines US First Lady Hillary Clinton and Diana chat in the Map Room following a landmines campaign fund-raiser, June 1997 Diana was the patron of the HALO Trust, an organisation that removes debris—particularly landmines—left behind by war.[208][209] In January 1997, pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[208][209] During her campaign, she was accused of meddling in politics and called a 'loose cannon' by Earl Howe, an official in the British Ministry of Defence.[210] Despite the criticism, HALO states that Diana's efforts resulted in raising international awareness about landmines and the subsequent sufferings caused by them.[208][209] In June 1997, she gave a speech at a landmines conference held at the Royal Geographical Society, and travelled to Washington, D.C. to help promote the American Red Cross landmines campaign.[23] From 7 to 10 August 1997, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[23][211][212][213] Her work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[214] Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines: All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[215] A few months after Diana's death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[216] Cancer For her first solo official trip, Diana visited The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, a cancer treatment hospital in London.[175] She later chose this charity to be among the organisations that benefited from the auction of her clothes in New York.[175] The trust's communications manager said, "The Princess had done much to remove the stigma and taboo associated with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, HIV and leprosy."[175] Diana became president of the hospital on 27 June 1989.[217][218][219] The Wolfson Children's Cancer Unit was opened by Diana on 25 February 1993.[217] In February 1996, Diana, who had been informed about a newly opened cancer hospital built by Imran Khan, travelled to Pakistan to visit its children's cancer wards and attend a fundraising dinner in aid of the charity in Lahore.[220] She later visited the hospital again in May 1997.[221] In June 1996, she travelled to Chicago in her capacity as president of the Royal Marsden Hospital in order to attend a fundraising event at the Field Museum of Natural History and raised more than £1 million for cancer research.[144] She additionally visited patients at the Cook County Hospital and delivered remarks at a conference on breast cancer at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law after meeting a group of breast cancer researchers.[222] In September 1996, after being asked by Katharine Graham, Diana went to Washington and appeared at a White House breakfast in respect of the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.[223] She also attended an annual fund-raiser for breast cancer research organised by The Washington Post at the same centre.[20][224] In 1988, Diana opened Children with Leukaemia (later renamed Children with Cancer UK) in memory of two young cancer victims.[225][226][227] In November 1987, a few days after the death of Jean O'Gorman from cancer, Diana met her family.[225][226] The deaths of Jean and her brother affected her and she assisted their family to establish the charity.[225][226][227] It was opened by her on 12 January 1988 at Mill Hill Secondary School, and she supported it until her death in 1997.[225][227] Other areas In November 1989, Diana visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia.[228][190] Following her visit, she became patron of the Leprosy Mission, an organisation dedicated to providing medicine, treatment, and other support services to those who are afflicted with the disease. She remained the patron of this charity[185] and visited several of its hospitals around the world, especially in India, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Nigeria until her death in 1997.[144][229] She touched those affected by the disease when many people believed it could be contracted through casual contact.[144][228] "It has always been my concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action that they are not reviled, nor are we repulsed", she commented.[229] The Diana Princess of Wales Health Education and Media Centre in Noida, India, was opened in her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to give social support to the people affected by leprosy and disability.[229] Diana was a long-standing and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity which provides accommodation and support to homeless people, and became patron in 1992.[230][231] She supported organisations that battle poverty and homelessness, including The Passage.[232] The Princess was a supporter of young homeless people and spoke out on behalf of them by saying that "they deserve a decent start in life".[233] "We, as a part of society, must ensure that young people—who are our future—are given the chance they deserve", she said.[233] Diana used to take young William and Harry for private visits to Centrepoint services and homeless shelters.[20][230][234] "The young people at Centrepoint were always really touched by her visits and by her genuine feelings for them", said one of the charity's staff members.[235] Prince William later became the patron of this charity.[230] Diana visiting the drug squad of the West Midlands Police in 1987 Diana was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations that focused on social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning Point.[144] Relate was relaunched in 1987 as a renewed version to its predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council. Diana became its patron in 1989.[144] Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems. She became the charity's patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a regular basis, meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton and Broadmoor.[144] In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said, "It takes professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should accept back into its midst many of those diagnosed as psychotics, neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities decided should be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions."[144] Despite the protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a trip to Pakistan later that year in order to visit a rehabilitation centre in Lahore as a sign of "her commitment to working against drug abuse".[144] Privacy and legal issues In November 1980, the Sunday Mirror ran a story claiming that Charles had used the Royal Train twice for secret love rendezvous with Diana, prompting the palace to issue a statement, calling the story "a total fabrication" and demanding an apology.[236][237] The newspaper editors, however, insisted that the woman boarding the train was Diana and declined to apologise.[236] In February 1982, pictures of a pregnant Diana in bikini while holidaying were published in the media. The Queen subsequently released a statement and called it "the blackest day in the history of British journalism."[238] In 1993, Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) published photographs of Diana that were taken by gym owner Bryce Taylor. The photos showed her exercising in the gym LA Fitness wearing "a leotard and cycling shorts".[239][240] The Princess's lawyers immediately filed a criminal complaint that sought "a permanent ban on the sale and publication of the photographs" around the world.[239][240] However, some newspapers outside the UK published the pictures.[239] The courts granted an injunction against Taylor and MGN that prohibited "further publication of the pictures".[239] MGN later issued an apology after facing much criticism from the public.[239] It is said that MGN gave Diana £1 million as a payment for her legal costs and donated £200,000 to her charities.[239] Taylor apologised as well and paid Diana £300,000, although it was alleged that a member of the royal family had helped him financially.[239] Personal life after divorce Diana meeting with Sri Chinmoy at Kensington Palace in May 1997 After her 1996 divorce, Diana retained the double apartment on the north side of Kensington Palace that she had shared with Charles since the first year of their marriage; the apartment remained her home until her death the following year. She also moved her offices to Kensington Palace but was permitted "to use the state apartments at St James's Palace".[115][241] In a book published in 2003, Paul Burrell claimed Diana's private letters had revealed that her brother, Lord Spencer, had refused to allow her to live at Althorp, despite her request.[117] She was also given an allowance to run her private office, which was responsible for her charity work and royal duties, but from September 1996 onwards she was required to pay her bills and "any expenditure" incurred by her or on her behalf.[242] Furthermore, she continued to have access to the jewellery that she had received during her marriage, and was allowed to use the air transport of the British royal family and government.[115] Diana was also offered security by Metropolitan Police's Royalty Protection Group, which she benefitted from while travelling with her sons, but had refused it in the final years of her life, in an attempt to distance herself from the royal family.[243][244] Diana dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called "the love of her life" by many of her closest friends after her death,[245][246][247] and she is said to have described him as "Mr. Wonderful".[248][249][250][251] In May 1996, Diana visited Lahore upon invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the latter's family in secret.[252][253] Khan was intensely private and the relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press who questioned her about it. Their relationship lasted almost two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[253][254] She is said to have spoken of her distress when he ended their relationship.[245] However, according to Khan's testimony at the inquest into her death, it was Diana who ended their relationship in the summer of 1997.[255] Burrell also said the relationship was ended by Diana in July 1997.[70] Burrell also claimed that Diana's mother, Frances Shand Kydd, disapproved of her daughter's relationship with a Muslim man.[256] By the time of Diana's death in 1997, she had not spoken to her mother in four months.[257][258] By contrast, her relationship with her estranged stepmother had reportedly improved.[259][260] Within a month, Diana began a relationship with Dodi Fayed, the son of her summer host, Mohamed Al-Fayed.[261] That summer, Diana had considered taking her sons on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York, but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the Jonikal, a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain Diana and her sons.[261][262][263] Death Main article: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales East entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel[264] On 31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.[265] The crash also resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Diana's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the crash. The televised funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience that peaked at 32.10 million, which was one of the United Kingdom's highest viewing figures ever. Millions more watched the event around the world.[266][267] Tribute, funeral, and burial Main article: Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales Further information: Althorp § Diana grave, memorial, and exhibition Flowers outside Kensington Palace The sudden and unexpected death of an extraordinarily popular royal figure brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by members of the public.[268][269][270] People left flowers, candles, cards, and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months. Her coffin, draped with the royal flag, was brought to London from Paris by Prince Charles and Diana's two sisters on 31 August 1997.[271][272] The coffin was taken to a private mortuary and then placed in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[271] Diana's coffin, draped in the royal standard with an ermine border, borne through the streets of London on its way to Westminster Abbey On 5 September, Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast.[23] Diana's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 6 September. Her sons walked in the funeral procession behind her coffin, along with her ex-husband the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, Diana's brother Lord Spencer, and representatives of some of her charities.[23] Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic."[273] Re-written in tribute to Diana, "Candle in the Wind 1997" was performed by Elton John at the funeral service (the only occasion the song has been performed live).[274] Released as a single in 1997, the global proceeds from the song have gone to Diana's charities.[274][275][276] The burial took place privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads that she had received from Mother Teresa was placed in her hands. Diana's grave is on an island (52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of Althorp Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[277] The burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, who carried Diana's coffin across to the island and laid her to rest. Diana was the Regiment's Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to 1996.[278] The original plan was for Diana to be buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Lord Spencer said he was concerned about public safety and security and the onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided Diana would be buried where her grave could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by William, Harry, and other relatives.[279] Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict Main article: Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales The initial French judicial investigation concluded that the crash was caused by Paul's intoxication, reckless driving, speeding (65 mph), and effects of prescription drugs.[280] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed, father of Dodi Fayed, publicly said the crash, which killed his son, had been planned[281] and accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh.[282] An inquest that started in London in 2004 and continued in 2007–08[283] attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the tunnel.[284] On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of "unlawful killing". On the day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the tragedy was murder; he said he did so for the sake of Diana's children.[285] Later events Finances Following her death, Diana left a £21 million estate, "netting £17 million after estate taxes", which were left in the hands of trustees, her mother, and her sister, Lady Sarah.[286][287] The will was signed in June 1993, but Diana had it modified in February 1996 to remove the name of her personal secretary from the list of trustees and have her sister replace him.[288] After applying personal and inheritance taxes, a net estate of £12.9 million was left to be distributed among the beneficiaries.[289] Her two sons subsequently inherited the majority of her estate. Each of them was left with £6.5 million which was invested and gathered substantial interest, and an estimated £10 million was given to each son upon turning 30 years old in 2012 and 2014 respectively.[290][291] Many of Diana's possessions were initially left in the care of her brother who put them on show in Althorp twice a year until they were returned to the princes.[290][286] They were also put on display in American museums and as of 2011 raised two million dollars for charities.[286] Among the objects were her dresses and suits along with numerous family paintings, jewels and two diamond tiaras.[290] Diana's engagement ring and her yellow gold watch were given to Harry and William, respectively. The brothers eventually exchanged mementos and William later passed the ring to his wife, Catherine Middleton. The ownership of Diana's wedding dress was also given to her sons.[290][292][293] In addition to her will,[287] Diana had also written a letter of wishes in which she had asked for three-quarters of her personal property to be given to her sons, and dividing the remaining quarter (aside from the jewellery) between her 17 godchildren.[286] Despite Diana's wishes, the executors (her mother and sister) "petitioned the probate court for a "variance" of the will", and the letter of wishes was ignored "because it did not contain certain language required by British law".[286] Eventually, one item from Diana's estate was given to each of her godchildren, while they would have received £100,000 each, had a quarter of her estate been divided between them.[286] The variance also prevented the estate from being distributed between her sons at the age of 25 but postponed it until they were 30.[286][287] Diana also left her butler Paul Burrell around £50,000 in cash.[289][287] Subject of government surveillance In 1999, after the submission of a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the Internet news service apbonline.com, it was revealed that Diana had been placed under surveillance by the National Security Agency until her death, and the organisation kept a top secret file on her containing more than 1,000 pages.[294][295] The contents of Diana's NSA file cannot be disclosed because of national security concerns.[294] The NSA officials insisted Diana was not a "target of [their] massive, worldwide electronic eavesdropping infrastructure."[294] Despite multiple inquiries for the files to be declassified—with one of the notable ones being filed by Mohamed Al-Fayed—the NSA has refused to release the documents.[295] In 2008, Ken Wharfe, a former bodyguard of Diana, claimed that her scandalous conversations with James Gilbey (commonly referred to as the Squidgygate) were in fact recorded by the GCHQ, which intentionally released them on a "loop".[296] People close to Diana believed the action was intended to defame her.[296] Wharfe said Diana herself believed that members of the royal family were all being monitored, though he also stated that the main reason for it could be the potential threats of the IRA.[296] Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions On the first anniversary of Diana's death, people left flowers and bouquets outside the gates of Kensington Palace and a memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey.[297][298] The royal family and the Prime Minister and his family went to Crathie Kirk for private prayers, while Diana's family held a private memorial service at Althorp.[299][300] All flags at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences were flown at half-mast on the Queen's orders.[301] The Union Jack was first lowered to half-mast on the day of Diana's funeral and has set a precedent, as based on the previous protocol no flag could ever fly at half-mast over the palace "even on the death of a monarch".[301] Since 1997, however, the Union Flag (but not the Royal Standard) has flown at half-mast upon the deaths of members of the royal family, and other times of national mourning.[302] The Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The event, organised by the princes William and Harry, celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.[303][304] The proceeds from this event were donated to Diana's charities.[305] On 31 August 2007, a memorial service for Diana took place in the Guards Chapel.[306] Guests included members of the royal family and their relatives, members of the Spencer family, members of Diana's wedding party, Diana's close friends and aides, representatives from many of her charities, British politicians Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, and John Major, and friends from the entertainment world such as David Frost, Elton John, and Cliff Richard.[168] John Travolta and Diana dancing at the White House, November 1985 On 19 March 2013, ten of Diana's dresses, including a midnight blue velvet gown she wore to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she danced with John Travolta (which became known as the Travolta dress), raised over £800,000 at auction in London.[307] In January 2017, a series of letters that Diana and other members of the royal family had written to a Buckingham Palace steward were sold as a part of a collection titled "the private letters between a trusted butler and the royal family".[308][309] The six letters that were written by Diana included information about her young sons' daily life and raised £15,100.[308][309] Another collection of 40 letters written by Diana between 1990 and 1997 were sold for £67,900 at an auction in 2021.[310] "Diana: Her Fashion Story", an exhibition of gowns and suits worn by Diana, was announced to be opened at Kensington Palace in February 2017 as a tribute to mark her 20th death anniversary, with her favorite dresses created by numerous fashion designers, including Catherine Walker and Victor Edelstein, being displayed.[311][312] The exhibition opened on 24 February displaying a collection of 25 dresses, and was set to remain open until 2018.[313][314] Other tributes planned for the anniversary included exhibitions at Althorp hosted by Diana's brother, Earl Spencer,[315] a series of commemorating events organised by the Diana Award,[316] as well as restyling Kensington Gardens and creating a new section called "The White Garden" in order to symbolise Diana's life and style.[311][312][317] On 31 August 2019, the Princess Diana 3D Virtual Museum was launched to mark the 22nd anniversary of Diana's death. Operated by the Princess & the Platypus Foundation, the online museum consisted of over 1,000 of Diana's items which were photographed using the techniques of virtual reality.[318] Legacy Public image Wax statue of Diana at Madame Tussauds in London Diana remains one of the most popular members of the royal family throughout history, and she continues to influence the younger generations of royals.[319][320][321] She was a major presence on the world stage from her engagement to Prince Charles in 1981 until her death in 1997, and was often described as the "world's most photographed woman".[20][322] She was noted for her compassion,[323] style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her ill-fated marriage.[165][324] Diana's former private secretary, Patrick Jephson described her as an organised and hardworking person, and pointed out Charles was not able to "reconcile with his wife's extraordinary popularity",[325] a viewpoint supported by biographer Tina Brown.[326] He also said she was a tough boss who was "equally quick to appreciate hard work", but could also be defiant "if she felt she had been the victim of injustice".[325] Diana's mother also defined her as a "loving" figure who could occasionally be "tempestuous".[257] Paul Burrell, who worked as a butler for Diana, remembered her as a "deep thinker" capable of "introspective analysis".[327] She was often described as a devoted mother to her children,[20][328] who are believed to be influenced by her personality and way of life.[329] In the early years, Diana was often noted for her shy nature.[320][330] Journalist Michael White perceived her as being "smart", "shrewd and funny".[321] Those who communicated with her closely describe her as a person who was led by "her heart".[20] In an article for The Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as a woman with a strong character, who entered the royal family as an inexperienced girl and, despite being uneducated, she could handle their expectations and overcome the difficulties and sufferings of her marital life. Ali also believed that she "had a lasting influence on the public discourse, particularly in matters of mental health" by discussing her eating disorder publicly.[165] According to Tina Brown, in her early years Diana possessed a "passive power", a quality that in her opinion she shared with the Queen Mother and a trait that would enable her to instinctively use her appeal to achieve her goals.[331] Brown also believed that Diana was capable of charming people with a single glance.[326] Diana was widely known for her encounters with sick and dying patients, and the poor and unwanted whom she used to comfort, an action that earned her more popularity.[332] She was mindful of people's thoughts and feelings, and later revealed her wish to become a beloved figure among the people, saying in her 1995 interview, that "[She would] like to be a queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts."[330] Known for her easygoing attitude, she reportedly hated formality in her inner circle, asking "people not to jump up every time she enters the room".[333] Diana is often credited with widening the range of charity works carried out by the royal family in a more modern style.[165] Eugene Robinson of The Washington Post wrote in an article that "Diana imbued her role as royal princess with vitality, activism and, above all, glamour."[20] Alicia Carroll of The New York Times described Diana as "a breath of fresh air" who was the main reason the royal family was known in the United States.[334] In Anthony Holden's opinion, Diana was "visibly reborn" after her separation from Charles, a point in her life that was described by Holden as her "moment of triumph", which put her on an independent path to success.[155] Biographer Sarah Bradford commented, "The only cure for her suffering would have been the love of the Prince of Wales, which she so passionately desired, something which would always be denied her. His was the final rejection; the way in which he consistently denigrated her reduced her to despair."[87] Despite all the marital issues and scandals, Diana continued to enjoy a high level of popularity in the polls while her husband was suffering from low levels of public approval.[20] Her peak popularity rate in the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2012 was 47%.[335] In Theodore Dalrymple's opinion, her popularity stemmed from "both her extreme difference from common people and her similarity to them". He believed that by going public about her marital issues and bulimia she won the admiration of "all those who have been unhappy in their marriages" as well as people who suffered from psychological problems.[336] Highly regarded by the LGBT community due to her work with gay men suffering from AIDS,[206] Diana is considered to be a gay icon.[337] Diana had become what Prime Minister Tony Blair called the "People's Princess", an iconic national figure. He had reportedly said that she had shown the nation "a new way to be British".[327] Her sudden death brought an unprecedented spasm of grief and mourning,[338] and subsequently a crisis arose in the Royal Household.[339][340][341] Andrew Marr said that by her death she "revived the culture of public sentiment",[165] while The Guardian's Matthew d'Ancona dubbed Diana "the queen of the realm of feeling" and said that "the impassioned aftermath of her death was a bold punctuation mark in a new national narrative that favoured disinhibition, empathy and personal candour."[342] Her brother, the Earl Spencer, captured her role: Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity. All over the world, a standard bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden, a very British girl who transcended nationality. Someone with a natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic.[343] In 1997, Diana was one of the runners-up for Time magazine's Person of the Year.[344] In 1999, Time magazine named Diana one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[345] In 2002, Diana ranked third on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, above the Queen and other British monarchs.[346] In 2003, VH1 ranked her at number nine on its 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons list, which recognises "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society".[347] In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Diana twelfth in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan.[348] In 2018, Diana ranked fifteenth on the BBC History's poll of 100 Women Who Changed the World.[349][350] In 2020, Time magazine included Diana's name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was chosen as the Woman of the Year 1987 for her efforts in de-stigmatising the conditions surrounding HIV/AIDS patients.[351] Despite being regarded as an iconic figure and a popular member of the royal family, Diana was subject to criticism during her life. Patrick Jephson, her private secretary of eight years, wrote in an article in The Daily Telegraph that "[Diana] had an extra quality that frustrated her critics during her lifetime and has done little to soften their disdain since her death".[320] Diana was criticised by philosophy professor Anthony O'Hear who in his notes argued that she was unable to fulfill her duties, her reckless behaviour was damaging the monarchy, and she was "self-indulgent" in her philanthropic efforts.[235] Following his remarks, charity organisations that were supported by Diana defended her, and Peter Luff called O'Hear's comments "distasteful and inappropriate".[235] Further criticism surfaced as she was accused of using her public profile to benefit herself,[110] which in return "demeaned her royal office".[320] Diana's unique type of charity work, which sometimes included physical contact with people affected by serious diseases occasionally had a negative reaction in the media.[320] Diana's relationship with the press and the paparazzi has been described as "ambivalent". On different occasions she would complain about the way she was being treated by the media, mentioning that their constant presence in her proximity had made life impossible for her, whereas at other times she would seek their attention and hand information to reporters herself.[352][353] Writing for The Guardian, Peter Conrad suggested that it was Diana who let the journalists and paparazzi into her life as she knew they were the source of her power;[327] thus, she "overburdened herself with public duties" and destroyed the border between private and public life.[165][110][354] This view was supported by Christopher Hitchens, who believed that "in pursuit of a personal solution to an unhappy private life, she became an assiduous leaker to the press".[355] Nevertheless, Diana also used the media's interest in her to shine light on her charitable efforts and patronages.[352] Sally Bedell Smith characterised Diana as unpredictable, egocentric, and possessive.[110] Smith also argued that in her desire to do charity works she was "motivated by personal considerations, rather than by an ambitious urge to take on a societal problem".[110] Eugene Robinson, however, said that "[Diana] was serious about the causes she espoused".[20] According to Sarah Bradford, Diana looked down on the House of Windsor whom she reportedly viewed "as jumped-up foreign princelings" and called them "the Germans".[327] Some observers, including Prime Minister Tony Blair, characterised her as a manipulative person.[339][321] Blair also described Diana as "extraordinarily captivating" but an "unpredictable meteor" whose death was a "turning point" for the monarchy.[356] After her death, it was revealed that Diana had been in discussion with Blair about a special role that would provide a government platform for her campaigns and charities to make her capable of endorsing Britain's interests overseas.[357] In an article written for The Independent in 1998, journalist Yvonne Roberts observed the sudden change in people's opinion of Diana after her death from critical to complimentary, a viewpoint supported by Theodore Dalrymple who also noticed the "sudden shift from cruel personal abuse to absurdly exaggerated respect".[336] Roberts also questioned whether she had achieved anything different from other members of the royal family and added that Diana was neither "a saint" nor "a revolutionary" figure, but "may have encouraged some people" to tackle issues such as landmines, AIDS and leprosy.[358] While analysing the impact of Diana's death and her extraordinary popularity from a gendered point of view, British historian Ludmilla Jordanova said: "To be an ideal, to be living for and on behalf of others is a terrible burden; it makes impossible, irreconcilable emotional demands – no human being can survive the complex forces that impact upon charismatic women." Jordanova also observed that "Diana herself was not anti-establishment" and that is "Better to remember her by trying to decipher how emotions overshadow analysis and why women are the safeguards of humanitarian feelings."[324] Author Anne Applebaum believed that Diana has not had any impact on public opinions posthumously;[165] an idea supported by Jonathan Freedland of The Guardian who also wrote in his article that Diana's memory and influence started to fade away in the years after her death,[359] while Peter Conrad, another Guardian contributor, argued that even in "a decade after her death, she is still not silent",[327] and Allan Massie of The Telegraph described Diana as "the celebrity of celebrities" whose sentiments "continue to shape our society".[354] Writing for The Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as "a one-off, fascinating and flawed. Her legacy might be mixed, but it's not insubstantial. Her life was brief, but she left her mark".[165] Style icon The Princess of Wales at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. The strapless Catherine Walker dress,[360] which was inspired by a dress worn by Grace Kelly in To Catch a Thief,[361] is considered to be among the most iconic dresses worn at the festival throughout its history.[362][363][364] It was later sold to Julien's Auctions for over £80,000.[365] Diana was a fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead of The Telegraph wrote: "[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at them."[366][367] An early example of the effect occurred during her courtship with Charles in 1980 when sales of Hunter Wellington boots skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral estate.[366][368] According to designers and people who worked with Diana, she used fashion and style to endorse her charitable causes, express herself and communicate.[369][370][371] Diana remained a prominent figure for her fashion style,[372][373] and is still considered an inspiration for stylists,[374] celebrities,[375][311][376] and young women.[377] Diana's daughters-in-law, Catherine and Meghan, are believed to be influenced by her in developing their own professional wardrobe.[378][379][380] One of Diana's favourite milliners, John Boyd, said "Diana was our best ambassador for hats, and the entire millinery industry owes her a debt." Boyd's pink tricorn hat Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied by milliners across the world and credited with rebooting an industry in decline for decades.[381][382] The Princess chose her dressing style based on both the royal family's demands and popular modern styles in Britain,[383] and developed her personal fashion trend.[384] While on diplomatic trips, her clothes and attire were chosen to match the destination countries' costumes, and while off-duty she used to wear loose jackets and jumpers.[375][385] "She was always very thoughtful about how her clothes would be interpreted, it was something that really mattered to her", according to Anna Harvey, a former British Vogue editor and Diana's fashion mentor.[375][386] David Sassoon, one of the designers who worked with Diana, believed she had "broken the rules" by trying new styles.[361] Diana chose not to practise some of the royal clothing traditions such as putting aside the tradition of wearing gloves when meeting the public as she believed it would prevent a direct connection with the people she met, such as those affected by serious diseases like AIDS patients.[371][385] She used to wear certain types of clothes at charity events which were appropriate for the people she would meet, such as wearing colourful dresses and "jangling jewels" so she could easily play with children at hospitals.[371][385] According to Donatella Versace who worked closely with Diana alongside her brother, Diana's interest and sense of curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her separation from Charles.[369] Versace also pointed out that "[she doesn't] think that anyone, before or after her, has done for fashion what Diana did".[369] Catherine Walker was among Diana's favourite designers[384] with whom she worked to create her "royal uniform".[361] For her foreign tours and state visits, Walker and her husband used to do research and were determined to design clothes that would not outshine Diana,[369] a viewpoint supported by Taki Theodoracopulos, who believed Diana did not want "to let her clothes wear her".[369] Eleri Lynn, curator of the exhibition Diana: Her Fashion Story, also believed that "[Diana] didn't want to be known as a clothes horse",[371][387] and mentioned that "the style [Catherine and Diana] created together was a very slender, fluid silhouette which did away with the frills and ruffles of the early '80s and created a sleek silhouette that really flattered the princess's frame and became a timeless look for her. A royal uniform if you like."[388] Diana made her debut as a Sloane Ranger in 1979 with a gown by Regamus.[384] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, she wore outfits and ensembles by numerous notable fashion designers.[389][390][391] She also wore ensembles by fashion companies such as Versace, Armani, Chanel, Dior, Gucci and Clarks.[375][376][392] Among her iconic outfits are a décolleté by David and Elizabeth Emanuel worn by a newly engaged Diana at a charity event,[386] a cocktail dress by Christina Stambolian, commonly known as the "Revenge dress", which she wore after Charles's admission of adultery,[393] an evening gown by Victor Edelstein that she wore to a reception at the White House and later became known as the "Travolta dress",[375][361][384] and a Catherine Walker pearl-encrusted gown and jacket dubbed the "Elvis dress",[392][384] which she wore for the first time on an official visit to Hong Kong.[371][394] In the early 1980s, Diana preferred to wear dresses with floral collars, pie-crust blouses, and pearls.[375][384][372] These items rapidly became fashion trends.[375] Her habit of wearing wide-shouldered gowns and lavish fabrics earned her the nickname "Dynasty Di".[361][371] In the years after her marriage and then her divorce, Diana grew more confident in her choices,[361][373][386] and her style underwent a change, with her new choices consisting of blazers, one-shoulder and off-shoulder dresses, two-tone themed suits, military-styled suits, and nude-coloured outfits.[373] White shirt and jeans, plaid dresses, jumpsuits and sheath dresses were among the other fashion trends she tried.[373][395] Her way of dressing began to be influenced by other celebrities including Cindy Crawford, Madonna, Elizabeth Taylor, as well as many others.[384] In the 1990s, Diana was frequently photographed clutching distinctive handbags manufactured by Gucci and Dior. She popularized the purses and they became so closely associated with her that they would thereafter be known as Gucci Diana and Lady Dior, respectively.[396][397] Copies of Diana's British Vogue-featured pink chiffon blouse by David and Elizabeth Emanuel, which appeared on the magazine's cover on her engagement announcement day, sold in the millions.[384] She appeared on two more British Vogue covers during her lifetime and was featured on its October 1997 issue posthumously.[398] She was also featured in the cover story for the July 1997 issue of Vanity Fair.[399] The Princess's influential short hairstyle was created by Sam McKnight after a Vogue shoot in 1990, which, in McKnight and Donatella Versace's opinion, brought her more liberty as "it always looked great".[369] The Princess reportedly did her own make up and would always have a hairstylist by her side before an event. She told McKnight: "It's not for me, Sam. It is for the people I visit or who come to see me. They don't want me in off-duty mode, they want a princess. Let's give them what they want."[369] The Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1989.[400] In 2004, People cited her as one of the all-time most beautiful women.[401] In 2012, Time included Diana on its All-Time 100 Fashion Icons list.[402] Following the opening of an exhibition of Diana's clothes and dresses at Kensington Palace in 2017, Catherine Bennett of The Guardian said such exhibitions are among the suitable ways to commemorate public figures whose fashion styles were noted due to their achievements. The exhibition suggests to detractors who, like many other princesses, "looking lovely in different clothes was pretty much her life's work" which also brings interest in her clothing.[403] In 2016, fashion designer Sharmadean Reid designed a collection of clothes for ASOS.com inspired by Diana's style.[377] "Di's incredible relationship with accessible sportswear through to luxury fashion forms the cornerstone of the collection and feels more modern than ever", Reid said about Diana in a press release.[372] Diana was an inspiration for Off-White's Spring 2018 show at Paris Fashion Week in 2017.[404] The designer Virgil Abloh used Diana's signature looks as fragments to design new suits and attire.[405][406] Supermodel Naomi Campbell, dressed in a combination of white blazer and cropped spandex leggings in reference to Diana's formal and off-duty styles, closed off the show.[404][405] In 2019, Tory Burch used Diana's early '80s style as an inspiration for her Spring 2020 show at New York Fashion Week.[407] Memorials Round Oval lake at Althorp with the Diana memorial beyond Memorial in Harrods Department Store to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed Tribute to Diana on 1998 Azerbaijan postage stamps. The English text on souvenir sheets issued reads "Diana, Princess of Wales The Princess that (sic) captured people's hearts (1961–1997)". September 2017 unveiling of a memorial to Diana in Örményes, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Hungary Tributes left outside Kensington Palace for what would have been Diana's 60th birthday Immediately after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ad hoc memorials to Diana where the public left flowers and other tributes. Her son, Prince William, has stated that the outpouring of public grief after her death "changed the British psyche, for the better", while journalist Alastair Campbell noted that it assisted in diminishing "the stiff upper lip approach".[408] The largest memorial was outside the gates of Kensington Palace, where people continue to leave flowers and tributes. Permanent memorials include: The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Queen Elizabeth II The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park, and St. James's Park, London The Diana Memorial Award, established in 1999 and later relaunched in 2007 by Gordon Brown[409] Statue of Diana, Princess of Wales, in the Sunken Garden of Kensington Palace, commissioned by Prince William and Prince Harry The Princess Diana Memorial Austria is the first memorial dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, in a German-speaking country. It is placed in the garden of Schloss Cobenzl in Vienna. It was raised by reporter Ewald Wurzinger.[410] The Flame of Liberty was erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma in Paris above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash later occurred. It became an unofficial memorial to Diana.[411][412] The Place de l'Alma was renamed Place Diana princesse de Galles in 2019.[413] There were two memorials inside Harrods department store, commissioned by Dodi Fayed's father, who owned the store from 1985 to 2010. The first memorial was a pyramid-shaped display containing photos of the princess and al-Fayed's son, a wine glass said to be from their last dinner, and a ring purchased by Dodi the day prior to the crash. The second, Innocent Victims, unveiled in 2005, was a bronze statue of Fayed dancing with Diana on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross.[414] In January 2018, it was announced that the statue would be returned to the Al-Fayed family.[415] In 1998, several countries issued postage stamps commemorating Diana, including the UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Somalia, and Congo.[416][417][418] In November 2002, a £4,000 bronze plaque was unveiled by Earl Spencer at Northampton Guildhall as a memorial to his sister.[419] In February 2013, OCAD University in Toronto announced that its new 25,000 square foot arts centre would be named the Princess of Wales Visual Arts Centre.[420] Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton, New Jersey.[421] Diana's granddaughters, Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge (born 2015)[422][423] and Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor (born 2021),[424] as well as her niece, Lady Charlotte Diana Spencer (born 2012),[425] are named after her. On 29 September 2021 a blue plaque, placed in her honour by English Heritage, was unveiled at her former flat 60 Coleherne Court, Old Brompton Road, London.[426] Diana in contemporary art Before and after her death, Diana has been depicted in contemporary art. The first biopics about Diana and Charles were Charles and Diana: A Royal Love Story and The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana that were broadcast on American TV channels on 17 and 20 September 1981, respectively.[427] In December 1992, ABC aired Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After, a TV movie about marital discord between Diana and Charles.[428] In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her "Cheryl" and Prince Charles "Brian".[429] In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana's public and private life for Temple of Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as They Wanted You To Be Destroyed (1999)[430] related to Diana's bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was on Your Side and Diana's Dress with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her selflessness—The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola—while another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin maintained "They're quite sentimental ... and there's nothing cynical about it whatsoever."[431] In 2005, Martín Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennale the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a dangerous cantegril on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot at an Uruguayan slum using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected by the Italian Art Critics Association as one of the Venice Biennial's best works.[432][433][434][435] In 2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a series of Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery.[436][437] Vine intended to portray Diana's combined strength and vulnerability as well as her closeness to her two sons.[438] The works, all completed in 2007, included Diana branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil, Diana crash and Diana pram, which incorporates the quotation "I vow to thee my country".[439][440] Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to "the beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".[438] The 2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days of a Princess details the final two months of her life. She is portrayed by Irish actress Genevieve O'Reilly.[441] On an October 2007 episode of The Chaser's War on Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song", which immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.[442] In 2017, Prince William and Prince Harry commissioned two documentaries to mark the 20th anniversary of her death. The first of the two, Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy, was broadcast on ITV and HBO on 24 July 2017.[443][444] This film focuses on Diana's legacy and humanitarian efforts for causes such as AIDS, landmines, homelessness and cancer. The second documentary, Diana, 7 Days, aired on 27 August on BBC and focused on Diana's death and the subsequent outpouring of grief.[445] She was also been depicted by contemporary painter Sam McKinniss in a 2017 exhibition that included portraits of musicians Prince and Lorde, actress Drew Barrymore, and author Joan Didion.[446][447] Actresses who have portrayed Diana include Serena Scott Thomas (in Diana: Her True Story, 1993),[448] Julie Cox (in Princess in Love, 1996),[449] Amy Seccombe (in Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess, 1998),[450] Michelle Duncan (in Whatever Love Means, 2005),[451] Genevieve O'Reilly (in Diana: Last Days of a Princess, 2007),[452][441] Nathalie Brocker (in The Murder of Princess Diana, 2007),[453] Naomi Watts (in Diana, 2013),[454] Jeanna de Waal (in Diana: The Musical, 2019 & 2021),[455] Emma Corrin and Elizabeth Debicki (in The Crown, 2020 & 2022),[456][457] and Kristen Stewart (in Spencer, 2021).[458] In 2021, Corrin won a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of the younger Diana Spencer.[459] Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles Royal monogram 1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The Honourable Diana Spencer 9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: Lady Diana Spencer 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales 28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales During her marriage to the Prince of Wales, Diana was styled as "Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales". She additionally bore the titles Duchess of Rothesay,[460] Duchess of Cornwall,[460] Countess of Chester,[461][462] and Baroness of Renfrew.[460] Though popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", that style is incorrect and one she never held officially.[463][a] She is still sometimes referred to in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer" or simply as "Lady Di". In a speech after her death, then-Prime Minister Tony Blair referred to Diana as "the People's Princess".[464] Discussions were also held with the Spencer family and the British royal family as to whether Diana's HRH style needed to be restored posthumously, but Diana's family decided that it would be against her wishes and, thus, no formal offer was made.[465] Honours See also: List of honours of the British royal family by country Orders GBR Family Order Elizabeth II BAR.png 1981: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II Foreign honours Egypt 1982: Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues (or Order of al-Kamal)[133] Netherlands 18 November 1982: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands[133] Appointments 1988: Royal Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple[466] Fellowships 1988: The Royal College of Surgeons of England, Honorary Fellow in Dental Surgery[467] Freedom of the City Wales 29 October 1981: Cardiff[468][469] England 29 January 1986: Carlisle[470] England 1987: London[178] England 8 June 1989: Northampton Borough[419][471][472] England 16 October 1992: Portsmouth[473] Honorary military appointments As the Princess of Wales, Diana held the following military appointments: Australia Australia Australia: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Survey Corps[474] Canada Canada Canada: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales' Own Regiment[144] (17 August 1985 to 16 July 1996)[475] Canada: Colonel-in-Chief of the West Nova Scotia Regiment United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment[278] United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[278] United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Hampshire Regiment[144] United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own)[144] United Kingdom: Honorary Air Commodore, RAF Wittering[476] United Kingdom: Lady Sponsor of HMS Cornwall (F99)[477] She relinquished these appointments following her divorce.[23][115] Other appointments 15 November 1984: Lady Sponsor of Royal Princess[478] Arms Coat of arms of Diana, Princess of Wales  Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1981-1996).svg Notes During her marriage, Diana used the arms of the Prince of Wales impaled (side by side) with those of her father. This version of her arms was imprinted on the order of service for her funeral.[479] Adopted 1981 Coronet Coronet of the Prince of Wales Escutcheon Quarterly 1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langed azure 2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent (the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom), the whole difference with a label of three points Argent; with an inescutcheon of four lions passant guardant, in gold and red, counterchanged, surmounted by the coronet of the heir (for the Principality of Wales); impaled with a shield quarterly 1st and 4th Argent 2nd and 3rd Gules a fret Or overall a bend Sable charged with three escallops Argent. Supporters Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Proper, sinister a griffin Ermine winged Erminois unguled and gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the First. Motto DIEU DEFEND LE DROIT (Anglo-Norman: God defends the right) Symbolism The Spencers were granted a coat of arms in 1504 (Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-mews' heads erased Argent), which bears no resemblance to that used by the family after c. 1595, which was derived from the Despencer arms. Writer J. H. Round argued that the Despencer descent was fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt Clarenceux King of Arms.[480] Previous versions Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svgDiana's coat of arms before her marriage was based on the Spencer coat of arms. It depicted a lozenge shaped shield of arms, which symbolised her unmarried state. It included three escallops argent of the Spencer coat of arms. This version was used only before her marriage and was also applied by her sisters. Other versions Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svgAfter her divorce, Diana had resumed her paternal arms with the addition of a royal coronet.[481] Descendants Name Birth Marriage Issue Date Spouse Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Cambridge Princess Charlotte of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle Archie Mountbatten-Windsor Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor Ancestry Diana was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, and Baron Churchill.[482][483] The Spencers claimed descent from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval Despenser family, but its validity is questioned.[484] Her great-grandmother was Margaret Baring, a member of the German-British Baring family of bankers and the daughter of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[485][486] Diana's distant noble ancestors included the first Duke and Duchess of Marlborough.[487] Diana and Charles were distantly related, as they were both descended from the House of Tudor through Henry VII of England.[488] She was also descended from the House of Stuart through Charles II of England by Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and his brother James II of England by Henrietta FitzJames.[20][489] Other noble ancestors include Margaret Kerdeston, granddaughter of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk; Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, an English nobleman and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England; and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, a descendant of Edward III of England through his son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.[490][491][492] Diana's Scottish roots came from her maternal grandmother, Lady Fermoy.[490] Among her Scottish ancestors were Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife Jane, and Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll.[490] Diana's American lineage came from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work, daughter of wealthy American stockbroker Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, an Irish peer.[490][493] Diana's fourth great-grandmother in her direct maternal line, Eliza Kewark, was matrilineally of Indian descent.[494][495][496][497][498] She is variously described in contemporary documents as "a dark-skinned native woman" and "an Armenian woman from Bombay".[499][500] Ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales[499][500] Notes  With rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, who was given permission by the Sovereign), only princesses by birth (such as Princess Anne) use the title "Princess" before their given names. References  "Diana's Legacy: A Reshaped Monarchy, a More Emotional U.K." The New York Times. 30 August 1997. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017.  Morton 1997, p. 70.  Morton 1997, pp. 70–71.  Brown 2007, pp. 32–33.  Bradford 2006, p. 2.  Morton 1997, p. 71.  Barcelona, Ainhoa (3 September 2018). 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Retrieved 23 July 2013.  Dockterman, Eliana; Haynes, Suyin (15 November 2020). "The True Story Behind The Crown's Prince Charles, Princess Diana and Camilla Parker Bowles Love Triangle". Time. Retrieved 17 November 2020.  "1981: Charles and Diana marry". BBC News. 29 July 1981. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.  Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 98. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.  Denney, Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: cultural memory and fairy tales revisited. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8386-4023-4. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2011.  Field, Leslie (2002). The Queen's Jewels: The Personal Collection of Elizabeth II. London: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 113–115. ISBN 0-8109-8172-6.  Lucy Clarke-Billings (9 December 2015). "Duchess of Cambridge wears Princess Diana's favourite tiara to diplomatic reception at Buckingham Palace". 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Although Eliza Kewark was indeed thought of as Armenian, it's not particularly surprising that she would have had Indian ancestors; the Armenian diaspora had been in India for centuries at the time of her birth, and even the most insular communities tend to experience genetic mixing over in that timescale.  Williamson 1981a.  Williamson 1981b. Bibliography Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana. New York; Toronto; London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03807-7. Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4. Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. London; New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51708-9. Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X. Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X. Smith, Sally Bedell (2000) [1999]. Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9. Williamson, D. (1981a). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (6): 192–199. Williamson, D. (1981b). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (8): 281–282. Further reading Anderson, Christopher (2001). Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they Loved (1st ed.). United States: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-17204-6. Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-3030-4. Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana, Princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-4714-8. Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-00-725263-3. Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We Were: Remembering Diana. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-113895-9. Caradec'h, Jean-Michel (2006). Diana. L'enquête criminelle (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon. ISBN 978-2-7499-0479-5. Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess of Wales: A Tribute. United States: Benford Books. ISBN 978-1-56649-599-8. Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana: The Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-718203-1. Davies, Jude (2001). Diana, A Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the People's Princess. Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-73688-5. OCLC 46565010. Denney, Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory and Fairy Tales Revisited. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4023-0. OCLC 56490960. Edwards, Anne (2001). Ever After: Diana and the Life She Led. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25314-1. OCLC 43867312. Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7. Mattern, Joanne (2006). Princess Diana. DK Biography. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-756-61614-4. Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In Pursuit of Love. United States: Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-84317-084-6. Rees-Jones, Trevor (2000). The Bodyguard's Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole Survivor. United States: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-85508-2. Steinberg, Deborah Lynn (1999). Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the Performance of Grief. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19393-1. Taylor, John A. (2000). Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity. Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96826-X. OCLC 42935749. Thomas, James (2002). Diana's Mourning: A People's History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1753-7. OCLC 50099981. Turnock, Robert (2000). Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-788-2. OCLC 43819614. External links Diana, Princess of Wales at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Diana, Princess of Wales at the official website of the Royal Family Portraits of Diana, Princess of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edit this at Wikidata Coroner's Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed at National Archives BBC mini-site Diana One Year On pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video extracts, coverage of the funeral, how the UK newspapers reported her death Diana, Princess of Wales at IMDb FBI Records: The Vault – Diana, Princess of Wales at fbi.gov Appearances on C-SPAN vte Diana, Princess of Wales 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997 Titles (1981–1996) Princess of WalesDuchess of CornwallDuchess of RothesayCountess of ChesterBaroness of Renfrew Family Charles, Prince of Wales (former husband)Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (elder son)Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer (father)Frances Shand Kydd (mother)Lady Sarah McCorquodale (sister)Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (sister)Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (brother) Extended family Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (paternal grandfather)Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer (paternal grandmother)Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy (maternal grandfather)Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy (maternal grandmother)Edmund Roche, 5th Baron Fermoy (maternal uncle) Life events Wedding guest listSquidgygatePanorama interview Fashion Wedding dressJewelsTravolta dressRevenge dressLady DiorGucci Diana Charities International Campaign to Ban LandminesLandmine Survivors NetworkBarnardo'sCentrepointTurning PointNational AIDS Trust The Leprosy MissionEnglish National BalletThe Royal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustGreat Ormond Street Hospital Death People's princessFuneralOperation PagetConspiracy theories People Dodi Fayed (romantic partner)Trevor Rees-Jones (bodyguard) Memorials "Candle in the Wind"Concert for DianaDiana AwardDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial FountainDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial FundDiana, Princess of Wales HospitalDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial PlaygroundDiana, Princess of Wales: TributeDiana, Princess of Wales Tribute ConcertDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial WalkInnocent VictimsPlace Diana Flame of LibertyPrincess Diana MemorialPrincess of Wales BridgePrincess of Wales TheatreRosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales'Rosa 'Princess of Wales'Statue of Diana, Princess of WalesWest Heath School Popular culture Books Diana in Search of Herself (1999)69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess (2002)If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things (2002)Diana: Closely Guarded Secret (2002)The Little White Car (2004)The Murder of Princess Diana (2004)Princess Diana's Revenge (2006)The Diana Chronicles (2007)The Accident Man (2011)Untold Story (2011) Film and television The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting Image (1984–1996)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Diana: Her True Story (1993)Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess (1998)Diana: The Rose Conspiracy (2005)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen (2006)Diana: Last Days of a Princess (2007)The Murder of Princess Diana (2007)Diana (2013)The Crown (2020–)Spencer (2021) Documentaries The Queen (2009 TV serial)Unlawful Killing (2011)Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy (2017)Diana: In Her Own Words (2017)Diana, 7 Days (2017) Plays and musicals Her Royal Highness..? (1981)Diana (2019) Other Diana, Princess of Wales (Bryan Organ portrait)"Diana" (Bryan Adams song) Links to related articles vte British princesses by marriage 1st generation Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2nd generation Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 3rd generation Maria WaldegraveAnne Horton 4th generation Duchess Caroline of BrunswickPrincess Frederica Charlotte of PrussiaPrincess Adelaide of Saxe-MeiningenPrincess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldDuchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-StrelitzPrincess Augusta of Hesse-KasselThe Princess Mary* 5th generation Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 6th generation Princess Alexandra of DenmarkGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of RussiaPrincess Louise Margaret of PrussiaPrincess Helen of Waldeck and PyrmontPrincess Thyra of Denmark 7th generation Princess Mary of TeckPrincess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife*Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-HolsteinPrincess Victoria Louise of Prussia 8th generation Lady Elizabeth Bowes-LyonLady Alice Montagu Douglas ScottPrincess Marina of Greece and Denmark 9th generation Birgitte van Deurs HenriksenKatharine WorsleyBaroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz 10th generation Lady Diana SpencerCamilla Parker BowlesSarah FergusonSophie Rhys-Jones 11th generation Catherine MiddletonMeghan Markle *also a British princess in her own right vte Princesses of Wales and Duchesses of Cornwall Joan, Countess of Kent (1361–1376)Lady Cecily Neville (1460; disputed)Lady Anne Neville (1470–1471)Infanta Catherine of Aragon (1501–1502)Princess Caroline of Ansbach (1714–1727)Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751)Princess Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820)Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901)Princess Mary of Teck (1901–1910)Lady Diana Spencer (1981–1996)Camilla Parker Bowles* (2005–present) * Though legally Princess of Wales, she does not use the title vte Duchesses of Rothesay Marjorie Douglas (1400–1402)Princess Caroline of Ansbach (1714–1727)Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751)Princess Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820)Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901)Princess Mary of Teck (1901–1910)Lady Diana Spencer (1981–1996)Camilla Parker Bowles (2005–present) Biography portalRoyalty portalEngland portal


  • Condition: In Very Good Condition for its age over 40 years old
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Year of Issue: 2000
  • Number of Pieces: 1
  • Collection: Royal Wedding
  • Denomination: Crown
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Colour: Silver
  • Fineness: Unknown
  • Country of Origin: Great Britain
  • Time Period: 2000s

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