Medal Rome Tiberius Emperor Main 1971 Dupondus the Year 15 The Clémence & Shield

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Seller: artistic.medal ✉️ (4,942) 100%, Location: Strasbourg, FR, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 176308254390 Medal Rome Tiberius Emperor Main 1971 Dupondus the Year 15 The Clémence & Shield.

Medal Rome Tiberius Emperor Main 1971 Dupondus the Year 15 The Clémence & Shield The description of this item has been automatically translated. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us.

240- shot42 Copper medal from the Paris Mint (cornucopia hallmark from 1880). Minted in 1971. Re-strike of a dupondus around the year 15. Beautiful copper patina. Dimensions : approximately 60 mm. Weight : 135 g. Metal : copper . Hallmark on the edge (mark on the edge)  : cornucopia + copper + 1971. Quick and neat delivery. The stand is not for sale. The support is not for sale. Tiberius (Latin: Tiberius Cæsar Divi Augusti Filius Augustus), born in Rome on November 16, 42 BC. AD and died at Miseno on Mars 16, 37 AD. BC, is the second Roman emperor from 14 to 37. It belongs to the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He is a descendant of the gens Claudia and was given the name Tiberius Claudius Nero at birth, like his father. During his youth, Tiberius distinguished himself by his military talent, successfully leading numerous campaigns along the northern border of the Empire and in Illyria, often alongside his brother Drusus I, who died in Germania. After a period of voluntary exile on the island of Rhodes, he returned to Rome in 4 AD. AD where he was adopted by Augustus and became the last of the emperor's potential successors, henceforth being named Tiberius Iulius Cæsar. He then led other expeditions to Illyria and Germania in order to remedy the consequences of the Battle of Teutoburg. On the death of his adoptive father, on August 19, 14, he obtained the name Tiberius Iulius Cæsar Augustus and he could officially succeed him in the function of princeps senatus because he had been associated with the government of the Roman Empire for 12 years, holding also the proconsular imperium and the tribunitian power, the two major powers of the emperors of the Principate. He implemented important reforms in the economic and political fields, put an end to the policy of military expansion, limiting himself to securing the borders thanks to the action of his nephew Germanicus. After the death of the latter and that of his son Drusus II, Tiberius favored the ascension of the praetorian prefect Sejanus. He moves away from Rome and retires to the island of Capri. When the prefect tries to seize power, Tiberius has him dismissed and assassinated. The emperor did not return to the capital, where he was hated, until his death in 37. Caligula, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, succeeds him. Tiberius was harshly criticized by ancient historians such as Tacitus and Suetonius, but his personality has been reevaluated by modern historians, who recognize him as a skillful and prudent politician. Before accession to the Empire Origins of the family and youth (42-26 BC). AD) His birth and turbulent childhood Tiberius was born in RomeN 1,a 2,1 on November 16, 42 BC. J.-CN 2 of the namesake Tiberius Claudius Nero, Caesarian and praetor the same year, and of Livia, almost thirty years younger than her husband. Both through the paternal and maternal branches, he belongs to the gens Claudia, an old patrician family that arrived in Rome during the first years of the Republican period and which distinguished itself over the centuries by obtaining numerous honors and high magistracy. 3. Since the beginning, the gens Claudia has been divided into numerous family branches, including that which takes the cognomen Nero (which, in the Sabine language, means "strong and valiant" a3) to which Tiberius belongs. He can therefore say he is a member of a lineage which gave birth to figures of very high ranka 4, such as Appius Claudius Sabinus or Appius Claudius Cæcus, who were among the defenders of the supremacy of the patricians during the Conflict of the OrdersN 3 ,at 5. A bust of Tiberius preserved in Paris at the Louvre Museum. His father was among Julius Caesar's strongest supporters, and after his death he sided with Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant in Gaul and during the civil war, and came into conflict with Octavian, Julius Caesar's designated heir. After the constitution of the Second Triumvirate between Octavian, Antony and Lepidus, and following the proscriptions, the disagreements between the supporters of Octavian and those of Marc Antony resulted in open conflict, the latter always being supported by Tiberius' father. With the Peruvian War instigated by consul Lucius Antonius and Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, Tiberius' father joined Mark Antony's supporters, fomenting unrest in many parts of Italy. After Octavian's victory defeated Fulvia at Perugia and reestablished his control over the Italian peninsula, Tiberius' father fled with his wife and son. The family took refuge in Naples and then in Sicily, which was controlled by Sextus Pompey. From there, the family reached Achaia where Marc Antony's troops who had left Italy gathered. Little Tiberius, obliged to take part in the journey, lived a painful and turbulent childhooda 6 until the Brindisi agreement which re-established a precarious peace and allowed the supporters of Marc Antony to return to Rome, where his father Tiberius Claudius Nero appeared to have stopped all political action2. Furthermore, Suetonius reports that the astrologer Scribonius, freed, predicted a great destiny for young Tiberius and that he would reign but without the insignia of a roia 7. Marriage of his mother Livie with Octave Bust of Livia Saint-Raymond Museum In 39 BC. BC, Octavian decides to divorce his wife Scribonia, who gave him a daughter, Julia, to marry the mother of little Tiberius, Livia, with whom he is sincerely in love. The marriage also presents a political interest: Octavian hopes to get closer to the camp of Marc Antony, while the father of Tiberius intends, by granting his wife to Octavian, to distance the rival Sextus Pompey, who is the uncle of Scribonia3. The triumvirate requests authorization from the college of pontiffs for the marriage given that Livia already has one child and is expecting a second. The priests grant the marriage, asking, as the only clause, that the paternity of the unborn child be confirmed. January 17, 38 BC BC, Octavian marries Livia, who after three months gives birth to a son who receives the name Nero Claudius Drusus. The question of paternity, in fact, remained uncertain: some claim that Drusus was born from an adulterous relationship between Livia and Octavian, while others welcomed the fact that the baby was conceived in just ninety days or the time elapsed between marriage and birtha 8.4. It is then accepted that the paternity of Drusus goes to the father of Tiberius, because Livia and Octavian have not yet met when the child is conceived4. While Drusus was raised by his mother in Octavian's house, Tiberius remained with his father until the age of nine. In 33 BC. BC, he dies and it is the young child who pronounces the funeral eulogy (laudatio funebris) on the rostra of the Forum Romaina 6. Drusus will be Livia's darling child, while Tiberius will be the black sheep of his family, for good reason: his very marked republican values. Tiberius finds himself in Octavian's house with his mother and brother at the same time as tensions between Octavian and Marc Antony provoke a new conflict which ends in 31 BC. AD with the decisive naval battle of Actium. In 29 BC BC, during Octavian's triumph ceremony for victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, Tiberius precedes the victor's chariot, leading the left inner horse, while Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Octavian's nephew, rises the one on the right outside, and thus finds himself in the place of honora 6 (Augustus, who is already thinking about the succession, favors his nephew Marcellus). Tiberius directs the urban games and participates, at the head of the team of “older children”, in the Ludus Troiae which takes place in circus 6. At the age of fifteen, he put on the manly toga, and was therefore initiated into civil life: he distinguished himself as defender and accuser in numerous trialsa 9, and he devoted himself, at the same time, to learning of military art, showing particular aptitude for horse riding5. He undertook with great interest the studies of Latin and Greek rhetoric and law; he frequented cultural circles linked to Augustus where both Greek and Latin were spoken. He meets Maecenas who finances artists like Horace, Virgil and Propertius. The same passion animates him for the composition of poetic texts, in imitation of the Greek poet Euphorion of Chalcis on mythological subjects, in a tortuous and archaic style, with great use of rare and obsolete wordsa 10.6. Ancestry [display] Ancestry of Tiberius   Tiberius in the Julio-Claudian dynasty [display] Genealogy of the Julio-Claudians   Military career (25-7 BC). AD) If Tiberius owes much of his political rise to his mother Livia, third wife of Augustus, his capacities for command and strategy cannot however be doubted: he remained undefeated during all his long and frequent campaigns, point of becoming, over the years, one of his father-in-law's best lieutenants. In the Iberian Peninsula and in Rome (25-21 BC). AD) The Augustus of Prima Porta, statue of Augustus in military parade dress. It is possible that Tiberius is represented on the relief of armor N 4.7. Due to the absence of real schools that allow one to acquire military experience, in 25 BC. BC, Augustus decides to send Tiberius, aged sixteen, and Marcellus to Hispania as military tribunes8. The two young people, whom Augustus considered as possible successors, participated in the initial phases of the Cantabrian War which began the previous year with Augustus and which ended in 19 BC. AD under general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippaa 11,9,10. Two years later, in 23 BC. BC, at the age of eighteen or nineteen, Tiberius was appointed quaestor of annoneN 5, five years ahead of the traditional cursus honoruma 9.11. This was a particularly delicate task since it was his responsibility to ensure the supply of wheat to the city of Rome, which then had more than a million inhabitants, of which two hundred thousand could only survive thanks to to the free distribution of wheat by the State. The city went through a period of famine due to a flood of the Tiber which destroyed many crops in the Lazio countryside, even preventing ships from reaching Rome with the necessary supplies9. Tiberius faces the situation with vigor: he buys, at his own expense, the wheat that the speculators have in their stores and distributes it free of charge. He is hailed as a benefactor of Rome9. He is then responsible for controlling the ergastules, these underground places for travelers and those seeking refuge to escape military service, and which also serve as dungeons for slavesa 9.9. This time, it is a not very prestigious task, but just as delicate9, because the owners of the place have made themselves odious to the entire population, thus creating a situation of tensiona9. In the East (20-16 BC). AD) Bust of Tiberius (Rome, Museo dell'Ara Pacis, copy of the original from the Augustan period preserved at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen). During the winter of 21-20 BC. BC, Augustus orders Tiberius, aged twenty, to command an army of legionnaires, recruited in Macedonia and Illyria, and to go to the East, to Armeniaa 11,10,a 12,a 13,a 14. Indeed, this region is of vital importance for the political balance of the entire eastern area, playing a role as a buffer state between the Roman Empire to the west and that of the Parthians to the east, and both want to make it a vassal state in order to ensure the protection of the borders against their respective enemies12,13. After the defeat of Marc Antony and the collapse of the system he imposed in the East, Armenia returned to the influence of the Parthians, which favored the accession to the throne of Artaxias II. Augustus therefore orders Tiberius to expel Artaxias, whose deposition the pro-Roman Armenians demand, and to impose his youngest brother, pro-Roman, Tigranes, on the throne. The Parthians, frightened by the advance of the Roman legions, accepted a compromise and a peace agreement was signed by Augustus, who had arrived in the East from Samos. They returned the regalia and prisoners they had in their possession after Crassus' defeat at the Battle of Carrhes in 53 BC. AD 15. In the same way, the situation in Armenia was resolved before the arrival of Tiberius and his army by the peace treaty between Augustus and the Parthian sovereign Phraates IV: the pro-Roman party could thus gain the upper hand and agents sent by Augustus eliminates Artaxias. Upon his arrival, Tiberius could only crown Tigranes who took the name Tigranes III during a peaceful and solemn ceremony under the supervision of the Roman legions12. On his return to Rome, the young general was celebrated with numerous festivals and the construction of monuments in his honor while Ovid, Horace and Propertius wrote verses to celebrate the enterprise14. The greatest merit of the victory, however, goes to Augustus as commander-in-chief of the army14: he is proclaimed imperator for the ninth timea 11,a 16,a 17,a 18,a 19 and he can announce to the Senate that Armenia becomes a vassal without decreeing its annexation 20. He wrote in his Res Gestæ Divi Augusti (his political testament):     “While I could make Greater Armenia a province, once King Artaxias died, I preferred, following the example of our ancestors, to entrust this kingdom to Tigranes, son of King Artavasde and grandson of King Tigranes , through Tiberius who was then my son-in-law. » — Augustus, Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, 27. In 19 BC BC, Tiberius was promoted to the rank of ex-praetor or ornamenta prætoria and he could therefore sit in the Senate among the ex-prætores15. In Gaul, Rhaetia and Vindélicia (16-15 BC). AD) Although Augustus, after the campaign in the East, officially declared to the Senate that he abandoned the policy of expansion, knowing that territorial extension would be excessive for the Roman Empire, he decided to lead new campaigns to secure the borders. In 16 BC. BC, Tiberius, recently appointed praetor, accompanied Augustus to Gaul where they spent the next three years, until 13 BC. BC, in order to help him in the organization and direction of the Gallic provinces10,16. The Princeps senatus was also accompanied by his son-in-law during the punitive campaign beyond the Rhine against the tribes of the Sicambres and their allies the Tencteri and the Usipetes, who, during the winter of 17-16 BC . BC, caused the defeat of the proconsul Marcus Lollius and the partial destruction of the Legio V Alaudæ and the loss of the insignia 21, a 22, a 23, a 24. Bust of Drusus, brother of Tiberius (Rome, Museo dell'Ara Pacis, copy of the original from the period of Tiberius preserved in the Capitoline Museums of Rome). In 15 BC. BC, Tiberius, with his brother Drusus, led a campaign against the Rhaetian population, distributed between Noricum and Gaulea 25, against the Vendéliquesa 11,a 26. Drusus had already previously driven the Rhetae from the Italic territories but Augustus decided to send Tiberius in order to definitively resolve the problema 27. The two men attack on two fronts with an operation to encircle the enemy without leaving him any escape. They designed the “pincer operation” which they implemented thanks also to the help of their lieutenantsa 28: Tiberius traveled from Helvetia while his younger brother came from Aquileia and Tridentum, traveling through the valley of the Adige and the Isarco (at their junction the Pons Drusi (“Drusus Bridge”) was built near present-day Bolzano) to finally go up by the Inn. Tiberius, who advances from the west, defeats the Vendéliques around Basel and Lake Constance. It is here that the two armies meet and prepare to invade Bavaria. The joint action led by the two brothers made it possible to advance to the source of the Danube where they achieved definitive victory over the Vendéliques17. These successes allowed Augustus to subjugate the peoples of the Alpine arc as far as the Danube, and earned him, once again, to be acclaimed imperator while Drusus, Augustus' favorite, later received a triumph for this victory. and others. On the mountain, near Monaco, near La Turbie, the Augustus trophy is erected to commemorate the pacification from one end of the Alps to the other and recall the names of all the subject tribes. Nevertheless, despite his merits, the emperor forbade the senators to award him an honorary nickname, which Tiberius perceived as an act of malevolence and which further fueled his feeling of injustice18. From Illyria to Macedonia and Thrace (13-9 BC). AD) In 13 BC. BC, gaining the reputation of a very good commander17, Tiberius is named consula 11,19 and he is sent by Augustus to Illyria 29: the valiant Agrippa, who fought for a long time against the rebellious populations of Pannonia, dies barely returned to Italy at 30. The news of the general's death provoked a new wave of rebellion among the populations subjected by Agrippaa 31, in particular the Dalmatians and the Breuces. Auguste entrusts his stepson with the task of pacifying them. Tiberius, taking command of the army in 12 BC. BC, routed the enemy forces thanks to his strategy and the cunning he demonstrated19. He subdues the Breuces with the help of the Scordisci tribe subjugated shortly earlier by the proconsul Marcus Viniciusa 32,a 33. He deprived his enemies of their weapons and sold the majority of young people into slavery after deporting them. He achieved total victory in less than four years, notably with the help of great generals like Marcus Vinicius, governor of Macedonia and Lucius Calpurnius Piso. He implemented a policy of very harsh repression against the vanquished 11. At the same time, on the eastern front, the governor of Galatia and Pamphylia, Lucius Calpurnius Piso, was forced to intervene in Thrace because the population, and in particular the Besses, threatened the Thracian sovereign, Rhémetalces I, ally of Romea 34 ,a 35,a 36,a 37. In 11 BC BC, Tiberius was engaged against the Dalmatians who rebelled again, and quite quickly against Pannonia which took advantage of his absence to conspire again. The young general is therefore heavily involved in the simultaneous fight against several enemy peoples, and he is forced, on several occasions, to move from one front to another. In 10 B.C. BC, the Dacians pushed beyond the Danube and raided the territories of Pannonia and Dalmatia. The latter, harassed by the peoples subject to Rome, rebelled again. Tiberius, who went to Gaul with Augustus at the beginning of the year, is therefore forced to return to the Illyrian front, to confront and defeat them again. At the end of the year, he was finally able to return to Rome with his brother Drusus and Augustus. The long campaign concluded, Dalmatia was now permanently integrated into the Roman state and it underwent the process of Romanization. It is entrusted, as an imperial province, to the direct control of Augustus: an army is permanently stationed there, ready to repel all attacks along the borders and to suppress possible new revolts19. Augustus initially avoids formalizing the salutatio imperatoria with which the legionnaires acclaimed Tiberius (named imperator by his troops) and he refuses to render honors to his son-in-law as well as to authorize the triumph ceremony, against the Senate opinion 38. Tiberius is authorized to travel the Via Sacra on a chariot decorated with the insignia of triumph and to celebrate an exceptional ovationa 38 (to enter Rome in a chariot, an honor which had not yet been granted to anyone): this is a new usage which, although of less importance than the celebration of victory with a triumph, nevertheless constitutes a great honora 11.20. Drusus' campaign in Germania from 12 to 9 BC AD In 9 BC BC, Tiberius devoted himself entirely to the reorganization of the new province of Illyria. As he leaves Rome, where he celebrated his victorious campaign to travel to the eastern borders, Tiberius is informed that his brother Drusus, who is on the banks of the Elbe fighting against the Germans, 39 has fallen from his horse, fracturing his femur20. The incident seems trivial and is therefore overlooked. Drusus' health, however, deteriorated sharply in September and Tiberius joined him at Mogontiacum to comfort him, after having traveled more than two hundred milesa 40 in a single day. Drusus, upon hearing of his brother's arrival, ordered that the legions receive him with dignity, and he died a little later in his arms21. On foot, Tiberius leads the funeral procession which brings Drusus' remains to Romea 40,a 41. Arriving in Rome, he delivered the funeral eulogy (laudatio funebris) for his deceased brother in the Roman Forum while Augustus delivered his in the Flaminius circus; Drusus' body is then cremated on the Field of Mars and placed in the mausoleum of Augustea 42. In Germany (8-7 BC). AD) During the years 8-7 BC. BC, Tiberius went again to Germania, sent by Augustus, to continue the work started by his brother Drusus, after his premature death, and to fight the local populations. He therefore crosses the Rhina 43, and the barbarian tribes, with the exception of the Sicambres, make, out of fear, peace proposals which receive a clear refusal from the general, because it is useless to conclude a peace without accession of the dangerous Sicambres; when they send men, Tiberius has them massacred or deported 44. For the results obtained in Germania, Tiberius and Augustus still obtained the acclamation of imperatora 45 and Tiberius was appointed consul in 7 BC. AD 46. He was therefore able to complete the work of consolidating Roman power in the region by constructing several works, including the Roman camps of Oberaden (de) and HalternN 6, extending Roman influence to the Weser River. Distance from political life (6 BC). B.C.-AD 4 AD) A bust of Tiberius preserved in the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne. Pursuing family political interests, Tiberius was pushed by Augustus in 12 BC. AD to divorce his first wife, Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, whom he married in 16 BC. AD and by whom he had a son, Julius Cæsar Drusus. The following year, he married Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and therefore his half-sister, widow of the same Agrippaa 47,22,23. Tiberius is sincerely in love with his first wife Vipsania and he leaves her only with great regretsN 7. The union with Julia initially experiences love and harmonya 41, then it quickly deteriorates after the death of their son, born in Aquileia 41. The attitude of Julia, surrounded by numerous lovers, contrasts with the character of Tiberius, particularly reserved24. In 6 BC BC, Augustus decides to confer tribunitian power on Tiberius for 5 yearsa 11.a 48.25: his person thus becomes sacred and inviolable and this gives him the right of veto. In this way, Augustus seems to want to bring his stepson to him, and he can also put a damper on the exuberance of his young grandsons, Caius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa, whom he adopted and who seem to be the favorites for the successiona 49. Despite this honor, Tiberius decided to withdraw from political life and leave the city of Rome to go into voluntary exile on the island of Rhodes, which had fascinated him since the period when he had stayed there, returning of Armenia10,a 50. Some say, like Grant, that he is outraged and dismayed by the situation23; others believe that he senses Augustus' lack of consideration for him for having used him as guardian of his two grandsons, Caius and Lucius Caesar, the designated heirs, in addition to a growing unease and disgust towards his new wife26. This sudden decision seems strange, because it is taken at a time when Tiberius is enjoying many successes and when he is in the middle of his youth and in full health. Augustus and Livia tried in vain to retain him and the princeps raised this question in the Senate. Tiberius, in response, decided to stop eating and fasted for four days, until he was allowed to leave the city to go wherever he wanted. Ancient historians do not give a single interpretation of this curious attitude. Suetonius summarizes all the reasons which led Tiberius to leave Rome:     “[...] either out of disgust for his wife whom he dared neither accuse nor repudiate, and yet he could no longer suffer, or to avoid tedious assiduity, and not only to strengthen his authority through absence, but even increase, in the event that the republic needs him. Some think that, when the children of Augustus were adults, Tiberius voluntarily gave up to them the second rank that he had long occupied, following the example of Agrippa, who, when Marcellus was called to public office, had retired to Mytilene, so that his presence would not give him the air of a competitor or a censor. Tiberius himself admitted, but later, the latter motive. […] » — Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 10 (trans. Désiré Nisard, 1855) Dio Cassius adds to his theses, which he also lists, that “Caius and Lucius believed themselves to be despised; Tiberius feared their anger 52" or that Augustus would exile him for plots against the young princes who are his heirs, or even "that Tiberius was unhappy at not having been named Caesar 52”. Bust of Caius as a child (Rome, Museo dell'Ara Pacis, copy of the original from the Augustan period preserved at the Museo Oliveriano in Pesaro). Throughout his stay on Rhodes (nearly eight years10), Tiberius maintained a sober position, avoiding being the center of attention and taking part in the political events of the island, except in a single case. In fact he has never used his power derived from the tribunitian power with which he is invested 50. However, when in 1 B.C. AD he ceases to benefit from it, he decides to ask permission to see his parents again: he considers that, even if he participated in politics, he could no longer, in any way, endanger the primacy of Caius and Lucius Caesar. He received a refusal 50 and then decided to appeal to his mother who could not obtain anything other than that Tiberius be appointed legate of Augustus to Rhodes, and therefore that his disgrace be partly hiddena 53. He therefore resigns himself to continuing to live as a simple citizen, worried and suspicious, avoiding everyone who comes to visit him on the island. In 2 BC BC, his wife Julia is condemned to exile on the island of Ventotene (formerly Pandataria), and his marriage with her is annulled by Augustus: Tiberius, happy with this news, seeks to be magnanimous towards Julia , in an attempt to regain the esteem of Augustea 50. Bust of Lucius as a child (Rome, Museo dell'Ara Pacis, copy of the original from the Augustan period preserved at the Museo Oliveriano in Pesaro). In 1 BC BC, he decides to visit Caius Caesar, who has just arrived in Samos, after Augustus assigned him the proconsular imperium and charged him with carrying out a mission in the East where Tigranes died III. The Armenian question is reopened. Tiberius honors him by putting aside all rivalries and humiliating himself, but Caius, pushed by his friend Marcus Lollius, a firm opponent of Tiberius, treats him with detachment 53. It was only in 1 AD. BC, seven years after his departure, that Tiberius was authorized to return to Rome, thanks to the intercession of his mother Livia, putting an end to what had been a voluntary exile: in fact, Caius Caesar, who is no longer under the control of Lollius, accused of extortion and treachery and who committed suicide to avoid conviction, consents to his return and Augustus, who has entrusted the matter to his grandson, calls him back by making him swear that he would not have been interested in any way in the government of the Statea 54. In Rome, meanwhile, the young nobiles who supported both Caesars, had developed a strong feeling of hatred towards Tiberius, and they continued to see him as an obstacle to the ascension of Caius Caesar. The same Marcus Lollius, before the disagreement with Caius Caesar, offered to go to Rhodes to kill Tiberius 54 and many others harbored the same project27. On his return to Rome, therefore, Tiberius must act with great caution, without ever abandoning the resolution to regain the prestige and influence he lost during his exile in RhodesN 8,10,28. Just when their popularity reached the highest level, Lucius and Caius Caesar died respectively in 2 and 4, not without Livia being suspected: the first fell mysteriously ill, while the second was killed by treachery in Armenia while he negotiates a peace proposal with his enemies29. Tiberius who, on his return, left his former home to settle in the gardens of Maecenas (known today as the Mecenate Auditorium, perhaps decorated with garden paintings by Tiberius) and avoided participating to public lifea 55, is adopted by Augustus, who has no other heirs. The princeps, however, obliged him to adopt in turn his nephew Germanicus, son of his brother Drusus, although Tiberius already had a son conceived with his first wife, Vipsania, named Julius Cæsar Drusus and only one year younger23 ,30. The adoption of Tiberius, who took the name Tiberius Julius Cæsar, was celebrated on June 26, 4 with a great festival, and Augustus ordered the distribution to his troops of more than a million sestercesa 55,a 56,31. The return of Tiberius to supreme power not only gave the principate stability, continuity and internal harmony but also a new impetus to Augustus' policy of conquest and glory outside the imperial borders32. New military successes (4-11) In Germany (4-6) The campaigns of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (3 to 1 BC). BC) and Tiberius (4 to 6) in Germany. Immediately after his adoption, Tiberius was again invested with the proconsular imperium and the five-year 57 or ten-year tribunitian power31 and he was sent by Augustus to Germania because the previous generals (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, legate from 3 to 1 BC. AD and Marcus Vinicius from 1 to 3 AD. BC) were not able to extend the zone of influence previously conquered by Drusus between 12 and 9 BC. AD Tiberius also wanted to regain the favor of the troops after a decade of absence33. After a triumphal journey during which he was repeatedly celebrated by the legions he had previously commanded, Tiberius arrived in Germania, where, during two campaigns carried out between 4 and 5, he occupied permanently, by new military actions, all the lands of the northern and central zone between the Rhine and the Elbe34. In 4, he subjugated the Cananefates, the Chattuares and the Bructeri, and placed the Cherusci who had escaped under Roman domination. Together with the legate Caius Sentius Saturninus, he decided to advance even further into the Germanic territories and passed beyond the Weser, and in 5 he organized a large-scale operation which involved the use of land forces and the fleet of the North Sea. Assisted by the Cimbri, the Chauques and the Senones, who were forced to lay down their arms and surrender to the power of Rome, Tiberius was able to grip the formidable Lombardsa 58.35 in a murderous vice. The last necessary act is that of occupying the southern part of Germany and Bohemia of the Marobods, in order to complete the annexation project and to make the Rhine to the Elbe the new border32,a 59. Tiberius devises a plan of attack involving the use of several legions when a revolt breaks out in Dalmatia and Pannonia which stops the advance of Tiberius and his legate Gaius Sentius Saturninus in Moravia. The campaign, conceived as a "pincer maneuver" is a major strategic operation in which the armies of Germania (2-3 legions), Rhaetia (2 legions) and Illyria (4-5 legions) must unite in one agreed point and launch the concerted attack36. The outbreak of the revolt in Pannonia and Dalmatia prevents the legions of Illyria from joining those of Germania and there is the risk that Marobod will ally himself with the rebels to march on Rome: Tiberius, who is a few days' walk away of the enemy, hastily concluded a peace treaty with the Marcoman chief and headed as quickly as possible to Illyria 57.36. In Illyria (6-9) Tiberius' campaign in Illyria in 6. Play Pause Stop Previous Next   After fifteen years of relative peace, in 6, the entire Dalmatian and Pannone sector took up arms again against the power of Rome32: the reason was the incompetence of the magistrates sent by Rome to manage the province, who put in place heavy taxa 60. The insurrection begins in the south-eastern region of Illyria with the Dæsitiates commanded by a certain Baton, known as "Dalmatia" in 61, who is joined by the Pannon tribe of Breuces under the command of a certain Pinnes and a second Baton, called “Pannonia” at 62. Due to the fear of other revolts throughout the Empire, the recruitment of soldiers became problematic, new taxes were put in place to respond to the emergency32. The forces deployed by the Romans were as large as during the Second Punic War: ten legions and more than eighty auxiliary units, which was equivalent to approximately one hundred to one hundred and twenty thousand men37. Tiberius sends his lieutenants in advance to clear the road of enemies in case they decide to march against Italya 63: Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus succeeds in defeating an army of 20,000 men and barricades himself in Sisak while Aulus Cæcina Severus defends the city of Sirmium in order to avoid its capture and he pushes back Baton of Pannonia on the Dravea 64. Tiberius arrived on the theater of operations towards the end of the year when a large part of the territory, with the exception of the strongholds, was in the hands of the rebels, and Thrace also entered the war on the side of the Romans. As in Rome, there was concern that Tiberius was slow to resolve the conflict; in 7, Augustus sent Germanicus to him as questeura 65; the general, meanwhile, is thinking of bringing together the Roman armies engaged in the region along the Sava river, in order to have more than ten legions. From Sirmium, Aulus Cæcina Severus and Marcus Plautius Silvanus lead the army towards Sisak, eliminating the rebels' combined forces in a battle near the Volceusa Marshesa 66. After joining the armed forces, Tiberius inflicted successive defeats on his enemies, reestablishing Roman hegemony over the Sava valley and consolidating the conquests obtained through the construction of several forts. In anticipation of winter, he separated the legions, keeping five with him in Sisak and sending the others to protect the bordersa 66. In 8, Tiberius resumed military maneuvers and defeated a new Pannon army in August. Following the defeat, Baton of Pannonia betrayed Pinnes by giving it to the Romans, but he was subsequently captured and executed by order of Baton of Dalmatia who also took command of the forces of Pannonia 67. A little later, Marcus Plautius Silvanus managed to defeat the Breuces of Pannonia who were among the first to rebel in 68. Then begins the Roman invasion in Dalmatia, Tiberius prepares his troops to be able to launch the final attack the following year. In 9, Tiberius resumed hostilities, dividing the army into three columns and putting Germanicus at the head of one of them. While his lieutenants put an end to the last pockets of rebellion, he left for Dalmatia in search of the leader of the rebellion, Baton the Dalmatea 69, joining the column of the new legate Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. He joins him in the city of Andretium where the rebels surrender, putting an end to the conflict in 70 after four years. By this victory, Tiberius is once again acclaimed imperator and he obtains the triumph which he celebrates only a little later in 71, while Germanicus is granted the honors of triumph (ornamenta triumphalia) in 72. Again in Germany (9-11) Roman Germany from 7 to 9 (defeat of Varus at Teutoburg). Play Pause Stop Previous Next   In 9, after Tiberius had successfully defeated the Dalmatian rebels, the Roman army stationed in Germania and led by Varusa 73, was attacked and defeated in an ambush set by an army led by the German Arminius while crossing the forest of Teutoburg. Three legions, made up of the most experienced men, were completely wiped out in 74, and the Roman conquests beyond the Rhine were lost because they remained deprived of a garrison army to guard them. Augustus also feared that, after such a defeat, the Gauls and the Germans, joining forces, would march against Italy. The decision of the Marcoman sovereign Marobod is important, and he remains faithful to the pacts made with Tiberius in 6 and refuses the alliance with Arminius. Tiberius, after having pacified Illyria, returned to Rome where he decided to postpone the celebration of the triumph in order to respect the mourning imposed by the defeat of Varusa 75. The people would have wanted him to take a nickname, such as the Pannonicus (Pannonicus), the Invincible (Invictus) or the Pious (Pius), which would make it possible to remember his great undertakings. Augustus, for his part, rejects the request by responding that, one day, he too would take the title of Augustea 75, then he sends him to the Rhine in order to prevent the Germanic enemy from attacking Roman Gaul and that the provinces, barely pacified, could revolt again in search of their independence. Arriving in Germania, Tiberius can appreciate the seriousness of Varus's defeat and its consequences which prevent us from considering a new reconquest of the lands which go as far as Elbea 76,a 77. He therefore adopted a particularly prudent course of action, taking all decisions with the war council and avoiding using local men as interpreters for the transmission of messages. In the same way he carefully chooses the places where to set up the camps, in order to avoid any risk of being the victim of a new ambush 76. He established iron discipline for the legionnaires, punishing very severely all those who transgressed ordersa 78. By this strategy, he obtained a large number of victories and maintained the border along the Rhine by ensuring the loyalty to Rome of the Germanic peoples, including the Batavians, the Frisians and the Chauques who inhabit these placesa 78. Succession (12-14) The procession of the family of Augustus on the south side of the altar of peace. Succession is one of the greatest concerns of Augustus' life. He often suffers from illnesses that repeatedly cause fear of premature death. The princeps married in 42 BC. AD Clodia Pulchra, daughter-in-law of Marc Antony, whom he divorced the following year to marry Scribonia and shortly after Livia. For several years, Augustus hoped to have as his heir his son-in-law Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the son of his sister Octavia, who married his daughter Julia in 25 BC. AD 47. Marcellus was adopted but died young, two years later. Augustus then forced Agrippa to marry the young Julia, choosing as his successor his trusted friend to whom he attributed proconsular imperium and tribunitian powera 47. Agrippa predeceased Augustus in 12 BC. BC, while the brothers Drusus, favorite of Augustus, and Tiberius stand out for their enterprises 79, to 80. After the premature death of Drusus, the princeps gave his daughter Julia in marriage to Tiberius 47, but adopted the children of Agrippa, Caius and Lucius Cæsara 81: they died young, not without suspecting Livia's involvement. Augustus, therefore, can only adopt Tiberius, because the only other direct male descendant still alive, Agrippa's son, Agrippa Postumus, appears brutal and devoid of all qualities, and for this he is sent to the island of Pianosaa 82,a 83,a 84. Bust of Augustus girded with the civic crown (Rome, Museo dell'Ara Pacis, copy of the original from the Augustan period preserved at the Museo Oliveriano in Pesaro). According to Suetonea 85, Augustus, although full of affection towards his stepson, often criticizes certain aspects, but he chooses to adopt him for several reasons:     “[…] that Livia’s sole urgings made her adopt Tiberius; or that his very ambition determined him to do so, so that one day such a successor would make him regret it all the more. […] [or rather that having] put the vices and qualities of Tiberius into the balance, he found that the latter prevailed. […] in the interest of the republic; […] a very skillful general, and as the sole support of the Roman people. […] the most valiant and illustrious of generals. […] » — Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, 21 (Trans. Désiré Nisard - 1855) Tiberius, after having led the operations in Germania, celebrated the triumph in Rome, for the campaign in Dalmatia and Pannonia of October 1238. During this ceremony, he publicly prostrated himself before Augustea 86, and in 13 he obtained the renewal of the tribunitian power and the imperium proconsulare maius, titles which designated him as successor. He was elevated to the effective rank of co-regent with Augustus23,39: he could administer the provinces, command the armies and fully exercise executive power, although upon his adoption, Tiberius began to take an active part in the government of the state. , helping his father-in-law with the promulgation of laws and administration40. In 14, Augustus, now close to death, called Tiberius to the island of Capri: the heir, who had never been there, remained deeply fascinated. It was there that it was decided that Tiberius would return to Illyria to devote himself to the administrative reorganization of the province. The men leave together for Rome, but Augustus, seized by a sudden illness, is forced to stop at his villa in Nola, the Octavianum, while Tiberius continues to Rome and leaves for Illyria, as is the case. agreed41. As he approaches the province, Tiberius is urgently recalled because his father-in-law, who has no longer traveled from Nola, is now dying. According to Suetonius, the heir joined Augustus and the two had a final interview before the death of the princea 85. According to other versions, on the contrary, Tiberius arrives in Nola when Augustus is already dead. Dio Cassius adds that Livia causes the death of her husband by poisoning, so that Tiberius arrives in Nola when Augustus is already dead 87. Tacitus mentions a rumor according to which it was Livia who killed Augustus because he had recently become close to her nephew Agrippa Postumus, fearing that Tiberius' succession might be called into questiona 88. These facts are not corroborated by other historians and Augustus appears to have died of natural causes. Tiberius announces the death of Augustus, while news arrives of the mysterious assassination of Agrippa Postumus by the centurion charged with his guard. Tacitus reports that the murder was ordered by Tiberius or Liviea 89; Suetonius relates that it is not known whether the order was given by Augustus on his deathbed, or by others, and that Tiberius maintains that he had nothing to do with this crimea 90. Fearing possible attacks on his person, Tiberius had himself escorted by soldiers, and he summoned the Senate for September 17 to discuss Augustus' funeral and the reading of his will. Augustus leaves as heirs to his patrimony Tiberius and Livia (who takes the name Augusta), but he also makes numerous donations to the people of Rome and to the legionnaires present in the armiesa 91,a 92. The senators decide to hold a solemn funeral for the deceased princeps, the body is cremated in the Field of Marsa 93, and they begin to pray to Tiberius to assume the role and title of his father, and therefore to govern the Roman Empire. Tiberius first refused, according to Tacitea 94 and Suetonea 95, wanting to be begged by the senators so that the government of the state did not appear to take an autocratic form but that the republican system remained, at least formally, intact. In the end, Tiberius accepts the Senate's offer, before irritating the same minds38, probably having realized that there is the absolute necessity of a central authority: the body (the Empire) has need for a head (Tiberius), according to the words of Gaius Asinius Gallus according to Tacitus: “the Republic, forming a single body, had to be governed by a single soula 96”. The argument put forward by pro-Tiberius authors is more probable: they indicate that Tiberius' hesitations to take over the leadership of the state are dictated by real modesty, rather than by a premeditated strategy, perhaps suggested by the Emperor Augustus42,43. Roman emperor History of his Principate (14-37) The princeps and Germanicus (14-19) Aureus with the effigy of Tiberius. Obverse description: laureate head of Tiberius on the right. Obverse translation: “Tiberius Cæsar Divi Augusti Filius Augustus” (Tiberius Caesar son of the divine Augustus, Augustus). Date: c. 27-30. Reverse description: Pax (Peace) or Livia seated right on a decorated seat, holding an olive branch in her left hand and in her right a long scepter balled at its end. Reverse translation: “Pontifex Maximus” (Grand Pontiff). After the Senate session of September 17, 14, Tiberius became Augustus' successor at the head of the Roman state, bringing together the tribunitian power, the imperium proconsulare maius and other powers from which Augustus benefited, and taking the title of originators. Tiberius remained emperor for more than twenty years, until his death in 37. His first act was to ratify the divinization of his adoptive father, Augustus (Divus Augustus), as was previously done for Julius Caesar, also confirming the legacy to the soldiers39,44. Bust of Germanicus (Roman marble copy of a bust made in 4 on the occasion of the adoption of Germanicus by Tiberius, Paris, Louvre museum. From the beginning of his principate, Tiberius found himself having to live with the important prestige that Germanicus, the son of his brother Drusus whom he adopted on the order of Augustus, acquired among all the people of Romea 97. This prestige comes from the campaigns on the northern front that Germanicus carried out, which earned him the esteem of his collaborators and the legionnaires, managing to recover two of the three “legionary eagles” lost during the battle of Teutoburg45. His popularity is such that he could have taken power by driving out his adoptive father whose accession to the principality was accompanied by the death of all the other relatives whom Augustus indicated as heirsa 98. Resentment led Tiberius to give his adopted son a special mission in the East so as to keep him away from Rome. The Senate decided to give the young man the imperium proconsulare maius over all the eastern provinces46. Tiberius, however, has no confidence in Germanicus, who in the East would have found himself without any control and exposed to the influence of his enterprising wife Agrippina the Elder. He therefore decides to place a trusted man at his side47: Tiberius' choice falls on Gnæus Calpurnius Piso who is a hard and inflexible man and who was consul with Tiberius in 7 BC. AD Germanicus left in 18 for the East with Piso who was appointed governor of the province of Syriaa 100. The succession is therefore not resolved, the rivalry between his younger son Julius Cæsar Drusus and the eldest son – legally the heir – adopted Germanicus being latent2. Germanicus, returned to Syria in 19, after having resided in Egypt during the winter. He entered into open conflict with Piso, who canceled all the measures that Germanicus had takena 101; Piso, in response, decides to leave the province to return to Rome. Shortly after Piso's departure, Germanicus fell ill and died after long suffering in Antioch on October 10, 98. Before dying, Germanicus expresses his conviction of having been poisoned by Piso and addresses a final prayer to Agrippina so that she may avenge his death. After the funeral, Agrippina returns to Rome with her husband's ashes where the grief of all the people is greata 103. Tiberius, to avoid publicly expressing his feelings, did not even attend the ceremony during which Germanicus' ashes were placed in the mausoleum of Augustea 104. In fact, Germanicus could have died a natural death, but his growing popularity accentuated the event, which was also amplified by the historian Tacitus44. Bust of Agrippina the Elder made in the 1st century BC. AD (Istanbul, Archaeological Museum). From the start, suspicion arises, fueled by the words spoken by the dying Germanicus who accuses Piso of having caused his death by poisoning him. Thus, the rumor of Tiberius' participation spread, almost like the instigator of the assassination of Germanicus, having personally chosen to send Piso to Syria45,a 105,48. When Piso is tried, accused of having also committed numerous crimes, the emperor gives a very moderate speech in which he avoids taking a position for or against the c From the beginning of his principate, Tiberius found himself having to live with the important prestige that Germanicus, the son of his brother Drusus whom he adopted on the order of Augustus, acquired among all the people of Romea 97. This prestige comes from the campaigns on the northern front that Germanicus carried out, which earned him the esteem of his collaborators and the legionnaires, managing to recover two of the three “legionary eagles” lost during the battle of Teutoburg45. His popularity is such that he could have taken power by driving out his adoptive father whose accession to the principality was accompanied by the death of all the other relatives whom Augustus indicated as heirsa 98. Resentment led Tiberius to give his adopted son a special mission in the East so as to ke
Métal Bronze
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  • Composition: Bronze
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PicClick Insights - Medal Rome Tiberius Emperor Main 1971 Dupondus the Year 15 The Clémence & Shield PicClick Exclusive

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