Original Pulitzer Winner Photo Manny Crisostomo Detroit Scarce Rare Vintage

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176270372981 ORIGINAL PULITZER WINNER PHOTO MANNY CRISOSTOMO DETROIT SCARCE RARE VINTAGE. A FANTASTIC VINTAGE ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH MEASURING  5 3/4 X 10 INCHES  BY DETROIT LEGENDARY  PULITZER PRIZE WINNING PHOTOGRAPHER MANNY CRISOSTOMO. ONE OF THE GREATEST PHOTOJOURNALISTS ALIVE TODAY.    1987 HARBORTOWN DEVELOPMENT DETROIT Manny Crisostomo (born November 28, 1958) is a prolific photojournalist, the only Pulitzer Prize Winner from Guam. Manny Crisostomo.
Manny Crisostomo (born November 28, 1958) is a prolific photojournalist, the only Pulitzer Prize Winner from Guam. Biography He was born in Sinajana, Guam,[1] and attended Father Duenas Memorial School.[2] He studied at the University of Guam and later — at the University of Missouri.[3] During his school years, he interned at the Pacific Daily News and worked for the Newson as a reporter. However, he was rejected from a full-time position at the PDN by the chief editor and offered a position of a technician in a photo laboratory. Due to this assignment, he grew interested in photography and soon became a photojournalist. As a staff member, he worked for the Columbia Missourian, then joined the Jackson Citizen-Patriot and the Detroit Free-Press as a photographer. His publications also appeared in Life, Time, Newsweek, LA Times, etc.[4] In 1986 Crisostomo co-authored the book "Main Street: A portrait of Small-Town Michigan". In 1987 he edited "Moving Pictures: A Look at Detroit from High Atop the People Mover".[4] By 1988, he won several important awards as a reporter.[5] In 1987–1988 at the Detroit Free Press he worked for 40 weeks on a series about student life at Southwestern High School. In a city full of violence, he tried to show ordinary kids and their life. The photographs were supported with a 12-page article "A Class Act, the Life and Times of Southwest High School".[3] In 1989, the series was honoured with the Pulitzer Prize for feature photography.[6] The money received for the award Crisostomo donated to the school.[7] In 1992 he published "Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru", dedicated to his motherland. As of 2020, Crisostomo works at the Sacramento Bee. In 2020 he published his fourth book "Echoes in the Dance".[7] In 2022, he had an exhibition "Pacific Gathering" at the East-West Center Gallery.[8][9][10] Works "Main Street: A portrait of Small-Town Michigan". Detroit Free Press, 1986. ISBN 9780937247006 "Moving Pictures: A Look at Detroit from High Atop the People Mover". Detroit Free Press, 1987. ISBN 9780937247020 "Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru", Legacy Publications, 1992. ISBN 9780963127303 "Echoes in the Dance" 2020. uamanians are Americans. As the U.S. and North Korean governments lobby threats across the Pacific, this island of about 163,000 U.S. citizens has become caught in the crosshairs. It's only 2,100 miles southeast of North Korea. Manny Crisostomo, who won a Feature Photography prize in 1989 for his work at the Detroit Free Press, shares with Pulitzer.org images from his home island. Peek through Crisostomo's highly personal lens on Guam. The captions are his own. Guam is a US territory, of 160,000 people and about 7,000 military personnel, most stationed at Andersen Air Force Base and Naval Base Guam, which also contain long-range bombers, ships and submarines.The island is an important strategic hub for the U.S — about 3,800 miles west of Hawaii and only 2,100 miles southeast of North Korea. The reef and pristine beach in Hinapsan, located on the northern end of the island of Guam. Local landowners and their guests have to enter and drive through Anderson Air Force Base to access the land and beachfront. That U.S. military base contains long-range bombers. The Guam local newspaper reported on September 18, 2017: "Bombers from Andersen Air Force Base joined other military aircraft from the U.S., Japan and South Korea in a show of force that included a bombing drill with live ammunition over the Korean peninsula Monday." Two Lovers Point is a popular tourist spot in Guam. The Guam Visitors Bureau reported Guam welcomed 143,677 visitors in August 2017. Since 1967 Guam has welcomed more than 38 million visitors Tourists take a selfie in the waters of Tumon Bay on Guam. "Before the North Korea tension, our visitor arrivals for this August were expected to be the top month in Guam’s history. Instead, there was a slight decline. The last thing we need is for this trend to continue. We must make great strides to ensure the future of our island’s top economic contributor remains robust and diverse. Lt. Governor Tenorio and I are committed to ensuring our visitors and residents feel safe and protected. The livelihood of thousands of men and women are on the line if we don’t all work together to sustain our tourism industry.”                                                 — Guam Governor Eddie Baza Calvo Canoe paddlers train for races in Tumon Bay, Guam. According to the Guam Visitors Bureau Guam, welcomed 143,677 visitors in August 2017, a 0.7 percent decrease when compared to the previous year. While arrivals fell short of surpassing the record of 144,758 visitors in August 2016, it still was enough to record the second best arrivals month in Guam’s history. Hotels line Tumon Bay, Guam, in this early morning photo. Traditional dancers and performers walk the sand beach on their way to their performance venue in Tumon Bay, Guam. The Guam Visitors Bureau (GVB) has released its findings from the 2017 Survey of Tourism Attitudes of Resident (STAR) survey. The STAR survey noted increased favorability toward tourism, with 69 percent of residents believing that tourism has a positive impact on them and their families and Guam overall. Most residents that took the survey also agreed that tourism creates many well-paying jobs. Based on information from the STAR survey, it was recommended that GVB focus more on traditions, history and food when promoting Guam’s culture to visitors, as well as arts and crafts for community-sponsored events. The jungle in Hinapsan has a sacred Latte site. According to Guampedia, "Latte is a Chamorro term that refers to stone pillars and cup-shaped capitals or capstones, which represent house supports and are ascribed to the ancient people of Guam and the Mariana Islands. In modern times the latte shape has become a symbol of Chamorro cultural identity and has been used in many different contexts: official government documents, government offices, historic building reconstructions, license plates and bus stops; in business logos and names, tourist souvenirs, jewelry. The island's Roman Catholic faithful hike and carry wooden crosses to the tallest point in Guam to celebrate Good Friday. According to Guampedia, "Guam is the site of the first Roman Catholic mission and formal European colony in the Pacific islands." As a Spanish colony, the Chamorro people adapted to influences regarding religion, social organization and cultural practices from Spain, Mexico and the Philippines. My twin daughters Audrey and Sophie walk through a row of crypts at Pigo Catholic Cemetery in Hagåtña, Guam. I was showing them where grandpa and grandma are buried. Cheers greet the Guam delegation as they join the Opening Ceremony at Paseo de Susana in Hagåtña during the Parade of Nations the official start of the 12th Festival of Pacific Arts. The traveling festival hosted every four years by a different country in Oceania. More than 3,000 performers, artists and cultural icons from 25 island nations showcased their indigenous cultures in what is called the “Olympics of Pacific Arts.” The Pulitzer Prize (/ˈpʊlɪtsər/[1]) is an award administered by Columbia University for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher.[2] Prizes are awarded annually in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award (raised from $10,000 in 2017).[3] The winner in the public service category is awarded a gold medal.[4][5] Entry and prize consideration Columbia President Lee Bollinger presents the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Jeffrey Eugenides. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, but only those that have specifically been entered. (There is a $75 entry fee, for each desired entry category.) Entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also be entered only in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties.[6] Each year, more than 100 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 22 separate juries for the 23 award categories; one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. Most juries consist of five members, except for those for Public Service, Investigative Reporting, Explanatory Reporting, Feature Writing, Commentary and Audio Reporting categories, which have seven members; however, all book juries have five members.[2] For each award category, a jury makes three nominations. The board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations, or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75 percent majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award. The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work; however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive honoraria for the year.[2] Difference between entrants and nominated finalists Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant. The jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists and authors who were only submitted, but not nominated as finalists, still claim to be Pulitzer nominees in promotional material. The Pulitzer board has cautioned entrants against claiming to be nominees. The Pulitzer Prize website's Frequently Asked Questions section describes their policy as follows: "Nominated Finalists are selected by the Nominating Juries for each category as finalists in the competition. The Pulitzer Prize Board generally selects the Pulitzer Prize Winners from the three nominated finalists in each category. The names of nominated finalists have been announced only since 1980. Work that has been submitted for Prize consideration but not chosen as either a nominated finalist or a winner is termed an entry or submission. No information on entrants is provided. Since 1980, when we began to announce nominated finalists, we have used the term 'nominee' for entrants who became finalists. We discourage someone saying he or she was 'nominated' for a Pulitzer simply because an entry was sent to us."[7] Bill Dedman of NBC News, the recipient of the 1989 investigative reporting prize, pointed out in 2012 that financial journalist Betty Liu was described as "Pulitzer Prize–Nominated" in her Bloomberg Television advertising and the jacket of her book, while National Review writer Jonah Goldberg made similar claims of "Pulitzer nomination" to promote his books. Dedman wrote, "To call that submission a Pulitzer 'nomination' is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters That's My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars don't work that way—the studios don't pick the nominees. It's just a way of slipping 'Academy Awards' into a bio. The Pulitzers also don't work that way, but fewer people know that."[8] Nominally, the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is awarded only to news organizations, not individuals. In rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners.[9][10] Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs; infrequently, staff Prize citations also distinguish the work of prominent contributors.[11] History The Pulitzer Prize certificate of Mihajlo Pupin, which used a recycled Columbia diploma Newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Pulitzer Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships.[12] He specified "four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships."[2] After his death on October 29, 1911, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4, 1917 (they are now announced in April). The Chicago Tribune under the control of Colonel Robert R. McCormick felt that the Pulitzer Prize was nothing more than a 'mutual admiration society' and not to be taken seriously; the paper refused to compete for the prize during McCormick's tenure up until 1961.[13][14] Until 1975, the prizes were overseen by the trustees of Columbia University. Recipients Main category: Pulitzer Prize winners Main article: List of multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Categories Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer Prizes (medal).png Joseph Pulitzer Columbia UniversityPulitzers by yearWinners Journalism Reporting Breaking NewsInvestigativeExplanatoryLocalNationalInternationalAudio Writing FeatureEditorial Photography Breaking NewsFeature Other CommentaryCriticismEditorial CartooningPublic Service Former Beat ReportingCorrespondencePhotographyReporting LettersDramaMusic Biography / AutobiographyFictionGeneral NonfictionHistoryPoetryDramaMusic Special Citations and Awards vte Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction. Reports and photographs by United States–based newspapers, magazines and news organizations (including news websites) that "[publish] regularly"[15] are eligible for the journalism prize. Beginning in 2007, "an assortment of online elements will be permitted in all journalism categories except for the competition's two photography categories, which will continue to restrict entries to still images."[16] In December 2008, it was announced that for the first time content published in online-only news sources would be considered.[17] Although certain winners with magazine affiliations (most notably Moneta Sleet Jr.) were allowed to enter the competition due to eligible partnerships or concurrent publication of their work in newspapers, the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board and the Pulitzer Prize Board historically resisted the admission of magazines into the competition, resulting in the formation of the National Magazine Awards at the Columbia Journalism School in 1966. In 2015, magazines were allowed to enter for the first time in two categories (Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing). By 2016, this provision had expanded to three additional categories (International Reporting, Criticism and Editorial Cartooning).[18] That year, Kathryn Schulz (Feature Writing) and Emily Nussbaum (Criticism) of The New Yorker became the first magazine affiliates to receive the prize under the expanded eligibility criterion.[19] In October 2016, magazine eligibility was extended to all journalism categories.[20] Hitherto confined to the local reporting of breaking news, the Breaking News Reporting category was expanded to encompass all domestic breaking news events in 2017.[21] Definitions of Pulitzer Prize categories as presented in the December 2017 Plan of Award:[22] Public Service – for a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper, magazine or news site through the use of its journalistic resources, including the use of stories, editorials, cartoons, photographs, graphics, videos, databases, multimedia or interactive presentations or other visual material. Often thought of as the grand prize, and mentioned first in listings of the journalism prizes, the Public Service award is only given to the winning news organization. Alone among the Pulitzer Prizes, it is awarded in the form of a gold medal. Breaking News Reporting – for a distinguished example of local, state or national reporting of breaking news that, as quickly as possible, captures events accurately as they occur, and, as time passes, illuminates, provides context and expands upon the initial coverage. Investigative Reporting – for a distinguished example of investigative reporting, using any available journalistic tool. Explanatory Reporting – for a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject, lucid writing and clear presentation, using any available journalistic tool. Local Reporting – for a distinguished example of reporting on significant issues of local concern, demonstrating originality and community expertise, using any available journalistic tool.[16] National Reporting – for a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs, using any available journalistic tool. International Reporting – for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, using any available journalistic tool. Feature Writing – for distinguished feature writing giving prime consideration to quality of writing, originality and concision, using any available journalistic tool. Commentary – for distinguished commentary, using any available journalistic tool. Criticism – for distinguished criticism, using any available journalistic tool. Editorial Writing – for distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction, using any available journalistic tool. Editorial Cartooning – for a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of drawing and pictorial effect, published as a still drawing, animation or both. Breaking News Photography, previously called Spot News Photography – for a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs. Feature Photography – for a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs. There are six categories in letters and drama: Fiction – for distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life. Drama – for a distinguished play by an American playwright, preferably original in its source and dealing with American life. History – for a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States. Biography or Autobiography – for a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir by an American author. Poetry – for a distinguished volume of original verse by an American poet. General Nonfiction – for a distinguished and appropriately documented book of non-fiction by an American author that is not eligible for consideration in any other category. In 2020, the Audio Reporting category was added. The first prize in this category was awarded to "The Out Crowd", an episode of the public radio program This American Life. In the second year, the Pulitzer was awarded for the NPR podcast No Compromise.[23] There is one prize given for music: Pulitzer Prize for Music – for distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year. There have been dozens of Special Citations and Awards: more than ten each in Arts, Journalism, and Letters, and five for Pulitzer Prize service, most recently to Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. in 1987. In addition to the prizes, Pulitzer Travelling Fellowships are awarded to four outstanding students of the Graduate School of Journalism as selected by the faculty. Changes to categories Over the years, awards have been discontinued either because the field of the award has been expanded to encompass other areas; the award has been renamed because the common terminology changed; or the award has become obsolete, such as the prizes for telegraphic reporting. An example of a writing field that has been expanded was the former Pulitzer Prize for the Novel (awarded 1918–1947), which has been changed to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, which also includes short stories, novellas, novelettes, and poetry, as well as novels. Chronology of Pulitzer Prize categories 10s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 20s Current Categories 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Journalism 7 9 1 0 2 5 1 3 8 2 Editorial Writing 7 9 8 7 Reporting – 7 0 5 0 Public Service 8 Newspaper History Award – 2 3 6 0 5 3 0 Editorial Cartooning 2 Illustrated Reporting and Commentary 9 7 Correspondence – 2 7 Telegraphic Reporting - International 8 7 International Reporting 2 3 7 Telegraphic Reporting - National 8 1 National Reporting 2 7 Photography – 8 Feature Photography 8 9 Spot News Photography 0 Breaking News Photography 5 0 Specialized Reporting 1 6 Beat Reporting – 8 2 7 Local Reporting 3 3 Local Reporting - Edition time 4 4 Local General or Spot News Reporting 5 0 General News Reporting 1 7 Spot News Reporting 8 1 Breaking News Reporting 3 3 Local Reporting - No Edition time 4 4 Local Investigative Specialized Reporting 5 Investigative Reporting 0 Commentary 0 2 Criticism 9 4 4 Feature Writing 5 7 Explanatory Journalism 8 Explanatory Reporting 0 Audio Reporting 10s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Letters, drama, music 7 2 Biography or Autobiography 7 9 4 4 History 7 9 2 4 7 1 3 4 6 8 2 4 6 7 6 Drama 7 0 1 6 7 Novel 8 4 7 4 1 4 7 2 Fiction 2 6 Poetry 3 3 4 5 1 Music 2 General Nonfiction 10s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Others Special Awards & Citations 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Current Categories    awarded, category still exists (one small number marks the year since this category exists)    awarded, category renamed (two small numbers marking the first and the last year this category existed under that name)    awarded, category no longer exists (two small numbers marking the first and the last year this category existed)    not awarded, although there were nominees and a category in this year The small single numbers mark the last digit of the year and are linked to the corresponding Pulitzer Prize article of that year. Board Pulitzer Hall on the Columbia campus The 19-member Pulitzer Prize Board[24] convenes semi-annually, traditionally in the Joseph Pulitzer World Room at Columbia University's Pulitzer Hall. It comprises major editors, columnists and media executives in addition to six members drawn from academia and the arts, including the president of Columbia University, the dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and the administrator of the prizes, who serves as the Board's secretary. The administrator and the dean (who served on the Board from its inception until 1954 and beginning again in 1976) participate in the deliberations as ex officio members, but cannot vote. Aside from the president and dean (who serve as permanent members for the duration of their respective appointments) and the administrator (who is re-elected annually), the Board elects its own members for a three-year term; members may serve a maximum of three terms. Members of the Board and the juries are selected with close attention "given to professional excellence and affiliation, as well as diversity in terms of gender, ethnic background, geographical distribution and size of news organization." Former Associated Press and Los Angeles Times editor Marjorie Miller was named administrator in April 2022.[25] She succeeded former New York Times senior editor Dana Canedy, who served in the role from 2017 to 2020. Canedy was the first woman and first person of color to hold the position.[26][27] Edward Kliment, the program's longtime deputy administrator, was appointed acting administrator in July 2020 when Canedy became senior vice president and publisher of Simon & Schuster's flagship eponymous imprint.[28] He chose not to contend for the position and returned to his previous role upon Miller's appointment.[29] In addition to Canedy, past administrators include John Hohenberg (the youngest person to hold the position to date; 1954–1976), fellow Graduate School of Journalism professor Richard T. Baker (1976–1981), former Newsweek executive editor Robert Christopher (1981–1992), former New York Times managing editor Seymour Topping (1993–2002), former Milwaukee Journal editor Sig Gissler (2002–2014) and former Concord Monitor editor Mike Pride (the only former board member to hold the position to date; 2014–2017). Prior to the installation of Hohenberg, the program was jointly administered by members of the Journalism School's faculty (most notably longtime dean Carl W. Ackerman) and officials in Columbia's central administration under the aegis of Frank D. Fackenthal. Following the retirement of Joseph Pulitzer Jr. (a grandson of the endower who served as permanent chair of the board for 31 years) in 1986, the chair has typically rotated to the most senior member (or members, in the case of concurrent elections) on an annual basis.[30] Since 1975, the Board has made all prize decisions; prior to this point, the Board's recommendations were ratified by a majority vote of the trustees of Columbia University.[2] Although the administrator's office and staff are housed alongside the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia's Pulitzer Hall and several administrators have held concurrent full-time or adjunct faculty appointments at the Journalism School, the Board and administration have been operationally separate from the School since 1950.[31]: 121  Controversies 1921 Fiction Prize: Columbia trustees overruled jury recommendation and awarded the prize to Edith Wharton for The Age of Innocence instead of the recommendation of Sinclair Lewis for Main Street.[32] Call for revocation of journalist Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize. Call for revocation of journalist William L. Laurence's 1946 Pulitzer Prize. 1941 Novel Prize: The advisory board elected to overrule the jury and recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway. However, Columbia University president Nicholas Murray Butler implored the committee to reconsider, citing the potential association between the university and the novel's frank sexual content; instead, no award was given.[31]: 118  Twelve years later, Hemingway was awarded the 1953 Fiction Prize for The Old Man and the Sea. 1957 Biography Prize: The purported writer of Profiles in Courage, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy, was believed to have had most of the book for which he received the Pulitzer Prize in Biography ghostwritten for him.[33] Journalist Drew Pearson claimed on an episode of The Mike Wallace Interview which aired in December 1957[34] that "John F. Kennedy is the only man in history that I know who won a Pulitzer Prize for a book that was ghostwritten for him" and that his speechwriter Ted Sorensen was the book's actual author, though his claim later was retracted by the show's network, ABC, after Kennedy's father threatened to sue.[33] Herbert Parmet also determined that the book was in fact mostly ghostwritten, writing in his 1980 book Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy that although Kennedy did oversee the production and provided for the direction and message of the book, it was in fact Sorensen who provided most of the work that went into the end product.[35] Sorenson himself would later admit in his 2008 autobiography, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History, that he did in fact write "a first draft of most of the chapters" and "helped choose the words of many of its sentences".[36][37] In addition to the ghostwriting controversy, it was also determined two of the eight U.S. Senators profiled in the book, Edmund G. Ross and Lucius Lamar, did not actually match what the book glorified them as.[38][39] 1960 Fiction Prize: the jury committee recommended that the award be given to Saul Bellow's Henderson the Rain King, but the advisory board overrode that recommendation and awarded it to Allen Drury’s Advise and Consent.[40][41][42][43] 1962 Biography Prize: Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst by W. A. Swanberg was recommended by the jury and advisory board but overturned by the trustees of Columbia University (then charged with final ratification of the prizes) because its subject, Hearst, was not an "eminent example of the biographer's art as specified in the prize definition."[44] 1974 Fiction Prize: Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon was recommended by the three-member fiction jury, but the advisory board overturned that decision and no award was given by the trustees.[45] Shortly after receiving a Special Citation for Roots: The Saga of an American Family in the spring of 1977, Alex Haley was charged with plagiarism in separate lawsuits by Harold Courlander and Margaret Walker Alexander. Courlander, an anthropologist and novelist, charged that Roots was copied largely from his novel The African (1967). Walker claimed that Haley had plagiarized from her Civil War-era novel Jubilee (1966). Legal proceedings in each case were concluded late in 1978. Courlander's suit was settled out of court for $650,000 (equivalent to $2.7 million in 2021) and an acknowledgment from Haley that certain passages within Roots were copied from The African.[46] Walker's case was dismissed by the court, which, in comparing the content of Roots with that of Jubilee, found that "no actionable similarities exist between the works."[47][48] 1981 Feature Writing Prize: Washington Post staff writer Janet Cooke returned the award after an investigation by the newspaper found she fabricated her prize-winning story "Jimmy's World," a profile of an eight-year-old heroin addict in Washington, D.C. 1994 History Prize: Gerald Posner's Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, Lawrence Friedman's Crime and Punishment in American History and Joel Williamson's William Faulkner and Southern History were nominated unanimously for the award; however, no award was given.[49] The decision not to give an award to one of the three books created a public controversy. One of the 19 members of the Pulitzer Board, John Dotson, said that all of the three nominated books were "flawed in some way." But another board member, Edward Seaton, editor of The Manhattan Mercury, disagreed, saying it was "unfortunate" that no award had been given.[50] 2010 Drama Prize: The Tony-winning musical Next to Normal received the award[51] despite not having been among the jury-provided nominees.[52][53] 2020 Feature Photography Prize: The citation to Channi Anand, Mukhtar Khan and Dar Yasin of the Associated Press caused controversy.[54][55][56] It was taken by some as questioning "India's legitimacy over Kashmir" as it had used the word "independence" in regard to revocation of Article 370.[57] 2020 International Reporting Prize: Russian journalist Roman Badanin, editor-in-chief of independent Russian media outlet Proekt (Project), said that at least two New York Times articles in the entry repeated findings of Proekt's articles published a few months before.[58] Criticism and studies Some critics of the Pulitzer Prize have accused the organization of favoring those who support liberal causes or oppose conservative causes. Syndicated columnist L. Brent Bozell Jr. said that the Pulitzer Prize has a "liberal legacy", particularly in its prize for commentary.[59] He pointed to a 31-year period in which only five conservatives won prizes for commentary. 2010 Pulitzer Prize winner for commentary Kathleen Parker wrote, "It's only because I'm a conservative basher that I'm now recognized."[60] Alexander Theroux describes the Pulitzer Prize as "an eminently silly award, [that] has often been handed out as a result of pull and political log-rolling, and that to some of the biggest frauds and fools alike."[61] A 2012 academic study by journalism professors Yong Volz of the University of Missouri and Francis Lee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong found "that only 27% of Pulitzer winners since 1991 were females, while newsrooms are about 33% female."[62] The researchers concluded female winners were more likely to have traditional academic experience, such as attendance at Ivy League schools, metropolitan upbringing, or employment with an elite publication such as The New York Times. The findings suggest a higher level of training and connectedness are required for a female applicant to be awarded the prize, compared to male counterparts.[63] See also Journalism portal flag United States portal Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award for broadcast journalism Commonwealth Writers Prize List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times The Booker Prize Miguel de Cervantes Prize National Book Award National Magazine Awards Prix Goncourt Guam (/ˈɡwɑːm/ (listen); Chamorro: Guåhan [ˈɡʷɑhɑn]) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean.[4][5] Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, reckoned from the geographic center of the U.S.. In Oceania, Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. People born on Guam are American citizens but are politically disenfranchised, having no vote in the United States presidential elections while residing on Guam. Guam delegates to the United States House of Representatives have no vote on the floor. Indigenous Guamanians are the Chamoru, historically known as the Chamorro, who are related to the Austronesian peoples of Malay archipelago, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Polynesia. But unlike most of its neighbors, Chamorro language is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language. Rather, like Palauan, it possibly constitutes an independent branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family.[6][7] As of 2022, Guam's population is 168,801. Chamorros are the largest ethnic group, but a minority on the multi-ethnic island. The territory spans 210 square miles (540 km2; 130,000 acres) and has a population density of 775 per square mile (299/km2). The Chamorro people settled the island approximately 3,500 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized by Spain in 1668. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons. During the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the U.S. effective April 11, 1899. Before World War II, Guam was one of five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean, along with Wake Island in Micronesia, American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines. On December 8, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, who occupied the island for two and a half years. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to forced labor, incarceration, torture and execution.[8][9][10] American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944, which is commemorated as Liberation Day.[11] Since the 1960s, Guam's economy has been supported primarily by tourism and the U.S. military, for which Guam is a major strategic asset.[12] An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is "Where America's Day Begins", which refers to the island's proximity to the International Date Line.[13][14] Guam is among the 17 non-self-governing territories listed by the United Nations, and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983.[15] History Main article: History of Guam Pre-Contact era Main article: Mariana Islands § Prehistory A map showing the Neolithic Austronesian migrations into the islands of the Indo-Pacific Guam, along with the Mariana Islands, were the first islands settled by humans in Remote Oceania. It was also the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the Austronesian peoples, and is separate from the later Polynesian settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC, by migrants departing from the Philippines. This was followed by a second migration from the Caroline Islands in the first millennium AD. A third migration wave took place from Island Southeast Asia, likely the Philippines or eastern Indonesia, by 900 AD.[16][17] These original settlers of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands evolved into the Chamoru people, historically known as Chamorros after first contact with the Spaniards.[18]: 16  The ancient Chamoru society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).[18]: 20–21  The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds. The mana'chang were located in the island's interior. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other. The matua often used achaot as intermediaries.[18]: 21  There were also "makåhna" or "kakahna", shamans with magical powers and "'suruhånu" or "suruhåna", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorus called "Taotao mo'na" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that "suruhånu" or "suruhåna" are the only ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or "hålomtåno" without incurring the wrath of the "Taotao mo'na." Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.[18]: 21  The Chamoru people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called latte stones upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands. They are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamoru society. The latte-stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built.[18]: 26  Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the haligi and with a capstone, or tåsa, made either from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.[18]: 27–28  A possible source for these stones, the Rota Latte Stone Quarry, was discovered in 1925 on Rota.[18]: 28  Spanish era Further information: Spanish–Chamorro Wars Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamoru in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590 Boxer Codex The first European to travel to Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521, during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.[18]: 41–42  Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26, 1565, by Miguel López de Legazpi.[18]: 46  From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outposts in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, were reprovisioning stops for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila.[18]: 51  Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by Diego Luis de San Vitores, who established the first Catholic church.[18]: 64  The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies, and part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City.[18]: 68  The Spanish-Chamorro Wars on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the Jesuit mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.[18]: 86  Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamoru population from 50,000 to 10,000, and finally to less than 5,000.[18]: 86  Up until the late 19th century, Guam was encountered by adventurers and pirates, including Thomas Cavendish, Olivier van Noort, John Eaton, William Dampier, Woodes Rogers, John Clipperton, George Shelvocke and William "Bully" Hayes. The island became a rest stop for whalers starting in 1823.[18]: 145  A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10, 1848, followed by a severe earthquake on January 25, 1849, which resulted in many refugees from the Caroline Islands, victims of a resultant tsunami.[18]: 151  After a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856, Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas.[18]: 157  American era Further information: Capture of Guam The main street of Hagåtña ca. 1899-1900 After almost four centuries as part of the Kingdom of Spain, the United States occupied the island following Spain's defeat in the 1898 Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Guam was transferred to the United States Navy control on December 23, 1898, by Executive Order 108-A from 25th President William McKinley. Guam was a station for American merchants and warships traveling to and from the Philippines, which was another American acquisition from Spain, while the Northern Mariana Islands were sold by Spain to Germany for part of its rapidly expanding German Empire. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899. A United States Marine Corps barracks was established at Sumay in 1901.[19]: 13  A marine seaplane unit was stationed in Sumay from 1921 to 1930, the first in the Pacific.[19]: 13  The Commercial Pacific Cable Company built a telegraph/telephone station in 1903 for the first trans-Pacific communications cable, followed by Pan American World Airways establishing a seaplane base at Sumay for its trans-Pacific China Clipper route.[19]: 15  World War I On 10 December 1914 the SMS Cormoran or SMS Cormoran II a German armed merchant raider was forced to seek port at Apra Harbor on the U.S. territory of Guam after running short on coal. The United States, which was neutral at the time refused to supply provisions sufficient for the Cormoran to make a German port so the ship and her crew were interned until 1917. On the morning of April 7, 1917 word reached Guam by telegraph cable that the U.S. Congress had declared war on Germany. The Naval Governor of Guam, Roy Campbell Smith, sent two officers to inform the Cormoran that a state of war existed between the two countries, that the crew were now prisoners of war, and that the ship must be surrendered. Meanwhile, the USS Supply blocked the entrance to Apra Harbor to prevent any attempt to flee. In a separate boat, the two officers were accompanied by a barge commanded by Lt. W.A. Hall, who was designated prize master, and had brought 18 sailors and 15 Marines from the barracks at Sumay.[20][21] Seeing a launch from Cormoran hauling a barge of supplies back shore, Hall ordered shots fired across the bow of the launch until it hove to. Meanwhile, the two officers reached Cormoran and informed Captain Adalbert Zuckschwerdt of the situation. Zuckschwerdt agreed to surrender his crew but refused to turn over the ship. The U.S. officers informed Zuckschwerdt that the Cormoran would be treated as an enemy combatant and left to inform Governor Smith of the situation. Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Germans had secreted an explosive device in the ship's coal bunker. Minutes after the Americans left, an explosion aboard Cormoran hurled debris across the harbor and her crew began abandoning ship. The two American boats and USS Supply immediately began to recover German sailors from the water, saving all but seven of the roughly 370 Cormoran crew. This incident, including the warning shots against the launch, accounted for the first violent action of the United States in World War I, first shots fired by the U.S. against Germany in World War I, the first German prisoners of war captured by the U.S., and the first Germans killed in action by the U.S. in World War I.[22][23] World War II U.S. Marines walk through the ruins of Hagåtña, July 1944 During World War II, the Empire of Japan attacked and invaded in the 1941 Battle of Guam on December 8, at the same time as the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese renamed Guam Ōmiya-jima (Great Shrine Island). The Japanese occupation of Guam lasted about 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to forced labor, family separation, incarceration, execution, concentration camps, and forced prostitution.[24] Approximately 1,000 people died during the occupation, according to later US Congressional committee testimony in 2004. Some historians estimate that war violence killed 10% of Guam's then 20,000 population.[24] The United States returned and fought the 1944 Battle of Guam from July 21 to August 10, to recapture the island. July 21 is now a territorial holiday, Liberation Day. Post-war After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.[25]: 242  Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.[12] They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.[26] In 1969, a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands was held and rejected.[27] During the 1970s, Dr. Maryly Van Leer Peck started an engineering program, expanded University of Guam, and founded Guam Community College.[19]: 17  In the same period, Alby Mangels, Australian adventurer and filmmaker of World Safari visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the leg of his voyage through the Pacific aboard the Klaraborg. The removal of Guam's security clearance by President John F. Kennedy in 1963 allowed for the development of a tourism industry. When the United States closed U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay and Clark Air Base bases in the Philippines after the expiration of their leases in the early 1990s, many of the forces stationed there were relocated to Guam.[citation needed] The 1997 Asian financial crisis, which hit Japan particularly hard, severely affected Guam's tourism industry. Military cutbacks in the 1990s also disrupted the island's economy. Economic recovery was further hampered by devastation from Supertyphoons Paka in 1997 and Pongsona in 2002, as well as the effects of the September 11 terrorist attacks on tourism.[28] Geography and environment Main article: Geography of Guam See also: Geology of Guam A photograph of Guam from space captured by NASA's now decommissioned Earth observation satellite, Earth Observing-1 (EO-1), December 2011 Guam is 30.17 miles (48.55 kilometers) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 kilometers) wide. It has an area of 212 square miles (549 square kilometers). It is the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana Island archipelago, as well as the largest in Micronesia.[29] Guam's Point Udall is the westernmost point of the U.S., as measured from the geographic center of the United States.[30][31] The Mariana chain of which Guam is a part, was created by collision of the Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is located on the micro Mariana Plate between the two. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, the deep subduction zone that runs east of the Marianas. Volcanic eruptions established the base of the island in the Eocene, roughly 56 to 33.9 million years ago. The north of Guam is a result of this base being covered with layers of coral reef, turning into limestone, and then being thrust upward by tectonic activity to create a plateau.[32] The rugged south of the island is a result of more recent volcanic activity. Cocos Island off the southern tip of Guam is the largest of the many small islets along the coastline. Guam's highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,334 feet (407 meters) above sea level.[32] If its base is considered to be the nearby Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, Mount Lamlam is the world's highest mountain at 37,820 feet (11,530 m).[33][34] Politically, Guam is divided into 19 villages. The majority of the population lives on the coralline limestone plateaus of the north, with political and economic activity centered in the central and northern regions. The rugged geography of the south largely limits settlement to rural coastal areas. The western coast is leeward of the trade winds and is the location of Apra Harbor, the capital Hagåtña, and the tourist center of Tumon. The U.S. Defense Department owns about 29% of the island,[35] under the management of Joint Region Marianas. Climate Further information: Climate change in Guam and List of typhoons on Guam Guam National Wildlife Refuge beach at Ritidian Point Guam has a tropical rainforest climate on the Köppen scale (Köppen Af). Its driest month of March almost qualifies as a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am). The weather is generally hot and humid throughout the year with little seasonal temperature variation. Guam is known to have equable temperatures year-round. Trade winds are fairly constant throughout the year. There is often a weak westerly monsoon influence in summer. Guam has two distinct seasons: Wet and dry season. The dry season runs from January through May. June is the transitional period. The wet season runs from July through November. Guam's average annual rainfall was 98 inches or 2,490 millimeters between 1981 and 2010. The wettest month on record at Guam Airport has been August 1997 with 38.49 inches (977.6 mm). The driest was February 2015 with 0.15 inches (3.8 mm). The wettest calendar year was 1976 with 131.70 inches (3,345.2 mm). The driest year was in 1998 with 57.88 inches (1,470.2 mm). The most rainfall in a single day occurred on October 15, 1953, when 15.48 inches or 393.2 millimeters fell. The mean high temperature is 86 °F or 30 °C. The mean low is 76 °F (24.4 °C). Temperatures rarely exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) or fall below 70 °F (21.1 °C). The relative humidity commonly exceeds 84 percent at night throughout the year, but the average monthly humidity hovers near 66 percent.[36] The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 °F (35.6 °C) on April 18, 1971, and April 1, 1990.[36] A record low of 69 °F (21 °C) was set on February 1, 2021.[37] The lowest recorded temperature was 65 °F (18.3 °C), set on February 8, 1973. Guam lies in the path of typhoons[38] and it is common for the island to be threatened by tropical storms and possible typhoons during the wet season. The highest risk of typhoons is from August through November, where typhoons and tropical storms are most probable in the western Pacific. They can, however, occur year-round. Typhoons that have caused major damage on Guam in the American period include the Typhoon of 1900, Karen (1962), Pamela (1976), Paka (1997), and Pongsona (2002). Since Typhoon Pamela in 1976, wooden structures have been largely replaced by concrete structures.[39][40] During the 1980s, wooden utility poles began to be replaced by typhoon-resistant concrete and steel poles. After the local Government enforced stricter construction codes, many home and business owners have built their structures out of reinforced concrete with installed typhoon shutters. Climate data for Guam International Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 94 (34) 93 (34) 93 (34) 96 (36) 94 (34) 95 (35) 95 (35) 94 (34) 94 (34) 93 (34) 92 (33) 91 (33) 96 (36) Average high °F (°C) 85.7 (29.8) 85.7 (29.8) 86.7 (30.4) 87.9 (31.1) 88.5 (31.4) 88.5 (31.4) 87.7 (30.9) 87.0 (30.6) 87.0 (30.6) 87.2 (30.7) 87.4 (30.8) 86.6 (30.3) 87.2 (30.7) Daily mean °F (°C) 80.3 (26.8) 80.1 (26.7) 81.0 (27.2) 82.3 (27.9) 83.0 (28.3) 83.1 (28.4) 82.2 (27.9) 81.5 (27.5) 81.5 (27.5) 81.7 (27.6) 82.2 (27.9) 81.6 (27.6) 81.7 (27.6) Average low °F (°C) 75.0 (23.9) 74.6 (23.7) 75.4 (24.1) 76.7 (24.8) 77.5 (25.3) 77.7 (25.4) 76.8 (24.9) 76.1 (24.5) 76.0 (24.4) 76.3 (24.6) 77.0 (25.0) 76.5 (24.7) 76.3 (24.6) Record low °F (°C) 66 (19) 65 (18) 66 (19) 68 (20) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 67 (19) 68 (20) 68 (20) 65 (18) Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.34 (136) 4.15 (105) 2.77 (70) 3.50 (89) 4.45 (113) 6.51 (165) 12.25 (311) 17.66 (449) 15.17 (385) 12.73 (323) 8.29 (211) 5.30 (135) 98.12 (2,492) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 20.1 18.0 18.3 18.9 19.7 23.2 26.0 25.9 25.1 25.4 23.9 22.7 267.2 Average relative humidity (%) 83.7 81.9 83.1 82.0 82.7 82.7 87.3 88.7 88.8 88.3 86.6 83.0 84.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.0 173.7 216.4 214.0 219.9 193.8 156.1 142.2 132.7 132.6 135.0 143.4 2,035.8 Percent possible sunshine 50 53 58 57 56 50 39 37 36 36 39 41 46 Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[41][42][43] Ecology Main article: Marianas tropical dry forests Further information: Invasive species in Guam and Climate change in Guam Previously extensively dredged, Tumon Bay is now a marine preserve. Guam has experienced severe impacts from invasive species upon the natural biodiversity of the island. These include the local extinction of endemic bird species after the introduction of the brown tree snake, an infestation of the Asiatic rhinoceros beetle destroying coconut palms, and the effect of introduced feral mammals and amphibians. Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80% resulting from arson.[44] Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion.[45] During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.[45] The introduction of the brown tree snake nearly eradicated the native bird population Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economic value, as Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, and one study found that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year.[46] In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.[47] These are located at Pati Point, Piti Bomb Holes, Sasa Bay, Achang Reef Flat, and Tumon Bay.[48] Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests.[49][50] Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.[51] Harvest of sea turtle eggs was a common occurrence on Guam before World War II. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was harvested legally on Guam before August 1978, when it was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) has been on the endangered list since 1970. In an effort to ensure the protection of sea turtles on Guam, routine sightings are counted during aerial surveys and nest sites are recorded and monitored for hatchlings. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. Note %± 1910 11,806 — 1920 13,275 12.4% 1930 18,509 39.4% 1940 22,290 20.4% 1950 59,498 166.9% 1960 67,044 12.7% 1970 84,996 26.8% 1980 105,979 24.7% 1990 133,152 25.6% 2000 154,805 16.3% 2010 159,358 2.9% 2020 168,485 5.7% Main article: Demographics of Guam In the 2010 United States Census, the largest ethnic group were the native Chamorros, accounting for 37.3% of the population. Asians, including Filipinos, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese, accounted for 33% of the population. Other ethnic groups of Micronesia, including those of Chuukese, Palauan, and Pohnpeians, accounted for 10%. 9.4% of the population were multiracial, (two or more races). White Americans made up 7.1% of the population. The estimated interracial marriage rate is over 40%.[1] The official languages of the island are English and Chamoru. Unlike most of its neighbors, Chamoru is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language. Rather, like Palauan, it possibly constitutes an independent branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family.[6][7] Filipino is also commonly spoken across the island. Other Pacific and Asian languages are spoken in Guam as well. Spanish, which was the language of administration for 300 years, influenced the Chamoru language.[52] The predominant religion of Guam is Christianity. Three-quarters of the population adheres to Roman Catholicism, while most of the remainder belong to Protestant churches. According to the Pew Research Center, the religious demography of Guam in 2010 was as follows:[53] Roman Catholicism: 75% Protestantism: 17.7% Other religions: 1.6% Folk religions: 1.5% Other Christianity: 1.4% Buddhism: 1.1% Eastern Orthodoxy: <1% Hinduism: <1% Islam: <1% Judaism: <1% Culture The Guam Museum in Hagåtña opened in 2016 Main article: Culture of Guam Further information: Chamorro people and Music of Guam The culture of Guam is a reflection of traditional Chamoru customs, in combination with American, Spanish and Mexican traditions.[54] Post-European-contact Chamoru Guamanian culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions. Few indigenous pre-Hispanic customs remained following Spanish contact, but include plaiting and pottery. There has been a resurgence of interest among the Chamoru to preserve the language and culture.[55][56] Hispanic influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs, and fashion.[55][56] The island's original community are Chamorro natives, who have inhabited Guam for almost 4000 years.[57] They had their own language related to the languages of Indonesia and southeast Asia. The Spanish later called them Chamorros. A derivative of the word, Chamorri, means "noble race". They began to grow rice on the island.[58] Youth performance of traditional dance at Micronesia Mall, 2012 Historically, the native people of Guam venerated the bones of their ancestors. They kept the skulls in their houses in small baskets, and practiced incantations before them when it was desired to attain certain objects.[59] During Spanish rule (1668–1898) the majority of the population was converted to Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Many Chamorus have Spanish surnames, although few of the inhabitants are themselves descended from the Spaniards. Instead, Spanish names and surnames became commonplace after their conversion to Catholicism and the imposition of the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos in Guam.[60] Historically, the diet of the native inhabitants of Guam consisted of fish, fowl, rice, breadfruit, taro, yams, bananas, and coconuts used in a variety of dishes.[61] Post-contact Chamoru cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole, and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Mesoamerica, principally Mexico, from Spanish trade with Asia.[citation needed] Due to foreign cultural influence from Spain, most aspects of the early indigenous culture have been lost, though there has been a resurgence in preserving any remaining pre-Hispanic culture in the last few decades. Some scholars have traveled throughout the Pacific Islands, conducting research to study what the original Chamoru cultural practices such as dance, language, and canoe building may have been like.[62] Sports An outrigger canoe team at Tumon Guam's most popular sport is American football, followed by basketball and baseball respectively. Soccer, Jiu Jitsu, and Rugby are also somewhat popular.[63] Guam hosted the Pacific Games in 1975 and 1999. At the 2007 Games, Guam finished 7th of 22 countries in the medal count, and 14th at the 2011 Games. Guam men's national basketball team and the women's team are traditional powerhouses in the Oceania region, behind the Australia men's national basketball team and the New Zealand national basketball team. As of 2019, the men's team is the reigning champion of the Pacific Games Basketball Tournament. Guam is home to various basketball organizations, including the Guam Basketball Association.[64][65] The Guam national football team was founded in 1975 and joined FIFA in 1996. It was once considered one of FIFA's weakest teams, and experienced their first victory over a FIFA-registered side in 2009. Guam hosted qualifying games on the island for the first time in 2015 and, in 2018, clinched their first FIFA World Cup Qualifying win.[66] The Guam national rugby union team played its first match in 2005 and has never qualified for a Rugby World Cup. As an aspect of cultural revival, sling competitions are also being organized on Guam. As a national pastime of cultural import, the ovoid shape on Guamian flag is that of a sling stone.[67][68] Economy Beaches at the tourist center of Tumon Main article: Economy of Guam See also: Energy in Guam and Underwater diving on Guam This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2019) A proportional representation of Guam's exports, 2019 Guam's economy depends primarily on tourism, Department of Defense installations and locally owned businesses. Under the provisions of a special law by Congress, it is Guam's treasury rather than the U.S. treasury that receives the federal income taxes paid by local taxpayers, including military and civilian federal employees assigned to Guam.[69] Tourism See also: Underwater diving on Guam Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year.[70] 75% of the tourists are Japanese. Guam also receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan.[70] Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[71] Terminal at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. The airport hosts a hub of United Airlines, Guam's largest private-sector employer. The economy had been stable since 2000 due to increased tourism.[72] It was expected to stabilize with the transfer of U.S. Marine Corps' 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force, currently[inconsistent] in Okinawa, Japan (approximately 8,000 Marines, along with their 10,000 dependents), to Guam between 2010 and 2015. However, the move was delayed until late 2020. The number of marines decreased to 5,000, with the move expected to be complete in 2025.[73] As of 2008, Guam's largest single private sector employer with about 1,400 jobs, was Continental Micronesia, a subsidiary of Continental Airlines.[74] It is now a part of United Airlines, a subsidiary of Chicago-based United Airlines Holdings, Inc.[75] As of 2008 the Continental Micronesia annual payroll in Guam was $90 million.[76] Budget and unemployment In 2003, Guam had a 14% unemployment rate, and the government suffered a $314 million budget shortfall.[77] As of 2019 the unemployment rate had dropped to 6.1%. By September 2020, the unemployment rate had risen again to 17.9%.[78] Pacific migration to Guam The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau accords the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States, and its territories. Many people from other Pacific islands were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it has been claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement, in the form of public assistance programs and public education for migrants from the regions involved. It has been argued that the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress has appropriated "Compact Impact" aid to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Hawaii. Eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough, or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed] Military bases A map of U.S. military lands on Guam, 2010 Joint Region Marianas maintains jurisdiction over installations, which cover approximately 39,000 acres (16,000 ha), or 29% of the island's total land area. These include: U.S. Naval Base Guam, U.S. Navy (Santa Rita), comprising the Orote Peninsula, additional lands, and with jurisdiction of the majority of Apra Harbor Andersen Air Force Base, U.S. Air Force (Yigo), including Northwest Field Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz, U.S. Marine Corps (Dededo) Ordnance Annex, U.S. Navy – South Central Highlands (formerly known as Naval Magazine) Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam, U.S. Navy (Dededo), sometimes referred to "NCTS Finegayan" Naval Radio Station Barrigada (Barrigada), often referred to as "Radio Barrigada" Joint Region Marianas Headquarters (Asan), at Nimitz Hill Annex Naval Hospital Guam (Agana Heights) South Finegayan (Dededo), a military housing complex Andersen South (Yigo), formerly Marine Barracks Guam until its closure in 1992 Fort Juan Muña, Guam National Guard (Tamuning) In 2010, the U.S. military proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by a total of 79,000, a 49% increase over its 2010 population of 160,000. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs.[79] As of 2022, the Marine Corps has decided to place 5,000 Marines on the island within the first half of the 2020s, with 1,300 already stationed on the base.[80] Government and politics Incumbent governor Lou Leon Guerrero See also: Politics of Guam, Voting in Guam, and Political party strength in Guam Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Its judiciary is overseen by the Supreme Court of Guam. The District Court of Guam is the court of United States federal jurisdiction in the territory. Guam elects one delegate to the United States House of Representatives, currently Republican James Moylan. The delegate does not have a vote on the final passage of legislation, but is accorded a vote in committee, and the privilege to speak to the House.[12] U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a presidential straw poll for their choice in the U.S. presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.[12] Political status James Moylan is the Delegate for Guam's at-large congressional district. In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of this U.S. territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands.[69] In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth status.[81] However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, or union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.[82] A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam about the various political status options in its relationship with the U.S.: statehood, free association, and independence. The island has been considering another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998. The group was dormant for some years. In 2013, the commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign. There were few subsequent developments until late 2016. In early December 2016, the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions in various villages about the current status of Guam's relationship with the U.S. and the self-determination options that might be considered.[83] The commission's current executive director is Edward Alvarez and there are ten members. The group is expected to release position papers on independence and statehood but the contents have not yet been completed.[82] The United Nations is in favor of greater self-determination for Guam and other such territories. The UN's Special Committee on Decolonization has agreed to endorse the Governor's education plan. The commission's May 2016 report states: "With academics from the University of Guam, [the Commission] was working to create and approve educational materials. The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Commission" in developing educational materials for the public.[84] The United States Department of the Interior approved a $300,000 grant for decolonization education, Edward Alvarez told the United Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016. "We are hopeful that this might indicate a shift in [United States] policy to its Non-Self-Governing Territories such as Guam, where they will be more willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true support to help push us towards true self-governances and self-determination."[85] On July 31, 2020, the Government of Guam joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO).[86][87] Villages Hagåtña from the Spanish-built Fort Santa Agueda Main article: Villages of Guam See also: List of census-designated places in Guam Guam is divided into 19 municipal villages: Agana Heights Asan‑Maina Barrigada Chalan Pago‑Ordot Dededo Hågat Hagåtña Humåtak Inalåhan Malesso' Mangilao Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite Piti Sånta Rita-Sumai Sinajana Talo'fo'fo Tamuning Yigo Yona Transportation and communications Main articles: Communications in Guam and Transportation in Guam Guam Highway 8 route marker Most of the island has state-of-the-art mobile phone services and high-speed internet widely available through either cable or DSL. Guam was added to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in 1997. The country code 671 became NANP area code 671.[88] This removed the barrier of high-cost international long-distance calls to the U.S. mainland. Guam is a major hub for submarine cables between the Western U.S., Hawaii, Australia and Asia. Guam currently serves twelve submarine cables, with most continuing to China. In 2012 Slate stated that the island has "tremendous bandwidth" and internet prices comparable to those of the U.S. Mainland due to being at the junction of undersea cables.[89] In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Guam is part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932). Mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic. The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland. Larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia). Construction at the Port of Guam, 2014 The Port of Guam is the island's lifeline, because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii; Los Angeles, California; Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Force Base and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force. Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. The island is outside the United States customs zone,[90] so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction.[91][92][93][94] Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries out immigration, but not customs functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine. Due to the Guam and CNMI visa waiver program for certain countries, an eligibility pre-clearance check is carried on Guam for flights to the States. For travel from the Northern Mariana Islands to Guam, a pre-flight passport and visa check is performed before boarding the flight to Guam. On flights from Guam to the Northern Mariana Islands, no immigration check is performed. Traveling between Guam and the States through a foreign point requires a passport. Most residents travel within Guam using personally owned vehicles. The Guam Regional Transit Authority provides fixed route bus and paratransit services, and some commercial companies operate buses between tourist-frequented locations. Education See also: List of schools in Guam The Umatac Outdoor Library, built in 1933, was the first library in southern Guam. Guam Public Library System operates the Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library in Hagåtña and five branch libraries.[95] The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools, including 26 elementary schools, eight middle schools, and six high schools and alternative schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores.[96][97] Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education.[98] An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.[99] Before September 1997, the U.S. Department of Defense partnered with the Guam Board of Education.[100] In September 1997, the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) opened its own schools for children of military personnel.[101] DoDEA schools, which also serve children of some federal civilian employees, had an attendance of 2,500 in 2000. DoDEA Guam operates three elementary/middle schools and one high school.[102] The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education.[103] UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 106 land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution, nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. Health care Further information: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Guam The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning.[104] U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. The U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community.[105] There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands.[106] A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical City, opened in early 2016.[107] Medicaid is accepted in Guam.[108] See also History portal icon Islands portal icon Oceania portal flag United States portal 51st state Index of Guam-related articles Lists of hospitals in the United States#Insular areas List of people from Guam Outline of Guam Voting in Guam Photojournalist and visual storyteller Multimedia photojournalist Manny Crisostomo (1958 – ) is a native of Guam and is perhaps best known on the island for his stunning photographs documenting the lives and culture of the Chamorro people.  His keen eye and extensive photography work for almost 30 years have won him numerous awards and accolades, including the Pulitzer Prize in feature photography, which he was awarded in 1989. Crisostomo is the son of Herman Aguon Crisostomo and Maria Rosario Crisostomo from the central village of Sinajana.  His career in photography began while he was a student at the University of Guam and working as an intern reporter and photographer at the Pacific Daily News, Guam’s local newspaper.  However, Crisostomo eventually left Guam to attend the University of Missouri, home of one of the nation’s best programs in photojournalism.  The competitiveness of the program and the chance to work with other seasoned, as well as aspiring, photographers helped Crisostomo hone his skills before finally graduating from the University in 1982, earning a Bachelor’s degree in photojournalism. After college, Crisostomo joined the Detroit Free Press based in Detroit, Michigan, and soon began receiving recognition for his work from the Associated Press, The News Press Photographers Association, the Society of Newspaper Designers and the Robert F. Kennedy Awards.  In 1987 and 1988 he was named Michigan Photographer of the Year and was nominated three times for the coveted Pulitzer Prize in feature photography, which he finally won in 1989.  Only 30 years old at the time, Crisostomo’s prize-winning work was the result of a special section published by the Detroit Free Press in June 1988 entitled, “A Class Act, The Life and Times of Southwestern High School.”  It featured more than 60 photographs that documented the life, successes, and struggles of students at Southwestern High School who came from racially diverse inner-city neighborhoods where drugs, violence, and economic hardship were common.  Crisostomo donated the $3,000 Pulitzer Prize money to Detroit’s Southwestern High School for a journalism scholarship and other opportunities for students. In 1989, Crisostomo received an Honorary Doctorate degree from the University of Guam.  In 1991, Crisostomo took a sabbatical from the Detroit Free Press, returned to the island and produced the coffee-table book, Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru, featuring numerous photographs of Guam’s landscape and indigenous Chamorros practicing their culture and customs.  While working on Legacy of Guam, Crisostomo taught photojournalism at the University of Guam.  In 1995, he began publishing Latte Magazine, a monthly publication highlighting life on Guam and Micronesia.  The magazine allowed Crisostomo to do more writing and editing, in addition to storytelling.  In order to diversify, Crisostomo, opened an art gallery to market and sell fine art from around the Pacific region. However, in 2001, Crisostomo moved to California.  He taught courses in photojournalism and design for a year at San Francisco State University and California State University at Hayward.  More recently, Crisostomo has worked as Multimedia Editor at The Sacramento Bee where he was also a senior photographer since 2002.  In 2005, he won the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for the Disadvantaged in international photography for his photo project on Hmong refugees.  Entitled, “The Leftover People,” Crisostomo documented the last wave of Hmong refugees making their way from Thailand to Sacramento for new lives, hopes and futures in the United States. Crisostomo has credited his ability to speak easily with different kinds of people, to learn their stories and to photograph them, as important to his success.  In addition to exploring innovative photographic techniques, such as digitally stitching panoramic images and high dynamic range (HDR) photography, Crisostomo has also worked in video for the Sacramento Bee.  His work in videography earned Crisostomo the McClatchy President’s Award for his four-part series on rising childhood obesity entitled, “The Weight.”  The series focused on students of the first-ever weight loss boarding school for teens in California.  He also received an Eppy Award in 2007, presented by Editor & Publisher for the best media-affiliated websites, for “The Weight.”  Crisostomo continues to stay on the cutting edge of photojournalism, researching new technologies and discovering ways to push multimedia and storytelling in new and exciting directions. But let’s start at the beginning. Crisostomo, who grew up in Sinajana, was 17 years old when he started his career in photojournalism at the Pacific Daily News while he was a student at the University of Guam. He eventually left island to earn a bachelor’s from the one of the most celebrated and oldest journalism schools in the country, University of Missouri-Columbia. In 1989, he won the most coveted prize in journalism, the Pulitzer, while working as a photographer for Detroit Free Press. He was recognized for his work in a special section, “A Class Act, The Life and Times of Southwestern High School,” which documented the challenges faced by teenagers in a racially diverse community that was contending with drugs, violence and economic hardship. Islanders, though, best know Crisostomo’s photography work focusing on the lives and culture of CHamorus as well as island landscapes, as captured in his books “Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru,” and “Guam From the Heavens.” In 1995, Crisostomo added a new title to his resume — publisher — after launching Latte Magazine, a monthly publication highlighting life on Guam and in Micronesia. Following his move to Northern California in 2001, Crisostomo embraced new technologies and techniques in photography and videography. His successful foray into multimedia resulted in a slew of awards, including the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for the Disadvantaged in international photography for “The Leftover People,” which chronicled the last wave of Hmong refugees making their way from Thailand to Sacramento; the McClatchy President’s Award for a four-part series, “The Weight,” on rising childhood obesity at the first-ever weight loss boarding school for teens in California; and an EPpy Award from Editor & Publisher for the best media-affiliated websites for “The Weight.” In 2016, he returned home to attend and document the 12th Festival of Pacific Arts when it was held on Guam. The deep renewal of a reconnection to home and the islands was transmuted in his book published a year later, “Journeys To The Heart.” Now living in the Bay Area with his family, Crisostomo is also working on two new book projects: “Echoes of the Dance” and “My Micronesia.” If you want the full set of his works, you’ll have to include “Mainstreet: Small Town Michigan, published in 1986; “Moving Pictures: A Look at Detroit from High Atop the People Mover,” published in 1987; “Art + Journalism: 40 Years of Images,” published in 2016. In Guam, Manny is best known for his stunning photographs that document the lives and culture of the indigenous Chamorro people, including the publication of Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru, and that showcase the island’s beautiful landscape as seen in Guam From the Heavens. Manny was also the publisher, editor-in-chief and creative director of Latte Magazine, a monthly publication highlighting life in Guam and Micronesia. It was during his seven years at Latte from 1995-2002 that Manny paved the way for progressive and even incongruent approaches that addressed stereotypes, mixed highbrow and lowbrow culture, juxtaposed urbanized island life and cultural traditions, exposed political scandal and taboo subjects, and promoted the discussion of the diverse communities and complex cultures of Guam. Manny won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography in 1989 for a special section in the Detroit Free Press, “A Class Act, The Life and Times of Southwestern High School,” which featured more than 60 photographs documenting the challenges faced by teenagers whose racially diverse community contends with drugs, violence, and economic hardship. With “The Leftover People,” a photographic project in which he chronicled the last wave of Hmong refugees making their way from Thailand to Sacramento, Manny gives voice to an invisible and displaced people, and won the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for the Disadvantaged in international photography in 2005. His multimedia work for a four-part series on childhood obesity, “The Weight,” tells the stories of three students at the nation’s first weight loss boarding school, and earned Manny the McClatchy President’s Award as well as an EPPY Award in 2007. More recently, Manny has focused his notable photographic practice on a wide-range of topics and subjects, from the Sacramento Ballet, the San Francisco 49ers and the California State Fair to protests around gun violence and the death penalty, children with disabilities and rural California landscapes. In May of this year, Manny returned to Guam to document the 12th Festival of Pacific Arts with striking black and white, as well as color, images of Pacific Islanders and their rich artistic and cultural heritage. Manny Crisostomo, has stayed on the cutting edge of photojournalism, discovering ways to push multimedia and storytelling in new and exciting directions.
In Guam, Manny is best known for his stunning photographs that document the lives and culture of the indigenous Chamorro people, including the publication of Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru, and that showcase the island’s beautiful landscape as seen in Guam From the Heavens. Manny was also the publisher, editor-in-chief and creative director of Latte Magazine, a monthly publication highlighting life in Guam and Micronesia. It was during his seven years at Latte from 1995-2002 that Manny paved the way for progressive and even incongruent approaches that addressed stereotypes, mixed highbrow and lowbrow culture, juxtaposed urbanized island life and cultural traditions, exposed political scandal and taboo subjects, and promoted the discussion of the diverse communities and complex cultures of Guam. Manny won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography in 1989 for a special section in the Detroit Free Press, “A Class Act, The Life and Times of Southwestern High School,” which featured more than 60 photographs documenting the challenges faced by teenagers whose racially diverse community contends with drugs, violence, and economic hardship. With “The Leftover People,” a photographic project in which he chronicled the last wave of Hmong refugees making their way from Thailand to Sacramento, Manny gives voice to an invisible and displaced people, and won the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for the Disadvantaged in international photography in 2005. His multimedia work for a four-part series on childhood obesity, “The Weight,” tells the stories of three students at the nation’s first weight loss boarding school, and earned Manny the McClatchy President’s Award as well as an EPPY Award in 2007. More recently, Manny has focused his notable photographic practice on a wide-range of topics and subjects, from the Sacramento Ballet, the San Francisco 49ers and the California State Fair to protests around gun violence and the death penalty, children with disabilities and rural California landscapes. In May of this year, Manny returned to Guam to document the 12th Festival of Pacific Arts with striking black and white, as well as color, images of Pacific Islanders and their rich artistic and cultural heritage. Manny Crisostomo, has stayed on the cutting edge of photojournalism, discovering ways to push multimedia and storytelling in new and exciting directions. Guam (/ˈɡwɑːm/ (listen); Chamorro: Guåhan [ˈɡʷɑhɑn]) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean.[4][5] Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, reckoned from the geographic center of the U.S.. In Oceania, Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. People born on Guam are American citizens but, while residing on the island, are politically disenfranchised, having no vote in the United States presidential elections and Guam has no representation in the United States Senate. Guamanian delegates to the United States House of Representatives have no vote on the floor. Indigenous Guamanians are the Chamoru, historically known as the Chamorro, who are related to the Austronesian peoples of Malay archipelago, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Polynesia. But unlike most of its neighbors, Chamorro language is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language. Rather, like Palauan, it possibly constitutes an independent branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family.[6][7] As of 2022, Guam's population is 168,801. Chamorros are the largest ethnic group, but a minority on the multi-ethnic island. The territory spans 210 square miles (540 km2; 130,000 acres) and has a population density of 775 per square mile (299/km2). The Chamorro people settled the island approximately 3,500 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized by Spain in 1668. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons. During the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the U.S. effective April 11, 1899. Before World War II, Guam was one of five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean, along with Wake Island in Micronesia, American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines. On December 8, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, who occupied the island for two and a half years. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to forced labor, incarceration, torture and execution.[8][9][10] American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944, which is commemorated as Liberation Day.[11] Since the 1960s, Guam's economy has been supported primarily by tourism and the U.S. military, for which Guam is a major strategic asset.[12] An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is "Where America's Day Begins", which refers to the island's proximity to the International Date Line.[13][14] Guam is among the 17 non-self-governing territories listed by the United Nations, and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983.[15] History Main article: History of Guam Pre-Contact era Main article: Mariana Islands § Prehistory A map showing the Neolithic Austronesian migrations into the islands of the Indo-Pacific Guam, along with the Mariana Islands, were the first islands settled by humans in Remote Oceania. It was also the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the Austronesian peoples, and is separate from the later Polynesian settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC, by migrants departing from the Philippines which was followed by a second migration from the Caroline Islands in the first millennium AD. A third migration wave took place from Island Southeast Asia, likely the Philippines or eastern Indonesia, by 900 AD.[16][17] These original settlers of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands evolved into the Chamoru people, historically known as Chamorros after first contact with the Spaniards.[18]: 16  The ancient Chamoru society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).[18]: 20–21  The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds. The mana'chang were located in the island's interior. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other. The matua often used achaot as intermediaries.[18]: 21  There were also "makåhna" or "kakahna", shamans with magical powers and "'suruhånu" or "suruhåna", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorus called "Taotao mo'na" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that "suruhånu" or "suruhåna" are the only ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or "hålomtåno" without incurring the wrath of the "Taotao mo'na." Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.[18]: 21  The Chamoru people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called latte stones upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands. They are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamoru society. The latte-stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built.[18]: 26  Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the haligi and with a capstone, or tåsa, made either from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.[18]: 27–28  A possible source for these stones, the Rota Latte Stone Quarry, was discovered in 1925 on Rota.[18]: 28  Spanish era Further information: Spanish–Chamorro Wars Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamoru in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590 Boxer Codex The first European to travel to Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521, during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.[18]: 41–42  Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26, 1565, by Miguel López de Legazpi.[18]: 46  From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outposts in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, were reprovisioning stops for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila.[18]: 51  Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by Diego Luis de San Vitores, who established the first Catholic church.[18]: 64  The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies, and part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City.[18]: 68  The Spanish-Chamorro Wars on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the Jesuit mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.[18]: 86  Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamoru population from 50,000 to 10,000, and finally to less than 5,000.[18]: 86  Up until the late 19th century, Guam was encountered by adventurers and pirates, including Thomas Cavendish, Olivier van Noort, John Eaton, William Dampier, Woodes Rogers, John Clipperton, George Shelvocke and William "Bully" Hayes. The island became a rest stop for whalers starting in 1823.[18]: 145  A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10, 1848, followed by a severe earthquake on January 25, 1849, which resulted in many refugees from the Caroline Islands, victims of a resultant tsunami.[18]: 151  This earthquake was much more powerful than the 8.2 one that occurred on August 8, 1993.[19] After a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856, Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas.[18]: 157  American era [icon] This section needs expansion with: info re the period between the 10 Dec 1898 cession to the U.S. and WW-I. See e.g., https://www.google.com/books/edition/Destiny_s_Landfall/eh_HDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA102 and elsewhere for info.. You can help by adding to it. (May 2023) Further information: Capture of Guam The main street of Hagåtña ca. 1899-1900 After almost four centuries as part of the Kingdom of Spain, the United States occupied the island following Spain's defeat in the 1898 Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Guam was transferred to the United States Navy control on December 23, 1898, by Executive Order 108-A from 25th President William McKinley. Guam was a station for American merchants and warships traveling to and from the Philippines, which was another American acquisition from Spain, while the Northern Mariana Islands were sold by Spain to Germany for part of its rapidly expanding German Empire. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899. A United States Marine Corps barracks was established at Sumay in 1901.[20]: 13  A marine seaplane unit was stationed in Sumay from 1921 to 1930, the first in the Pacific.[20]: 13  The Commercial Pacific Cable Company built a telegraph/telephone station in 1903 for the first trans-Pacific communications cable, followed by Pan American World Airways establishing a seaplane base at Sumay for its trans-Pacific China Clipper route.[20]: 15  World War I On 10 December 1914 the SMS Cormoran or SMS Cormoran II a German armed merchant raider was forced to seek port at Apra Harbor on the U.S. territory of Guam after running short on coal. The United States, which was neutral at the time refused to supply provisions sufficient for the Cormoran to make a German port so the ship and her crew were interned until 1917. On the morning of April 7, 1917 word reached Guam by telegraph cable that the U.S. Congress had declared war on Germany. The Naval Governor of Guam, Roy Campbell Smith, sent two officers to inform the Cormoran that a state of war existed between the two countries, that the crew were now prisoners of war, and that the ship must be surrendered. Meanwhile, the USS Supply blocked the entrance to Apra Harbor to prevent any attempt to flee. In a separate boat, the two officers were accompanied by a barge commanded by Lt. W.A. Hall, who was designated prize master, and had brought 18 sailors and 15 Marines from the barracks at Sumay.[21][22] Seeing a launch from Cormoran hauling a barge of supplies back shore, Hall ordered shots fired across the bow of the launch until it hove to. Meanwhile, the two officers reached Cormoran and informed Captain Adalbert Zuckschwerdt of the situation. Zuckschwerdt agreed to surrender his crew but refused to turn over the ship. The U.S. officers informed Zuckschwerdt that the Cormoran would be treated as an enemy combatant and left to inform Governor Smith of the situation. Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Germans had secreted an explosive device in the ship's coal bunker. Minutes after the Americans left, an explosion aboard Cormoran hurled debris across the harbor and her crew began abandoning ship. The two American boats and USS Supply immediately began to recover German sailors from the water, saving all but seven of the roughly 370 Cormoran crew. This incident, including the warning shots against the launch, accounted for the first violent action of the United States in World War I, first shots fired by the U.S. against Germany in World War I, the first German prisoners of war captured by the U.S., and the first Germans killed in action by the U.S. in World War I.[23][24] World War II U.S. Marines walk through the ruins of Hagåtña, July 1944 During World War II, the Empire of Japan attacked and invaded in the 1941 Battle of Guam on December 8, at the same time as the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese renamed Guam Ōmiya-jima (Great Shrine Island). The Japanese occupation of Guam lasted about 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to forced labor, family separation, incarceration, execution, concentration camps, and forced prostitution.[25] Approximately 1,000 people died during the occupation, according to later US Congressional committee testimony in 2004. Some historians estimate that war violence killed 10% of Guam's then 20,000 population.[25] The United States returned and fought the 1944 Battle of Guam from July 21 to August 10, to recapture the island. July 21 is now a territorial holiday, Liberation Day. Post-war After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.[26]: 242  Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.[12] They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.[27] In 1969, a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands was held and rejected.[28] During the 1970s, Dr. Maryly Van Leer Peck started an engineering program, expanded University of Guam, and founded Guam Community College.[20]: 17  In the same period, Alby Mangels, Australian adventurer and filmmaker of World Safari visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the leg of his voyage through the Pacific aboard the Klaraborg. The removal of Guam's security clearance by President John F. Kennedy in 1963 allowed for the development of a tourism industry. When the United States closed U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay and Clark Air Base bases in the Philippines after the expiration of their leases in the early 1990s, many of the forces stationed there were relocated to Guam.[citation needed] The 1997 Asian financial crisis, which hit Japan particularly hard, severely affected Guam's tourism industry. Military cutbacks in the 1990s also disrupted the island's economy. Economic recovery was further hampered by devastation from super typhoons Paka in 1997 and Pongsona in 2002, as well as the effects of the September 11 terrorist attacks on tourism.[29] Geography and environment Main article: Geography of Guam See also: Geology of Guam A photograph of Guam from space captured by NASA's now decommissioned Earth observation satellite, Earth Observing-1 (EO-1), December 2011 Guam is 30.17 miles (48.55 kilometers) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 kilometers) wide. It has an area of 212 square miles (549 square kilometers). It is the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana Island archipelago, as well as the largest in Micronesia.[30] Guam's Point Udall is the westernmost point of the U.S., as measured from the geographic center of the United States.[31][32] The Mariana chain of which Guam is a part, was created by collision of the Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is located on the micro Mariana Plate between the two. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, the deep subduction zone that runs east of the Marianas. Volcanic eruptions established the base of the island in the Eocene, roughly 56 to 33.9 million years ago. The north of Guam is a result of this base being covered with layers of coral reef, turning into limestone, and then being thrust upward by tectonic activity to create a plateau.[33] The rugged south of the island is a result of more recent volcanic activity. Cocos Island off the southern tip of Guam is the largest of the many small islets along the coastline. Guam's highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,334 feet (407 meters) above sea level.[33] If its base is considered to be the nearby Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, Mount Lamlam is the world's tallest mountain at 37,820 feet (11,530 m).[34][35] Politically, Guam is divided into 19 villages. The majority of the population lives on the coralline limestone plateaus of the north, with political and economic activity centered in the central and northern regions. The rugged geography of the south largely limits settlement to rural coastal areas. The western coast is leeward of the trade winds and is the location of Apra Harbor, the capital Hagåtña, and the tourist center of Tumon. The U.S. Defense Department owns about 29% of the island,[36] under the management of Joint Region Marianas. Climate Further information: Climate change in Guam and List of typhoons on Guam Guam National Wildlife Refuge beach at Ritidian Point Guam has a tropical rainforest climate on the Köppen scale (Köppen Af). Its driest month of March almost qualifies as a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am). The weather is generally hot and humid throughout the year with little seasonal temperature variation. Guam is known to have equable temperatures year-round. Trade winds are fairly constant throughout the year. There is often a weak westerly monsoon influence in summer. Guam has two distinct seasons: Wet and dry season. The dry season runs from January through May. June is the transitional period. The wet season runs from July through November. Guam's average annual rainfall was 98 inches or 2,490 millimeters between 1981 and 2010. The wettest month on record at Guam Airport has been August 1997 with 38.49 inches (977.6 mm). The driest was February 2015 with 0.15 inches (3.8 mm). The wettest calendar year was 1976 with 131.70 inches (3,345.2 mm). The driest year was in 1998 with 57.88 inches (1,470.2 mm). The most rainfall in a single day occurred on October 15, 1953, when 15.48 inches or 393.2 millimeters fell. The mean high temperature is 86 °F or 30 °C. The mean low is 76 °F (24.4 °C). Temperatures rarely exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) or fall below 70 °F (21.1 °C). The relative humidity commonly exceeds 84 percent at night throughout the year, but the average monthly humidity hovers near 66 percent.[37] The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 °F (35.6 °C) on April 18, 1971, and April 1, 1990.[37] A record low of 69 °F (21 °C) was set on February 1, 2021.[38] The lowest recorded temperature was 65 °F (18.3 °C), set on February 8, 1973. Guam lies in the path of typhoons[39] and it is common for the island to be threatened by tropical storms and possible typhoons during the wet season. The highest risk of typhoons is from August through November, where typhoons and tropical storms are most probable in the western Pacific. They can, however, occur year-round. Typhoons that have caused major damage on Guam in the American period include the Typhoon of 1900, Karen (1962), Pamela (1976), Paka (1997), Pongsona (2002), and Mawar (2023). Since Typhoon Pamela in 1976, wooden structures have been largely replaced by concrete structures.[40][41] During the 1980s, wooden utility poles began to be replaced by typhoon-resistant concrete and steel poles. After the local Government enforced stricter construction codes, many home and business owners have built their structures out of reinforced concrete with installed typhoon shutters. Climate data for Guam International Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 94 (34) 93 (34) 93 (34) 96 (36) 94 (34) 95 (35) 95 (35) 94 (34) 94 (34) 93 (34) 92 (33) 91 (33) 96 (36) Average high °F (°C) 85.7 (29.8) 85.7 (29.8) 86.7 (30.4) 87.9 (31.1) 88.5 (31.4) 88.5 (31.4) 87.7 (30.9) 87.0 (30.6) 87.0 (30.6) 87.2 (30.7) 87.4 (30.8) 86.6 (30.3) 87.2 (30.7) Daily mean °F (°C) 80.3 (26.8) 80.1 (26.7) 81.0 (27.2) 82.3 (27.9) 83.0 (28.3) 83.1 (28.4) 82.2 (27.9) 81.5 (27.5) 81.5 (27.5) 81.7 (27.6) 82.2 (27.9) 81.6 (27.6) 81.7 (27.6) Average low °F (°C) 75.0 (23.9) 74.6 (23.7) 75.4 (24.1) 76.7 (24.8) 77.5 (25.3) 77.7 (25.4) 76.8 (24.9) 76.1 (24.5) 76.0 (24.4) 76.3 (24.6) 77.0 (25.0) 76.5 (24.7) 76.3 (24.6) Record low °F (°C) 66 (19) 65 (18) 66 (19) 68 (20) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 70 (21) 67 (19) 68 (20) 68 (20) 65 (18) Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.34 (136) 4.15 (105) 2.77 (70) 3.50 (89) 4.45 (113) 6.51 (165) 12.25 (311) 17.66 (449) 15.17 (385) 12.73 (323) 8.29 (211) 5.30 (135) 98.12 (2,492) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 20.1 18.0 18.3 18.9 19.7 23.2 26.0 25.9 25.1 25.4 23.9 22.7 267.2 Average relative humidity (%) 83.7 81.9 83.1 82.0 82.7 82.7 87.3 88.7 88.8 88.3 86.6 83.0 84.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.0 173.7 216.4 214.0 219.9 193.8 156.1 142.2 132.7 132.6 135.0 143.4 2,035.8 Percent possible sunshine 50 53 58 57 56 50 39 37 36 36 39 41 46 Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[42][43][44] Ecology Main article: Marianas tropical dry forests Further information: Invasive species in Guam and Climate change in Guam Previously extensively dredged, Tumon Bay is now a marine preserve. Guam has experienced severe impacts from invasive species upon the natural biodiversity of the island. These include the local extinction of endemic bird species after the introduction of the brown tree snake, an infestation of the Asiatic rhinoceros beetle destroying coconut palms, and the effect of introduced feral mammals and amphibians. Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80% resulting from arson.[45] Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion.[46] During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.[46] The introduction of the brown tree snake nearly eradicated the native bird population Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economic value, as Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, and one study found that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year.[47] In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.[48] These are located at Pati Point, Piti Bomb Holes, Sasa Bay, Achang Reef Flat, and Tumon Bay.[49] Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests.[50][51] Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.[52] Harvest of sea turtle eggs was a common occurrence on Guam before World War II. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was harvested legally on Guam before August 1978, when it was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) has been on the endangered list since 1970. In an effort to ensure the protection of sea turtles on Guam, routine sightings are counted during aerial surveys and nest sites are recorded and monitored for hatchlings. Demographics Historical population Census Pop. Note %± 1910 11,806 — 1920 13,275 12.4% 1930 18,509 39.4% 1940 22,290 20.4% 1950 59,498 166.9% 1960 67,044 12.7% 1970 84,996 26.8% 1980 105,979 24.7% 1990 133,152 25.6% 2000 154,805 16.3% 2010 159,358 2.9% 2020 168,485 5.7% Main article: Demographics of Guam In the 2020 United States Census, the largest ethnic group were the native Chamorros, accounting for 32.8% of the population. Asians, including Filipinos, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese, accounted for 35.5% of the population. Other ethnic groups of Micronesia, including those of Chuukese, Palauan, and Pohnpeians, accounted for 13.2%. 10% of the population were multiracial, (two or more races). White Americans made up 6.8% of the population; 1% are African American, and 3% are Hispanic; there are 1,740 Mexicans in Guam, and there are other Hispanic ethnicities on the island. The estimated interracial marriage rate is over 40%.[1] The official languages of the island are English and Chamoru. Unlike most of its neighbors, Chamoru is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language. Rather, like Palauan, it possibly constitutes an independent branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family.[6][7] Filipino is also commonly spoken across the island. Other Pacific and Asian languages are spoken in Guam as well. Spanish, which was the language of administration for 300 years, influenced the Chamoru language.[53] The predominant religion of Guam is Christianity. Three-quarters of the population adheres to Roman Catholicism, while most of the remainder belong to Protestant churches. According to the Pew Research Center, the religious demography of Guam in 2010 was as follows:[54] Roman Catholicism: 75% Protestantism: 17.7% Other religions: 1.6% Folk religions: 1.5% Other Christianity: 1.4% Buddhism: 1.1% Eastern Orthodoxy: <1% Hinduism: <1% Islam: <1% Judaism: <1% Culture The Guam Museum in Hagåtña opened in 2016 Main article: Culture of Guam Further information: Chamorro people and Music of Guam The culture of Guam is a reflection of traditional Chamoru customs, in combination with American, Spanish and Mexican traditions.[55] Post-European-contact Chamoru Guamanian culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions. Few indigenous pre-Hispanic customs remained following Spanish contact, but include plaiting and pottery. There has been a resurgence of interest among the Chamoru to preserve the language and culture.[56][57] Hispanic influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs, and fashion.[56][57] The island's original community are Chamorro natives, who have inhabited Guam for almost 4000 years.[58] They had their own language related to the languages of Indonesia and southeast Asia. The Spanish later called them Chamorros. A derivative of the word, Chamorri, means "noble race". They began to grow rice on the island.[59] Youth performance of traditional dance at Micronesia Mall, 2012 Historically, the native people of Guam venerated the bones of their ancestors. They kept the skulls in their houses in small baskets, and practiced incantations before them when it was desired to attain certain objects.[60] During Spanish rule (1668–1898) the majority of the population was converted to Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Many Chamorus have Spanish surnames, although few of the inhabitants are themselves descended from the Spaniards. Instead, Spanish names and surnames became commonplace after their conversion to Catholicism and the imposition of the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos in Guam.[61] Historically, the diet of the native inhabitants of Guam consisted of fish, fowl, rice, breadfruit, taro, yams, bananas, and coconuts used in a variety of dishes.[62] Post-contact Chamoru cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole, and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Mesoamerica, principally Mexico, from Spanish trade with Asia.[citation needed] Due to foreign cultural influence from Spain, most aspects of the early indigenous culture have been lost, though there has been a resurgence in preserving any remaining pre-Hispanic culture in the last few decades. Some scholars have traveled throughout the Pacific Islands, conducting research to study what the original Chamoru cultural practices such as dance, language, and canoe building may have been like.[63] Sports An outrigger canoe team at Tumon Guam's most popular sport is American football, followed by basketball and baseball respectively. Soccer, Jiu Jitsu, and Rugby are also somewhat popular.[64] Guam hosted the Pacific Games in 1975 and 1999. At the 2007 Games, Guam finished 7th of 22 countries in the medal count, and 14th at the 2011 Games. Guam men's national basketball team and the women's team are traditional powerhouses in the Oceania region, behind the Australia men's national basketball team and the New Zealand national basketball team. As of 2019, the men's team is the reigning champion of the Pacific Games Basketball Tournament. Guam is home to various basketball organizations, including the Guam Basketball Association.[65][66] The Guam national football team was founded in 1975 and joined FIFA in 1996. It was once considered one of FIFA's weakest teams, and experienced their first victory over a FIFA-registered side in 2009. Guam hosted qualifying games on the island for the first time in 2015 and, in 2018, clinched their first FIFA World Cup Qualifying win.[67] The Guam national rugby union team played its first match in 2005 and has never qualified for a Rugby World Cup. As an aspect of cultural revival, sling competitions are also being organized on Guam. As a national pastime of cultural import, the ovoid shape on Guamian flag is that of a sling stone.[68][69] Economy Beaches at the tourist center of Tumon Main article: Economy of Guam See also: Energy in Guam and Underwater diving on Guam This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2019) A proportional representation of Guam's exports, 2019 Guam's economy depends primarily on tourism, Department of Defense installations and locally owned businesses. Under the provisions of a special law by Congress, it is Guam's treasury rather than the U.S. treasury that receives the federal income taxes paid by local taxpayers, including military and civilian federal employees assigned to Guam.[70] Tourism See also: Underwater diving on Guam Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year.[71] 75% of the tourists are Japanese. Guam also receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan.[71] Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[72] Terminal at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. The airport hosts a hub of United Airlines, Guam's largest private-sector employer. The economy had been stable since 2000 due to increased tourism.[73] It was expected to stabilize with the transfer of U.S. Marine Corps' 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force, currently[inconsistent] in Okinawa, Japan (approximately 8,000 Marines, along with their 10,000 dependents), to Guam between 2010 and 2015. However, the move was delayed until late 2020. The number of marines decreased to 5,000, with the move expected to be complete in 2025.[74] As of 2008, Guam's largest single private sector employer with about 1,400 jobs, was Continental Micronesia, a subsidiary of Continental Airlines.[75] It is now a part of United Airlines, a subsidiary of Chicago-based United Airlines Holdings, Inc.[76] As of 2008 the Continental Micronesia annual payroll in Guam was $90 million.[77] Budget and unemployment In 2003, Guam had a 14% unemployment rate, and the government suffered a $314 million budget shortfall.[78] As of 2019 the unemployment rate had dropped to 6.1%. By September 2020, the unemployment rate had risen again to 17.9%.[79] Pacific migration to Guam The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau accords the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States, and its territories. Many people from other Pacific islands were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it has been claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement, in the form of public assistance programs and public education for migrants from the regions involved. It has been argued that the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress has appropriated "Compact Impact" aid to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Hawaii. Eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough, or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed] Military bases A map of U.S. military lands on Guam, 2010 Joint Region Marianas maintains jurisdiction over installations, which cover approximately 39,000 acres (16,000 ha), or 29% of the island's total land area. These include: U.S. Naval Base Guam, U.S. Navy (Santa Rita), comprising the Orote Peninsula, additional lands, and with jurisdiction of the majority of Apra Harbor Andersen Air Force Base, U.S. Air Force (Yigo), including Northwest Field Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz, U.S. Marine Corps (Dededo) Ordnance Annex, U.S. Navy – South Central Highlands (formerly known as Naval Magazine) Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam, U.S. Navy (Dededo), sometimes referred to "NCTS Finegayan" Naval Radio Station Barrigada (Barrigada), often referred to as "Radio Barrigada" Joint Region Marianas Headquarters (Asan), at Nimitz Hill Annex Naval Hospital Guam (Agana Heights) South Finegayan (Dededo), a military housing complex Andersen South (Yigo), formerly Marine Barracks Guam until its closure in 1992 Fort Juan Muña, Guam National Guard (Tamuning) In 2010, the U.S. military proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by a total of 79,000, a 49% increase over its 2010 population of 160,000. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs.[80] As of 2022, the Marine Corps has decided to place 5,000 Marines on the island within the first half of the 2020s, with 1,300 already stationed on the base.[81] Government and politics Incumbent governor Lou Leon Guerrero See also: Politics of Guam, Voting in Guam, and Political party strength in Guam Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Its judiciary is overseen by the Supreme Court of Guam. The District Court of Guam is the court of United States federal jurisdiction in the territory. Guam elects one delegate to the United States House of Representatives, currently Republican James Moylan. The delegate does not have a vote on the final passage of legislation, but is accorded a vote in committee, and the privilege to speak to the House.[12] U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a presidential straw poll for their choice in the U.S. presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.[12] Political status James Moylan is the Delegate for Guam's at-large congressional district. In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of this U.S. territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands.[70] In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth status.[82] However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, or union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.[83] A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam about the various political status options in its relationship with the U.S.: statehood, free association, and independence. The island has been considering another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998. The group was dormant for some years. In 2013, the commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign. There were few subsequent developments until late 2016. In early December 2016, the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions in various villages about the current status of Guam's relationship with the U.S. and the self-determination options that might be considered.[84] The commission's current executive director is Edward Alvarez and there are ten members. The group is expected to release position papers on independence and statehood but the contents have not yet been completed.[83] The United Nations is in favor of greater self-determination for Guam and other such territories. The UN's Special Committee on Decolonization has agreed to endorse the Governor's education plan. The commission's May 2016 report states: "With academics from the University of Guam, [the Commission] was working to create and approve educational materials. The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Commission" in developing educational materials for the public.[85] The United States Department of the Interior approved a $300,000 grant for decolonization education, Edward Alvarez told the United Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016. "We are hopeful that this might indicate a shift in [United States] policy to its Non-Self-Governing Territories such as Guam, where they will be more willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true support to help push us towards true self-governances and self-determination."[86] On July 31, 2020, the Government of Guam joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO).[87][88] Villages Hagåtña from the Spanish-built Fort Santa Agueda Main article: Villages of Guam See also: List of census-designated places in Guam Guam is divided into 19 municipal villages: Agana Heights Asan‑Maina Barrigada Chalan Pago‑Ordot Dededo Hågat Hagåtña Humåtak Inalåhan Malesso' Mangilao Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite Piti Sånta Rita-Sumai Sinajana Talo'fo'fo Tamuning Yigo Yona Transportation and communications Main articles: Communications in Guam and Transportation in Guam Guam Highway 8 route marker Most of the island has state-of-the-art mobile phone services and high-speed internet widely available through either cable or DSL. Guam was added to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in 1997. The country code 671 became NANP area code 671.[89] This removed the barrier of high-cost international long-distance calls to the U.S. mainland. Guam is a major hub for submarine communications cables between the Western U.S., Hawaii, Australia and Asia. Guam currently serves twelve submarine cables, with most continuing to China. In 2012 Slate stated that the island has "tremendous bandwidth" and internet prices comparable to those of the U.S. Mainland due to being at the junction of undersea cables.[90] In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Guam is part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932). Mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic. The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland. Larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia). Construction at the Port of Guam, 2014 The Port of Guam is the island's lifeline, because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii; Los Angeles, California; Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Force Base and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force. Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. The island is outside the United States customs zone,[91] so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction.[92][93][94][95] Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries out immigration, but not customs functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine. Due to the Guam and CNMI visa waiver program for certain countries, an eligibility pre-clearance check is carried on Guam for flights to the States. For travel from the Northern Mariana Islands to Guam, a pre-flight passport and visa check is performed before boarding the flight to Guam. On flights from Guam to the Northern Mariana Islands, no immigration check is performed. Traveling between Guam and the States through a foreign point requires a passport. Most residents travel within Guam using personally owned vehicles. The Guam Regional Transit Authority provides fixed route bus and paratransit services, and some commercial companies operate buses between tourist-frequented locations. Education See also: List of schools in Guam The Umatac Outdoor Library, built in 1933, was the first library in southern Guam. Guam Public Library System operates the Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library in Hagåtña and five branch libraries.[96] The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools, including 26 elementary schools, eight middle schools, and six high schools and alternative schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores.[97][98] Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education.[99] An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.[100] Before September 1997, the U.S. Department of Defense partnered with the Guam Board of Education.[101] In September 1997, the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) opened its own schools for children of military personnel.[102] DoDEA schools, which also serve children of some federal civilian employees, had an attendance of 2,500 in 2000. DoDEA Guam operates three elementary/middle schools and one high school.[103] The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education.[104] UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 106 land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution, nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. Health care Further information: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Guam The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning.[105] U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. The U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community.[106] There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands.[107] A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical City, opened in early 2016.[108] Medicaid is accepted in Guam.[109] See also History portal icon Islands portal icon Oceania portal flag United States portal 51st state Index of Guam-related articles Lists of hospitals in the United States#Insular areas List of people from Guam Outline of Guam Voting in Guam Manny Crisostomo (born November 28, 1958) is a prolific photojournalist, the only Pulitzer Prize Winner from Guam. Biography He was born in Sinajana, Guam,[1] and attended Father Duenas Memorial School.[2] He studied at the University of Guam and later — at the University of Missouri.[3] During his school years, he interned at the Pacific Daily News and worked for the Newson as a reporter. However, he was rejected from a full-time position at the PDN by the chief editor and offered a position of a technician in a photo laboratory. Due to this assignment, he grew interested in photography and soon became a photojournalist. As a staff member, he worked for the Columbia Missourian, then joined the Jackson Citizen-Patriot and the Detroit Free-Press as a photographer. His publications also appeared in Life, Time, Newsweek, LA Times, etc.[4] In 1986 Crisostomo co-authored the book "Main Street: A portrait of Small-Town Michigan". In 1987 he edited "Moving Pictures: A Look at Detroit from High Atop the People Mover".[4] By 1988, he won several important awards as a reporter.[5] In 1987–1988 at the Detroit Free Press he worked for 40 weeks on a series about student life at Southwestern High School. In a city full of violence, he tried to show ordinary kids and their life. The photographs were supported with a 12-page article "A Class Act, the Life and Times of Southwest High School".[3] In 1989, the series was honoured with the Pulitzer Prize for feature photography.[6] The money received for the award Crisostomo donated to the school.[7] In 1992 he published "Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru", dedicated to his motherland. As of 2020, Crisostomo works at the Sacramento Bee. In 2020 he published his fourth book "Echoes in the Dance".[7] In 2022, he had an exhibition "Pacific Gathering" at the East-West Center Gallery.[8][9][10] Works "Main Street: A portrait of Small-Town Michigan". Detroit Free Press, 1986. ISBN 9780937247006 "Moving Pictures: A Look at Detroit from High Atop the People Mover". Detroit Free Press, 1987. ISBN 9780937247020 "Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru", Legacy Publications, 1992. ISBN 9780963127303 "Echoes in the Dance" 2020. uamanians are Americans. As the U.S. and North Korean governments lobby threats across the Pacific, this island of about 163,000 U.S. citizens has become caught in the crosshairs. It's only 2,100 miles southeast of North Korea. Manny Crisostomo, who won a Feature Photography prize in 1989 for his work at the Detroit Free Press, shares with Pulitzer.org images from his home island. Peek through Crisostomo's highly personal lens on Guam. The captions are his own. Guam is a US territory, of 160,000 people and about 7,000 military personnel, most stationed at Andersen Air Force Base and Naval Base Guam, which also contain long-range bombers, ships and submarines.The island is an important strategic hub for the U.S — about 3,800 miles west of Hawaii and only 2,100 miles southeast of North Korea. The reef and pristine beach in Hinapsan, located on the northern end of the island of Guam. Local landowners and their guests have to enter and drive through Anderson Air Force Base to access the land and beachfront. That U.S. military base contains long-range bombers. The Guam local newspaper reported on September 18, 2017: "Bombers from Andersen Air Force Base joined other military aircraft from the U.S., Japan and South Korea in a show of force that included a bombing drill with live ammunition over the Korean peninsula Monday." Two Lovers Point is a popular tourist spot in Guam. The Guam Visitors Bureau reported Guam welcomed 143,677 visitors in August 2017. Since 1967 Guam has welcomed more than 38 million visitors Tourists take a selfie in the waters of Tumon Bay on Guam. "Before the North Korea tension, our visitor arrivals for this August were expected to be the top month in Guam’s history. Instead, there was a slight decline. The last thing we need is for this trend to continue. We must make great strides to ensure the future of our island’s top economic contributor remains robust and diverse. Lt. Governor Tenorio and I are committed to ensuring our visitors and residents feel safe and protected. The livelihood of thousands of men and women are on the line if we don’t all work together to sustain our tourism industry.”                                                 — Guam Governor Eddie Baza Calvo Canoe paddlers train for races in Tumon Bay, Guam. According to the Guam Visitors Bureau Guam, welcomed 143,677 visitors in August 2017, a 0.7 percent decrease when compared to the previous year. While arrivals fell short of surpassing the record of 144,758 visitors in August 2016, it still was enough to record the second best arrivals month in Guam’s history. Hotels line Tumon Bay, Guam, in this early morning photo. Traditional dancers and performers walk the sand beach on their way to their performance venue in Tumon Bay, Guam. The Guam Visitors Bureau (GVB) has released its findings from the 2017 Survey of Tourism Attitudes of Resident (STAR) survey. The STAR survey noted increased favorability toward tourism, with 69 percent of residents believing that tourism has a positive impact on them and their families and Guam overall. Most residents that took the survey also agreed that tourism creates many well-paying jobs. Based on information from the STAR survey, it was recommended that GVB focus more on traditions, history and food when promoting Guam’s culture to visitors, as well as arts and crafts for community-sponsored events. The jungle in Hinapsan has a sacred Latte site. According to Guampedia, "Latte is a Chamorro term that refers to stone pillars and cup-shaped capitals or capstones, which represent house supports and are ascribed to the ancient people of Guam and the Mariana Islands. In modern times the latte shape has become a symbol of Chamorro cultural identity and has been used in many different contexts: official government documents, government offices, historic building reconstructions, license plates and bus stops; in business logos and names, tourist souvenirs, jewelry. The island's Roman Catholic faithful hike and carry wooden crosses to the tallest point in Guam to celebrate Good Friday. According to Guampedia, "Guam is the site of the first Roman Catholic mission and formal European colony in the Pacific islands." As a Spanish colony, the Chamorro people adapted to influences regarding religion, social organization and cultural practices from Spain, Mexico and the Philippines. My twin daughters Audrey and Sophie walk through a row of crypts at Pigo Catholic Cemetery in Hagåtña, Guam. I was showing them where grandpa and grandma are buried. Cheers greet the Guam delegation as they join the Opening Ceremony at Paseo de Susana in Hagåtña during the Parade of Nations the official start of the 12th Festival of Pacific Arts. The traveling festival hosted every four years by a different country in Oceania. More than 3,000 performers, artists and cultural icons from 25 island nations showcased their indigenous cultures in what is called the “Olympics of Pacific Arts.” Opening ceremony for the Guam Micronesia Island Fair at Hagatna, Guam. The Guam Micronesia Island Fair is the island’s biggest celebration of the Micronesian region’s art and culture.The Guam Visitors Bureau estimates about 10,000 people per day attended the Island Fair, which was extended this year from three to five days. Traditionally held at Ypao Beach Park, GVB moved the annual event to Chamorro Village.   Fair-goers attend the opening ceremony for the Guam Micronesia Island Fair at Hagatna, Guam. Barbecue is a common sight on the island of Guam. Here, cooks prepare food for the hundreds of people that attended the Guam Micronesia Island Fair at Hagatna, Guam. Fair-goers attend the Guam Micronesia Island Fair at the Chamorro Village in Hagatna, Guam. Elementary school students at Carlos L. Taitano Elementary in Sinajana, Guam. Hundreds attend the Pastries in Paradise event at the Guam Museum in Hagatna, Guam. Pastries in Paradise is an evening of scrumptious desserts prepared by the island’s top chefs paired with fine wines and beverages. The event is a charity fundraiser. Fisherman Rick Rivera looks for mañåhak, or juvenile rabbit fish, with his net, or Talaya, at the ready at Tumon Bay in Guam. The net fisherman walks the beach of popular tourist location early in the morning before tourists fill the beaches and water. The ancient Chamorros used a variety of nets for fishing, each net with its own orginal Chamorro name. Today, the most common image of a Chamorro fisherman is one in which he casts the nets. Rivera, at center empties mañåhak from his net or Talaya at Tumon Bay in Guam. The 29th Guam Micronesia Island Fair (GMIF), "Celebrating the love of culture," with Guam joined by delegations from Palau, Yap, Pohnpei, Marshall Islands, CNMI, Chuuk and Taiwan at the Paseo de Susana in Hagatna, Guam. Under a full moon, a statue of an ancient Chamorro in front of the Guam Museum looks at the Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica. The structure is located on the site where the first Catholic church on the United States territory of Guam was constructed in 1669. Manny Crisostomo, at left, using his iPhone as an additional light source with his Father Duenas High School classmates during an impromptu get together at Meskela restaurant in Hagatna Guam. Crisostomo was celebrated by Humanities Guåhan during the Pulitzer Centennial with a gallery show and multiple speaking engagements. Video and images from those presentations are available here. Humanities Guåhan honors one of the most prolific photographers to emerge from our island with a special retrospective exhibit, which launched Sept. 15. "Art + Journalism — Manny Crisostomo, 40 years of Images," highlights the former Guam resident's expansive career in photojournalism. Crisostomo, who works for the Sacramento Bee, is the island's Pulitzer Prize winner and Humanities Guåhan is working with The Pulitzer Prizes as part of the 100th anniversary of the coveted journalism award. Crisostomo grew up in Sinajana and attended Father Duenas Memorial School before heading to the University of Guam and interning at the Pacific Daily News, Monaeka Flores, coordinator of marketing and programs for Humanities Guåhan says. "He wanted to get into reporting and he was told by the editor at the time that he wasn't cut out to be a reporter," she says. "He was heartbroken." Despite his fate as a reporter, Crisostomo wanted to remain in journalism. He was then placed in the photo lab, assisting the photographers with developing film and cleaning up. "He became addicted and became fascinated with technique," Flores says. "He started taking pictures of weird vegetables that people would bring into the PDN." After earning his way back into the newsroom as a sports photographer, he then moved to Missouri to study photography and wound up at the Detroit Free Press in Michigan. In 1989, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for a special section in the Detroit Free Press. "A Class Act, The Life and Times of Southwestern High School," documented student experiences and the dynamics of an inner-city high school. "A lot of people don't know that he was nominated several times for a Pulitzer Prize before winning," Flores says. "He won several awards in Michigan, including photographer of the year for all of these great series he's done. He published two books about Michigan, Detroit and small town life in Michigan. He won the Pulitzer and decided to take a sabbatical from the Detroit Free Press and come home to Guam." Back on Guam, he documented the life and culture of the indigenous people, creating iconic images for "Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru," as well as "Latte Magazine." Abroad, Crisostomo created the series "The Leftover People," documenting the last wave of Hmong refugees making their way from Thailand to Sacramento. The series earned him the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for the Disadvantaged in photography in 2005. In 2007, he picked up an EPPY Award and the McClatchy President's Award for his multimedia four-part series "The Weight," focused on childhood obesity. A photo series documenting a year in the lives of students and faculty at a city high school earned Detroit Free Press photographer Manny Crisostomo the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for feature photography Thursday. Crisostomo, 30, captured the honor for his series of photos published June 26, 1988, entitled, 'A Class Act, the Life and Times of Southwestern High School.' Champagne bottles were uncorked throughout the third and fourth floors of the Free Press building as news spread of Crisostomo's award. 'I'm feel like I'm floating,' Crisostomo exclaimed. 'You hear people saying they're so excited they're floating in the air. This is it, this is for real. This is like the Academy Awards, the Nobel Peace Prize, everything. It's wonderful.' Free Press Publisher David Lawrence said the honor comes at a great time for the paper. 'We've had a lot of trying days here, but this is a wonderful day for the Free Press and Manny,' Lawrence said. 'There is no substitute for a Pulitzer, it's the biggest.' Crisostomo, a six-year veteran with the Free Press, said it was the third year he had entered the Pulitzer competition and he sort of had his usual doubts about winning the award. 'We have a number of contests in our profession and I've won a lot of them,' the Guam-born Crisostomo said. 'There's always this Pulitzer Prize that sort of looms off on this mountain somewhere. You never think you're going to win it. You hope and fantasize about it. 'This time, the photo gods were smiling down on me. 'I didn't think I had a chance to win,' he added. 'The other two finalists have won all the major contests before and I haven't. I figured close was good enough. 'I called up my home (in Guam) at Easter and everybody was at my sister's house for a party. They all said they were going to pray for me and they would cross their fingers come Thursday. I guess they all are lighting candles in Guam. It worked.' Crisostomo said he started work on the photo series on Southwestern's first day of school in the 1987-88 school year and followed students and faculty through graduation. 'I worked real hard on it,' he said. 'I think it's a good portrayal on what's going on in the Detroit Public School system. And I hope people can look at it and say, 'There's some problems, there's some good things and some bad things and we need to do something about it.' 'Documenting with my photographs, I want to bring about some changes, however big or small they might be.' That experience sparked a passion for photography that brought the aspiring professional to Honolulu, where the 23-year-old Mangilao resident is taking Manny Crisostomo’s weeklong photography workshop. The workshop is part of Crisostomo’s artist residency sponsored by East-West Center, Pacific Islands Development Program, and Center for Pacific Island Studies at University of Hawaii Manoa. The workshop is taking place in conjunction with his exhibit at the East-West Center Gallery, “Pacific Gathering: Photographs and Treasures from the Festival of Pacific Arts, Guam 2016.” The exhibit, which features Crisostomo’s photographs as well as gifts given to Guam by island delegations, opened on Sunday. In addition to Guzman and her mother, Monica Guzman, officials who flew in from Guam to attend the opening included Executive Director Sandy Flores and Angie Taitague of Guam’s Council on the Arts and Humanities. A fleet of sakman serenely cutting through small waves on the Pacific horizon. A Pa’a Taotao Tano’ performer smiling at a little girl as he bends and holds her hands in a dance frozen in time. Faces of delegates from around Oceania, caught in profile or solemnly looking into the camera. Although six years have passed since Guam hosted the Festival of Pacific Arts and Culture, the images captured by FestPac photographer and Pulitzer winner Manny Crisostomo still evoke a swell of emotion. MANNY C 1.jpg Manny Crisostomo photographed during the installation of Pacific Gathering — a photo exhibition featuring black and white photographs by the CHamoru artist and Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer from the 2016 Festival of Pacific Arts. COURTESY OF ANNIE REYNOLDS AND MANNY CRISOSTOMO “It’s really incredible to see all the faces and all the festivities — his photographs almost come off of the wall in kind of a three-dimensional manner. They’re just beautiful and really pull you into the festival,” said Annie Reynolds, who curated hundreds of Crisostomo’s photos for a new exhibit that opens today at East-West Center Gallery in Honolulu. “Pacific Gathering: Photographs and Treasures from the Festival of Pacific Arts, Guam 2016” is the gallery’s first art exhibit since the pandemic shut its doors in 2020, said Reynolds, who curates its exhibitions and collections. MANNY C 2.jpg Manny Crisostomo photographed during the installation of Pacific Gathering — a photo exhibition featuring black and white photographs by the CHamoru artist and Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer from the 2016 Festival of Pacific Arts. COURTESY OF ANNIE REYNOLDS AND MANNY CRISOSTOMO “We’ve also worked with Guam (Council on the Arts and Humanities) to bring gifts that were given from the guest delegations to the governor of Guam as the host delegation, so those are also paired with the photographs and carried throughout the exhibition as well,” Reynolds said. The exhibit originally had been planned for 2020, to coincide with Honolulu hosting FestPac for the first time in the state’s history. “My vision was that the exhibit would open a week before FestPac and I would be here for the opening to photograph the festival,” Crisostomo said. “And of course, the pandemic happened in March of 2020. I was really, really looking forward to having the delegates from all the island nations come and be able to see pictures from the Guam festival.” Hawaii has rescheduled Festpac to take place June 6-16, 2024, with the theme, “Ho‘oulu Lāhui: Regenerating Oceania.” MORE FROM THIS SECTION Kim Kardashian reveals her biggest turn on in men Kim Kardashian reveals her biggest turn on in men Catherine, Princess of Wales paid tribute to Princess Diana at King Charles’ historic Trooping the Colour Catherine, Princess of Wales paid tribute to Princess Diana at King Charles’ historic Trooping the Colour You can buy a REPLICA of my most intimate area! The stars who have sold adult entertainment products... You can buy a REPLICA of my most intimate area! The stars who have sold adult entertainment products... Although the festival is still two years away, gallery officials decided to hold the exhibition this year to “carry the momentum forward and share the story of the Festival of Pacific Arts,” Reynolds said. “This year, 2022, Is the 50th anniversary of the festival. So it’s a really special time to be celebrating the festival and through, literally, the lens of Manny’s work. When we look at this exhibition, it carries us through the festival, as Manny’s book does,” she said, referring to “Journeys the Heart,” the literary documentary of his work during FestPac. “It was a tremendous experience, I worked with five photographers and we were posting anywhere from like 30 to 40 photos a day,” Crisostomo said. “And we saw how the power and the reach of social media. People throughout Oceania were seeing what their delegates were doing — people from the Cook Islands were able to see Cook Island performances, people from Yap were their performances on our Facebook posts and Instagram posts.” ‘Sanlagu’ shoot It’s not Crisostomo’s first exhibit at the gallery; his first was in 1996, when they showcased photographs from his book, “Legacy of Guam (Images of the Chamoru).” This time around, however, he will be attending the exhibit, which will be on display through July 17. On opening day, he’ll be bringing his camera and setting up to continue his work on “Manaotao Sanlagu: CHamorus from the Marianas,” an ongoing visual documentary that’s been featured weekly in the PDN. Photography workshop This coming week, Crisostomo also be providing an immersive and hands-on workshop for amateur photographers who want to improve their skills and connect with Indigenous cultures. The “Dance of Culture” photography workshop is sponsored by East-West Center, Pacific Islands Development Program, and Center for Pacific Island Studies at University of Hawaii Manoa. Open only to five participants, the workshop will culminate in the participants photographing the 2022 Celebrate Micronesia Festival at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum in Honolulu on Saturday. Photojournalist and visual storyteller Multimedia photojournalist Manny Crisostomo (1958 – ) is a native of Guam and is perhaps best known on the island for his stunning photographs documenting the lives and culture of the Chamorro people.  His keen eye and extensive photography work for almost 30 years have won him numerous awards and accolades, including the Pulitzer Prize in feature photography, which he was awarded in 1989. Crisostomo is the son of Herman Aguon Crisostomo and Maria Rosario Crisostomo from the central village of Sinajana.  His career in photography began while he was a student at the University of Guam and working as an intern reporter and photographer at the Pacific Daily News, Guam’s local newspaper.  However, Crisostomo eventually left Guam to attend the University of Missouri, home of one of the nation’s best programs in photojournalism.  The competitiveness of the program and the chance to work with other seasoned, as well as aspiring, photographers helped Crisostomo hone his skills before finally graduating from the University in 1982, earning a Bachelor’s degree in photojournalism. After college, Crisostomo joined the Detroit Free Press based in Detroit, Michigan, and soon began receiving recognition for his work from the Associated Press, The News Press Photographers Association, the Society of Newspaper Designers and the Robert F. Kennedy Awards.  In 1987 and 1988 he was named Michigan Photographer of the Year and was nominated three times for the coveted Pulitzer Prize in feature photography, which he finally won in 1989.  Only 30 years old at the time, Crisostomo’s prize-winning work was the result of a special section published by the Detroit Free Press in June 1988 entitled, “A Class Act, The Life and Times of Southwestern High School.”  It featured more than 60 photographs that documented the life, successes, and struggles of students at Southwestern High School who came from racially diverse inner-city neighborhoods where drugs, violence, and economic hardship were common.  Crisostomo donated the $3,000 Pulitzer Prize money to Detroit’s Southwestern High School for a journalism scholarship and other opportunities for students. In 1989, Crisostomo received an Honorary Doctorate degree from the University of Guam.  In 1991, Crisostomo took a sabbatical from the Detroit Free Press, returned to the island and produced the coffee-table book, Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru, featuring numerous photographs of Guam’s landscape and indigenous Chamorros practicing their culture and customs.  While working on Legacy of Guam, Crisostomo taught photojournalism at the University of Guam.  In 1995, he began publishing Latte Magazine, a monthly publication highlighting life on Guam and Micronesia.  The magazine allowed Crisostomo to do more writing and editing, in addition to storytelling.  In order to diversify, Crisostomo, opened an art gallery to market and sell fine art from around the Pacific region. However, in 2001, Crisostomo moved to California.  He taught courses in photojournalism and design for a year at San Francisco State University and California State University at Hayward.  More recently, Crisostomo has worked as Multimedia Editor at The Sacramento Bee where he was also a senior photographer since 2002.  In 2005, he won the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for the Disadvantaged in international photography for his photo project on Hmong refugees.  Entitled, “The Leftover People,” Crisostomo documented the last wave of Hmong refugees making their way from Thailand to Sacramento for new lives, hopes and futures in the United States. Crisostomo has credited his ability to speak easily with different kinds of people, to learn their stories and to photograph them, as important to his success.  In addition to exploring innovative photographic techniques, such as digitally stitching panoramic images and high dynamic range (HDR) photography, Crisostomo has also worked in video for the Sacramento Bee.  His work in videography earned Crisostomo the McClatchy President’s Award for his four-part series on rising childhood obesity entitled, “The Weight.”  The series focused on students of the first-ever weight loss boarding school for teens in California.  He also received an Eppy Award in 2007, presented by Editor & Publisher for the best media-affiliated websites, for “The Weight.”  Crisostomo continues to stay on the cutting edge of photojournalism, researching new technologies and discovering ways to push multimedia and storytelling in new and exciting directions. By James Perez Viernes, PhD and Dominica Tolentino For further reading Crisostomo, Manny. Legacy of Guam: I Kustumbren Chamoru. Hagåtña: Legacy Publications, 1991. Crisostomo, Manny. “Manny Crisostomo Photography.” ViewBook. ––– “‘The Leftover People’ • 2005 Robert F. Kennedy Award for the Disadvantaged.” ViewBook. ––– “The Weight: A Sacramento Bee Special Report.” The Sacramento Bee, 22 October 2006. ––– “‘The Weight’ 2007 EPpy Award & McClatchy President’s Award.” ViewBook. Humanities Guåhan. Picturing Guam Teachers Resource Book. Hagåtña: HG, 2011. Leon-Guerrero, Jillette. Seeing Guam Through Our Eyes. Agana Heights: Guamology Publishing, 2010.
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