KINGDOM of BOSPORUS Sauromates I 90AD RARE Chair Crown Shield Greek Coin i38503

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Item: i38503   Authentic Ancient Coin of:

Kingdom of Bosporus Sauromates I - King: 90-124 A.D. Bronze '48 Nummia' 25mm (8.47 grams) Struck circa 90-124 A.D. Reference: Sear GIC 5457; B.M.C.13.60,25; MacDonald 408 BACIΛЄWC CAYPOMATOY, Chair surmounted by crown, between shield and spear (on left) and human-headed sceptre on right. MH within wreath.

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Tiberius Julius Sauromates I Philocaesar Philoromaios Eusebes , also known as Sauromates I (Greek: Τιβέριος Ἰούλιος Σαυροματης Α' Φιλόκαισαρ Φιλορώμαίος Eυσεbής , Philocaesar Philoromaios Eusebes , means lover of Caesar, lover of Rome who is the Pius one , flourished the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century, died 123) was a prince and Roman Client King of the Bosporan Kingdom .

Sauromates I was the son and heir of the Bosporan King Rhescuporis I by an unnamed wife. He was of Greek , Iranian and Roman ancestry . The name Sauromates is a name of Sarmatian origin. His paternal grandparents were the previous ruling Bosporan Monarchs Cotys I and Eunice .

Through his paternal grandfather, Sauromates I was a descendant of the Roman Triumvir Mark Antony from his second marriage to his paternal cousin Antonia Hybrida Minor (second daughter of Roman Republican Politician Gaius Antonius Hybrida , Antony’s paternal uncle), thus Sauromates I was related to various members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty . He was also a descendant of Roman Client Rulers Polemon I of Pontus , Pythodorida of Pontus and Cotys VIII of Thrace . Through his paternal grandfather, Sauromates I was a descendant of Greek Macedonian Kings: Antigonus I Monophthalmus , Seleucus I Nicator and Regent , Antipater . These three men served under King Alexander the Great . He is also descended from the Monarchs Mithridates VI of Pontus and his first wife, his sister Laodice and the previous Bosporan King Asander .

When Rhescuporis I died in 90, Sauromates I succeeded his father as Bosporan King and reigned until his own death in 123. He was a contemporary of the Roman Emperors Domitian , Nerva , Trajan and Hadrian . Sauromates I continued his father’s legacy of rebuilding the Bosporan Kingdom. In 68, Rhescuporis I had restored the Bosporan Kingdom, previously a part of the Roman province of Moesia Inferior, as a semi-independent Roman Client State. On coins, his royal title is in Greek: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΑΥΡΟΜΑΤΟΥ or of King Sauromates .

Sauromates I is mentioned in the letters of Roman Senator Pliny the Younger . About 103, Pliny served as the Roman Governor of Bithynia . Sauromates I sent his ambassador (legatus) to travel to Bithynia to deliver two letters to Pliny. The nature of these letters is unknown. The first letter requested Pliny, for a messenger to use a diploma (a permit to use an official wagon) to assist the messenger’s journey, which Pliny respected. The second letter was for Trajan. Pliny learned no more than that it contained news which Trajan needed to know. An imperial freedman called Lycormas took the second letter from Bithynia to Rome for Trajan, a journey that would have taken 6–8 weeks.

Either Rhescuporis I or Sauromates I established Phanagoria as the new capital city of the Bosporan Kingdom. From the late 1st century, Panticapaeum , the original capital city, had gradually lost its importance. Phanagoria became the new capital city because of the increasing popularity of the city’s titulary goddess, Aphrodite , and her cult.

In 105, Sauromates I, entrusted and appointed a priest as an official to oversee the restoration of the porticos at the temple at Hermonassa . Out of his personal religious devotion in 110, he erected a temple dedicated to Aphrodite in Gorgippia . In an honorific inscription dedicated to Sauromates I, found in Nicaea , Sauromates I was given the honorific title Ktistes or Founder . He was awarded this title because of his goodness, generosity and his contributions throughout the Bosporan and Anatolia .

At Panticapaeum, there is in Latin an honorific inscription, dedicating and honoring Sauromates I:

‘King Tiberius Julius Sauromates, an outstanding friend of Emperor and the populus Romanus‘.

Sauromates I married an unnamed woman and had a son called Cotys II . Cotys II would succeed his father. Through his son, Sauromates I would have three descendants ruling the Bosporan that would bear his name.

In the Roman Republic , and later the Empire, the curule seat (sella curulis , supposedly from currus , "chariot") was the chair upon which senior magistrates or promagistrates owning imperium were entitled to sit, including dictators , masters of the horse , consuls , praetors , censors , and the curule aediles . Additionally, the Flamen of Jupiter (Flamen Dialis) was also allowed to sit on a sella curulis, though this position lacked imperium .

According to Livy the curule seat, like the Roman toga, originated in Etruria , and it has been used on surviving Etruscan monuments to identify magistrates, but much earlier stools supported on a cross-frame are known from the New Kingdom of Egypt . According to Cassius Dio , early in 44 BC a senate decree granted Julius Caesar the sella curulis everywhere except in the theatre, where his gilded chair and jeweled crown were carried in, putting him on a par with the gods. As a form of throne , the sella might be given as an honor to foreign kings recognized formally as friend (amicus ) by the Roman people or senate .

The curule chair is used on Roman medals as well as funerary monuments to express a curule magistracy; when traversed by a hasta (spear), it is the symbol of Juno .

The curule chair was traditionally made of or veneered with ivory , with curved legs forming a wide X; it had no back, and low arms. Although often of luxurious construction, the Roman curule was meant to be uncomfortable to sit on for long periods of time, the double symbolism being that the official was expected to carry out his public function in an efficient and timely manner, and that his office, being an office of the republic , was temporary, not perennial. The chair could be folded, and thus an easily transportable seat, originally for magisterial and promagisterial commanders in the field, developed a hieratic significance, expressed in fictive curule seats on funerary monuments, a symbol of power which was never entirely lost in post-Roman European tradition. 6th-century consular ivory diptychs of Orestes and of Constantinus each depict the consul seated on an elaborate curule seat with crossed animal legs.

Along the Silk Road the folding seat of the Eastern Roman Empire made its way to China, where in various forms including the hu chuang — the "barbarian bed"— it "transformed the dress, architecture and lifestyle of the Chinese"  In Han China the folding chair made its first literary mark in the 2nd century AD, used out-of-doors in a military rather than domestic setting, and from the way it was addressed in a poem by Yu Jianwu , written about 552

By the name name handed down you are from a foreign region coming into [China] and being used in the capital With legs leaning your frame adjusts by itself With limbs slanting your body levels by itself...

it is clear the cross-framed folding seat was intended.

In Gaul the Merovingian successors to Roman power employed the curule seat as an emblem of their right to dispense justice, and their Capetian successors retained the iconic seat: the "Throne of Dagobert ", of cast bronze retaining traces of its former gilding, is conserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France . The "throne of Dagobert" is first mentioned in the 12th century, already as a treasured relic, by Abbot Suger , who claims in his Administratione , "We also restored the noble throne of the glorious King Dagobert, on which, as tradition relates, the Frankish kings sat to receive the homage of their nobles after they had assumed power. We did so in recognition of its exalted function and because of the value of the work itself." Abbot Suger added bronze upper members with foliated scrolls and a back-piece. The "Throne of Dagobert" was coarsely repaired and used for the coronation of Napoleon .

James I of England (ruling 1603–13) with a royal cross-framed armchair and standing on an Oriental carpet , by Paul van Somer Engraving of a sealing of Peter II, ca 1196—1213

In the 15th century, a characteristic folding-chair of both Italy and Spain was made of numerous shaped cross-framed elements, joined to wooden members that rested on the floor and further made rigid with a wooden back. 19th-century dealers and collectors termed these "Dante Chairs" or "Savonarola Chairs", with disregard to the centuries intervening between the two figures. Examples of curule seats were redrawn from a 15th-century manuscript of the Roman de Renaude de Montauban and published in Henry Shaw's Specimens of Ancient Furniture (1836).

The 15th or early 16th-century curule seat that survives at York Minster , originally entirely covered with textiles, has rear members extended upwards to form a back, between which a rich textile was stretched. The cross-framed armchair, no longer actually a folding chair, continued to have regal connotations. James I of England was portrayed with such a chair, its framing entirely covered with a richly patterned silk damask textile, with decorative nailing, in Paul van Somer 's portrait (illustration, left ). Similar early 17th-century cross-framed seats survive at Knole , perquisites from a royal event.

The form found its way into stylish but non-royal decoration in the archaeological second phase of neoclassicism in the early 19th century. An unusually early example of this revived form is provided by the large sets of richly carved and gilded pliants (folding stools) forming part of long sets with matching tabourets delivered in 1786 to the royal châteaux of Compiègne and Fontainebleau . With their Imperial Roman connotations, the backless curule seats found their way into furnishings for Napoleon, who moved some of the former royal pliants into his state bedchamber at Fontainebleau. Further examples were ordered, in the newest Empire taste: Jacob-Desmalter 's seats with members in the form of carved and gilded sheathed sabres were delivered to Saint-Cloud about 1805. Cross-framed drawing-room chairs are illustrated in Thomas Sheraton 's last production, The Cabinet-Maker, Upholsterer and General Artist's Encyclopaedia (1806), and in Thomas Hope 's Household Furniture (1807).

With the decline of archaeological neoclassicism, the curule chair disappeared; it is not found among Biedermeier and other Late Classical furnishing schemes.


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