1939 Palestine FIREARMS MANUAL Jewish LEWIS GUN Hebrew NOTRIM Book ISRAEL GUIDE

£130.62 £122.78 Buy It Now or Best Offer, £19.79 Shipping, 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee
Seller: judaica-bookstore ✉️ (2,805) 100%, Location: TEL AVIV, IL, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 276240671577 1939 Palestine FIREARMS MANUAL Jewish LEWIS GUN Hebrew NOTRIM Book ISRAEL GUIDE.

DESCRIPTION : Here for sale is an ultra rare richly illustrated Jewish - Judaica - Hebrew book ( Namely - manual ) ,  a guide book for the usage of LEWIS GUN (   or  Lewis automatic machine gun  or  Lewis automatic rifle  )  for the members of the "NOTRIM" , The Jewish-Hebrew members of the Supernumerary Police during the British Mandate period in Eretz Israel ( Then also refered to as PALESTINE ) . The book was published in Haifa Eretz Israel in 1939 .  It's a manual for the LEWIS GUN USAGE named " LEWIS GUN - SMALL ARMS TRAINING ". Illustrations of the LEWIS GUN , All it's parts ( In Hebrew and ENGLISH ) and instructions of USING , AIMING , FIRING and also dismantling, Cleaning, Maintenance etc. Illustrations of armed  Jewish-Hebrew NOTRIM with their typical NOTRIM uniforms , Using the LEWIS GUN . Hebrew. Throughout illustrated   . Original cloth HC.  5 x 4" . 134 throughout illustrated pp  . Very good condition . Tightly bound. Inner quite clean and unstained . Very nicely preserved copy for its 80 years of age .( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) Will be sent inside a protective rigid packaging.

AUTHENTICITY : This is an ORIGINAL vintage 1939 book , NOT a reproduction or a reprint  , It holds a life long GUARANTEE for its AUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.   PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal & All credit cards . SHIPPMENT : SHIPP worldwide via registered airmail $ 25 . Will be sent inside a protective packaging . Handling around    5-10 days after payment.  The Notrim (Hebrew: נוטרים ‎ , lit. Guards ; singular: Noter ) were a Jewish Police Force set up by the British in the British Mandate of Palestine in 1936. The force was divided into Supernumerary Police and highly mobile Settlement Police. Members were recruited almost entirely from the Haganah. After World War II, the Notrim became the core of the Israeli Military Police. History in World War II On 6 August 1940 Anthony Eden, the British Secretary of War, informed Parliament that the Cabinet had decided to recruit Arab and Jewish units as battalions of the Royal East Kent Regiment (the "Buffs"). At a luncheon with Chaim Weizmann on 3 September , Winston Churchill approved the large-scale recruitment of Jewish forces in Palestine and the training of their officers. A further 10,000 men (no more that 3,000 from Palestine) were to be recruited to Jewish units in the British Army for training in the United Kingdom. Faced with Field Marshall Rommel's advance in Egypt, the British government decided on 15 April , 1941 that the 10,000 Jews dispersed in the single defense companies of the Buffs should be prepared for war service at the battalion level and that another 10,000 should also be mobilized along with 6,000 Supernumerary Police and 40,000 to 50,000 home guard. The plans were approved by Field Marshall John Dill. The Special Operations Executive in Cairo approved a Haganah proposal for guerilla activities in northern Palestine led by the Palmach, as part of which Yitzhak Sadeh devised Plan North for an armed enclave in the Carmel range from which the Yishuv could defend the region and attack Nazi communications and supply lines, if necessary. British intelligence also trained a small radio network under Moshe Dayan to act as spy cells in the event of a German invasion (Israeli and Penkower, 2002, pp. 112-113).The Jewish Supernumerary Police (sometimes referred to as Jewish Auxiliary Police) were a branch of the Guards (Notrim ) set up by the British in Mandate Palestine in June 1936. Around 22,000 Notrim were appointed, armed and equipped by the British to act as a protective militia for Jewish settlements. This force "soon became a legal cover for the Haganah and an increasingly effective shield against Arab forays". The British authorities gradually expanded the Supernumerary Police from 6,000 to 14,000. Those trained became the nucleus of the Haganah, which itself became the main constituent of the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The other branch of the Notrim was an élite mobile force known as the Jewish Settlement Police. A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves ("rifling") cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called "lands," which make contact with the projectile (for small arms usage, called a bullet), imparting spin around an axis corresponding to the orientation of the weapon. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling, in the same way that a properly thrown American football or rugby ball behaves. This allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient pointed bullets (as opposed to the spherical balls used in muskets) and thus improves range and accuracy. The word "rifle" originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a "rifled gun." Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports. Typically, a bullet is propelled by the contained deflagration of an explosive compound (originally black powder, later cordite, and now nitrocellulose), although other means such as compressed air are used in air rifles, which are popular for vermin control, hunting small game, formal target shooting and casual shooting ("plinking"). In most armed forces the term "gun" is incorrect when referring to small arms; in military parlance, the word "gun" refers to an artillery piece or crew-served machine gun. Furthermore, in many works of fiction a rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before firing, even if the weapon is not rifled or does not fire solid projectiles (e.g. a "laser rifle"). Formerly, rifles only fired a single projectile with each squeeze of the trigger. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze; some fire in a fully automatic mode and others are limited to fixed bursts of two, three, or more rounds per squeeze. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to an extent in design and function with machine guns. In fact, many light machine guns (such as the Russian RPK) are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. Generally, the difference between an automatic rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight and feed system; rifles, with their relatively light components (which overheat quickly) and small magazines, are incapable of sustained automatic fire in the way that machine guns are. Modern military rifles are fed by box magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier; the rifle is an individual weapon.The term "rifle" is sometimes used to describe rifled weapons firing explosive shells; for example the recoilless rifle.*****The Lewis gun (or Lewis automatic machine gun or Lewis automatic rifle) is a First World War–era light machine gun. Designed privately in America but not adopted, the design was finalised and mass-produced in the United Kingdom,[2] and widely used by troops of the British Empire during the war. It had a distinctive barrel cooling shroud (containing a finned, aluminium breech-to-muzzle heat sink to cool the gun barrel) and top-mounted pan magazine. The Lewis served to the end of the Korean War. It was also widely used as an aircraft machine gun, almost always with the cooling shroud removed (as air flow during flight offers sufficient cooling), during both World Wars. Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Design details 4 Service 4.1 First World War 4.1.1 Aircraft use 4.2 Second World War 5 Variants 5.1 Canada 5.2 Czechoslovakia 5.3 Netherlands 5.4 United Kingdom 5.5 United States 5.6 Experimental projects 6 Influence on later designs 7 Users 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History[edit] The Lewis gun was invented by U.S. Army colonel Isaac Newton Lewis in 1911, based on initial work by Samuel Maclean.[3] Despite its origins, the Lewis gun was not initially adopted by the U.S. military, most likely because of political differences between Lewis and General William Crozier, the chief of the Ordnance Department.[4] Lewis became frustrated with trying to persuade the U.S. Army to adopt his design, "slapped by rejections from ignorant hacks", in his words,[5] and retired from the army. He left the United States in 1913 and went to Belgium, where he established the Armes Automatique Lewis company in Liège to facilitate commercial production of the gun.[6] Lewis had been working closely with British arms manufacturer the Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA) in an effort to overcome some of the production difficulties of the weapon.[3] The Belgians bought a small number of Lewises in 1913, using the .303 British round and, in 1914, BSA purchased a licence to manufacture the Lewis machine gun in England, which resulted in Lewis receiving significant royalty payments and becoming very wealthy.[5] Lewis and his factory moved to England before 1914, away from possible seizure in the event of a German invasion.[7] The onset of the First World War increased demand for the Lewis gun, and BSA began production, under the designation Model 1914. The design was officially approved for service on 15 October 1915 under the designation "Gun, Lewis, .303-cal."[8] No Lewis guns were produced in Belgium during the war;[9] all manufacture was carried out by BSA in England and the Savage Arms Company in the US.[10] Production[edit] U.S. Marines field tested the Lewis machine gun in 1917. The Lewis was produced by BSA and Savage Arms during the war, and although the two versions were largely similar, enough differences existed to stop them being completely interchangeable, although this was rectified by the time of the Second World War.[11] The major difference between the two designs was that the BSA weapons were chambered for .303 British ammunition, whereas the Savage guns were chambered for .30-06 cartridges, which necessitated some difference in the magazine, feed mechanism, bolt, barrel, extractors, and gas operation system.[10] Savage did make Lewis guns in .303 British calibre, though. The Model 1916 and Model 1917 were exported to Canada and the United Kingdom, and a few were supplied to the US military, particularly the Navy.[10] The Savage Model 1917 was generally produced in .30-06 calibre. A number of these guns were supplied to the UK under lend-lease during the Second World War.[12] Design details[edit] List of parts A 97-round pan magazine, as used on a 7.92×57mm Lewis gun, Museum of Coastal Defence, Poland. Note the magazine is only partially filled. Lewis gun reloading mechanism action The Lewis gun was gas operated. A portion of the expanding propellant gas was tapped off from the barrel, driving a piston to the rear against a spring. The piston was fitted with a vertical post at its rear which rode in a helical cam track in the bolt, rotating it at the end of its travel nearest the breech. This allowed the three locking lugs at the rear of the bolt to engage in recesses in the gun's body to lock it into place. The post also carried a fixed firing pin, which protruded through an aperture in the front of the bolt, firing the next round at the foremost part of the piston's travel.[13][14] A Lewis gun at the Elgin Military Museum Canada. The rear end of finned aluminum heat sink, that fits within the gun's cooling shroud, can be seen The gun's aluminum barrel-shroud caused the muzzle blast to draw air over the barrel and cool it, due to the muzzle-to-breech, radially finned aluminum heat sink within the shroud's barrel, and protruding behind the shroud's aft end, running lengthwise in contact with the gun barrel (somewhat like the later American M1917/18 Marlin-Rockwell machine gun's similar gun barrel cooling design)[15] from the "bottleneck" near the shroud's muzzle end and protruding externally behind the shroud's rear end. Some discussion occurred over whether the shroud was really necessary—in the Second World War, many old aircraft guns that did not have the tubing were issued to antiaircraft units of the British Home Guard and to British airfields, and others were used on vehicle mounts in the Western Desert; all were found to function properly without it, which led to the suggestion that Lewis had insisted on the cooling arrangement largely to show that his design was different from Maclean's earlier prototypes.[16] Only the Royal Navy retained the tube/heatsink cooling system on their deck-mounted AA-configuration Lewis guns.[16] The Lewis gun used a pan magazine holding 47 or 97 rounds.[17] Pan magazines hold the rounds, bullet-noses inwards toward the center, in a radial fan. Unlike the more common drum magazines, which hold the rounds parallel to the axis and are fed by spring tension, pan magazines are mechanically indexed. The Lewis magazine was driven by a cam on top of the bolt which operated a pawl mechanism via a lever.[14] An interesting point of the design was that it did not use a traditional helical coiled recoil spring, but used a spiral spring, much like a large clock spring, in a semicircular housing just in front of the trigger. The operating rod had a toothed underside, which engaged with a cog which wound the spring. When the gun fired, the bolt recoiled and the cog was turned, tightening the spring until the resistance of the spring had reached the recoil force of the bolt assembly. At that moment, as the gas pressure in the breech fell, the spring unwound, turning the cog, which, in turn, wound the operating rod forward for the next round. As with a clock spring, the Lewis gun recoil spring had an adjustment device to alter the recoil resistance for variations in temperature and wear. Unusual as it seems, the Lewis design proved reliable and was even copied by the Japanese and used extensively by them during the Second World War.[18] The gun's cyclic rate of fire was about 500–600 rounds per minute. It weighed 28 lb (12.7 kg), only about half as much as a typical medium machine gun of the era, such as the Vickers machine gun, and was chosen in part because, being more portable than a heavy machine gun, it could be carried and used by one soldier.[19] BSA even produced at least one model (the "B.S.A. Light Infantry Pattern Lewis Gun", which lacked the aluminium barrel shroud and had a wooden fore grip) designed as a form of assault rifle.[20] Service[edit] First World War[edit] Men of the 28th Battalion of the 2nd Australian Division practising Lewis gun drill at Renescure. During the first days of the war, the Belgian Army had put in service 20 prototypes (5 in 7.65×53mm and 15 in .303) for the defense of Namur.[21] The United Kingdom officially adopted the Lewis gun in .303 British calibre for land and aircraft use in October 1915.[22] The weapon was generally issued to the British Army's infantry battalions on the Western Front in early 1916 as a replacement for the heavier and less mobile Vickers machine gun. The Vickers was withdrawn from the infantry for use by specialist machine-gun companies. The US Navy and Marine Corps followed in early 1917, adopting the M1917 Lewis gun (produced by the Savage Arms Co.), in .30-06 calibre. Notes made during his training in 1918 by Arthur Bullock, a private soldier in the 2/4th Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, record that the chief advantage of the gun was 'its invulnerability' and its chief disadvantages were 'its delicacy, the fact that it is useless for setting up a barrage, and also that the system of air cooling employed does not allow of more than 12 magazines being fired continuously'. He records its weight as 26 lbs unloaded and 30½ lbs loaded (though later he mentions that it weighed 35 lbs loaded), and that it had 47 cartridges in a fully loaded magazine; also that it was supported by a bipod in front and by the operator's shoulder at the rear.[23] About six months into his service, Bullock was sent on Lewis gun refresher course at La Lacque, and he recalled that the rigour of the training meant that 'everyone passed out 100 percent efficient, the meaning of which will be appreciated when I say that part of the final test was to strip down the gun completely and then, blindfolded, put those 104 parts together again correctly in just one minute.'[24] The gun was operated by a team of seven. Bullock was the First Lewis Gunner who carried the gun and a revolver, while 'The Second Gunner carried a bag containing spare parts, and the reminaing five members of the team carried loaded pans of ammunition'. Bullock noted, 'all could fire the gun if required, and all could effect repairs in seconds'.[25] Bullock provides several vivid descriptions of the gun's use in combat. For example, on 13 April 1918 he and his fellow soldiers intercepted a German advance along the Calonne/Robecq road, noting 'we fired the gun in turns until it was too hot to hold'[26] and recording that 400 German casualties were caused, 'chiefly by my Lewis gun!'.[27][28] The US Army never officially adopted the weapon for infantry use[16] and even went so far as to take Lewis guns away from US Marines arriving in France and replace them with the Chauchat LMG[29]—a practice believed to be related to General Crozier's dislike of Lewis and his gun.[30] The US Army eventually adopted the Browning Automatic Rifle in 1917 (although it was September 1918 before any of the new guns reached the front).[31] The US Navy and Marine Corps continued to use the .30-06 calibre Lewis until the early part of the Second World War.[32] Australian soldiers firing at enemy aircraft during the First World War The Russian Empire purchased 10,000 Lewis guns in 1917 from the British government, and ordered another 10,000 weapons from Savage Arms in the US. The US government was unwilling to supply the Tsarist Russian government with the guns and some doubt exists as to whether they were actually delivered, although records indicate that 5,982 Savage weapons were delivered to Russia by 31 March 1917. The Lewis guns supplied by Britain were dispatched to Russia in May 1917, but it is not known for certain whether these were the Savage-made weapons being trans-shipped through the UK, or a separate batch of UK-produced units.[33] White armies in Northwest Russia received several hundred Lewis guns in 1918–1919.[34] British Mark IV tanks used the Lewis, replacing the Vickers and Hotchkiss used in earlier tanks. The Lewis was chosen for its relatively compact magazines, but as soon as an improved magazine belt for the Hotchkiss was developed, the Lewis was replaced by them in later tank models.[35] As their enemies used the mobility of the gun to ambush German raiding parties, the Germans nicknamed the Lewis "the Belgian Rattlesnake". They used captured Lewis guns in both World Wars, and included instruction in its operation and care as part of their machine-gun crew training.[36] Despite costing more than a Vickers gun to manufacture (the cost of a Lewis gun was £165 in 1915[8] and £175 in 1918;[37] the Vickers cost about £100),[31] Lewis machine guns were in high demand with the British military during the First World War. The Lewis also had the advantage of being about 80% faster to build than the Vickers, and was a lot more portable.[19] Accordingly, the British government placed orders for 3,052 guns between August 1914 and June 1915.[8] By the end of the war, over 50,000 Lewis guns had been produced in the US and UK and they were nearly ubiquitous on the Western Front, outnumbering the Vickers by a ratio of about 3:1.[31] Aircraft use[edit] Captain Charles Chandler (with prototype Lewis Gun) and Lt Roy Kirtland in a Wright Model B Flyer after the first successful firing of a machine gun from an aeroplane in June 1912. No. 87 Squadron Dolphin flown by Cecil Montgomery-Moore. A Lewis gun is mounted atop the lower right wing The Lewis gun has the distinction of being the first machine gun fired from an aeroplane; on 7 June 1912, Captain Charles Chandler of the US Army fired a prototype Lewis gun from the foot-bar of a Wright Model B Flyer.[36] Lewis Guns mounted in the front cockpit of the pusher Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2d Lewis Gun Manual used by Sgt. Don L. Palmer of the 25th Aero Squadron. Albert Ball in an S.E.5a, showing the Foster mount's arc-shaped I-beam rail. Lewis guns were used extensively on British and French aircraft during the First World War, as either an observer's or gunner's weapon or an additional weapon to the more common Vickers. The Lewis's popularity as an aircraft machine gun was partly due to its low weight, the fact that it was air-cooled and that it used self-contained 97-round drum magazines. Because of this, the Lewis was first mounted on the Vickers F.B.5 "Gunbus", which was probably the world's first purpose-built combat aircraft when it entered service in August 1914, replacing the Vickers machine gun used on earlier experimental versions.[38] It was also fitted on two early production examples of the Bristol Scout C aircraft by Lanoe Hawker in the summer of 1915, mounted on the port side and firing forwards and outwards at a 30° angle to avoid the propeller arc. The problem in mounting a Lewis to fire forward in most single-engined tractor configuration fighters was due to the open bolt firing cycle of the Lewis, which prevented it from being synchronized to fire directly forward through the propeller arc of such aircraft; only the unusual French SPAD S.A "pulpit plane" which possessed a unique hinged gunner's nacelle immediately ahead of the propeller (and the pilot), and the British pusher fighters Vickers F.B.5, Airco D.H.2, Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 and F.E.8 could readily use the Lewis as direct forward-firing armament early in the war. Some British single-engined tractor fighters used a Foster mounting on the top wing to elevate a Lewis gun above the propeller arc for unsynchronized firing, including production S.E.5/S.E.5a fighters and field-modified examples of the Avro 504. For the use of observers or rear gunners, the Lewis was mounted on a Scarff ring, which allowed the gun to be rotated and elevated whilst supporting the gun's weight.[39] Until September 1916 Zeppelin airships were very difficult to attack successfully at high altitude, although this also made accurate bombing impossible. Aeroplanes struggled to reach a typical altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m), and firing the solid bullets usually used by aircraft Lewis guns was ineffectual: they made small holes causing inconsequential gas leaks. Britain developed new bullets, the Brock containing spontaneously igniting potassium chlorate,[40] and the Buckingham filled with pyrophoric phosphorus,[41] to set fire to the Zeppelin's hydrogen. These had become available by September 1916.[42] They proved very successful, and Lewis guns loaded with a mixture of Brock and Buckingham ammunition were often employed for balloon-busting against German Zeppelins, other airships and Drache barrage balloons.[36] 1918 Sopwith Dolphin with twin Lewis guns aimed upwards. On the French Nieuport 11 and later Nieuport 17 sesquiplanes, a Lewis gun was mounted above the top wing (in a similar way as fitted to the British S.E.5a) – sometimes on a Foster mount, which allowed firing directly forward outside the propeller arc. The Foster mount usually incorporated an arc-shaped I-beam rail as its rearmost structural member, that a Lewis gun could be slid backwards and downwards along the rail towards the cockpit, to allow the ammunition drum to be changed in flight – but RFC fighter ace Albert Ball VC also understood that the Lewis gun in such a mount also retained its original trigger, and could thus be fired upwards. He used the upward firing Lewis to attack solitary German two-seater aircraft from below and behind, where the observer could not see him or fire back. It was his use of the weapon in this way, in a Nieuport, that led to its later introduction on the S.E.5/S.E.5a: Ball had acted in a consultant capacity on the development of this aeroplane. The later Sopwith Dolphin, already armed with twin synchronized Vickers guns just forward of the pilot and just above its V-8 engine, could also use one or two Lewis guns mounted on the forward crossbar of its cabane structure, between the top wing panels, as an anti-Zeppelin measure. A few of the Dolphins in use with No. 87 Squadron RAF in the summer of 1918, alternatively mounted their twin Lewises atop the lower wings just inboard of the inner wing struts for an additional pair of forward-firing machine guns; in such a field-achieved configuration, however, neither gun-jam clearing, nor drum magazine replacement were possible on their Lewises during a mission. Lewis guns were also carried as defensive guns on British airships. The SS class blimps carried one gun. The larger NS class blimps carried two or three guns in the control car and some were fitted with an additional gun and a gunner's position at the top of the gasbag.[43] Second World War[edit] By the Second World War, the British Army had replaced the Lewis gun with the Bren gun for most infantry use. As an airborne weapon, the Lewis was largely supplanted by the Vickers K, a weapon that could achieve over twice the rate of fire of the Lewis. Recruits of the Singapore Volunteer Force training with a Lewis gun, 1941 In the crisis following the Fall of France, where a large part of the British Army's equipment had been lost up to and at Dunkirk, stocks of Lewis guns in both .303 and .30-06 were hurriedly pressed back into service, primarily for Home Guard, airfield defence and anti-aircraft use.[44] 58,983 Lewis guns were taken from stores, repaired, refitted and issued by the British during the course of the war.[45] In addition to their reserve weapon role in the UK, they also saw front-line use with the Dutch, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces in the early years of the Pacific campaign against the Japanese.[46] The Lewis gun saw continued service as an anti-aircraft weapon during the war; in this role, it was credited by the British for bringing down more low-flying enemy aircraft than any other AA weapon.[47] Peter White indicates that his battalion of the King's Own Scottish Borderers was still using the Lewis on Universal carriers in 1945.[48] A New Zealand-crewed LRDG truck (equipped with a Lewis Gun) is dug out of the sand, c.1942. At the start of the Second World War, the Lewis was the Royal Navy's standard close-range air defence weapon. It could be found on major warships, armed trawlers and defensively equipped merchant ships. It was often used in twin mountings and a quadruple mount was developed for motor torpedo boats. British submarines generally carried two guns on single mounts. Although it was gradually replaced by the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, new corvettes were still being fitted with twin Lewises as late as 1942. Lewis guns were also carried by the Royal Air Force's air-sea rescue launches.[49] A Royal Navy Motor Torpedo Boat with dual twin Lewis guns, 1940. American forces used the Lewis gun (in .30-06 calibre) throughout the war. The US Navy used the weapon on armed merchant cruisers, small auxiliary ships, landing craft and submarines. The US Coast Guard also used the Lewis on their vessels.[47] It was never officially adopted by the US Army for anything other than aircraft use.[16] The Germans used captured British Lewis guns during the war under the designation MG 137(e),[50] whilst the Japanese copied the Lewis design and employed it extensively during the war;[47] it was designated the Type 92 and chambered for a 7.7 mm rimmed cartridge that was interchangeable with the .303 British round.[51][52] The Lewis was officially withdrawn from British service in 1946,[31] but continued to be used by forces operating against the United Nations in the Korean War. It was also used against French and US forces in the First Indochina War and the subsequent Vietnam War.[53] Total production of the Lewis gun during the Second World War by BSA was over 145,000 units,[16] a total of 3,550 guns were produced by the Savage Arms Co. for US service—2,500 in .30-06 and 1,050 in .303 British calibre.[32] Variants[edit] Canada[edit] Model 1915. This was the designation given to .303 Lewis Mk I weapons manufactured for Canada in the United States by the Savage Arms Company. Large numbers of these guns were also produced by Savage for the British Army and in an aircraft configuration, for France and Italy.[54] Czech Vz 28/L, chambered for the 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition. Czechoslovakia[edit] Vz 28/L. 731 7.92×57mm Lewis guns formerly used by the Czechoslovakian infantry were modified to aircraft (or anti-aircraft) machines guns by Česká zbrojovka Strakonice.[55] Netherlands[edit] Mitrailleur M. 20. In the Netherlands, the Lewis in both ground and aircraft versions was used in 6.5×53 mm R calibre, using a 97-round magazine only.[56] The infantry version was equipped with a carrying handle on a clamp around the rear of the cooling tube. After the German invasion of May 1940, the weapon was also used by Germany under the designation 6,5 mm leichtes Maschinengewehr 100 (h).[57] This Dutch modification of the older BSA redesign would have been extremely simple, as the Dutch/Romanian 6.5mm Mannlicher round has very nearly the same critical dimensions of the case head and rim as .303" British. United Kingdom[edit] A British Home Guard platoon in 1941. The soldier on the right is carrying either a Lewis Mk III* or Mk III** with the improvised skeleton stock and fore-stock to make it usable as a ground weapon. The man next to him is carrying the drum magazine. Mark I. The .303 Lewis Mk I was the basic ground pattern model used by British and British Empire forces from 1915 with few improvements.[58] Mark II. This was the first purpose built aircraft version of the Lewis, earlier versions had been improvised from Mk I guns. The cooling fins were omitted to save weight, but a light protective shroud around the barrel was retained. The wooden stock was removed and replaced with a "spade" grip, which resembled the handle of a garden spade. A 97-round drum magazine was introduced which required a larger magazine spigot on the body of the gun. Mark II*. An improved Mk II with an increased rate of fire introduced in 1918. Mark III. A further upgrade of the Mk II with an even faster rate of fire and the barrel shroud deleted, introduced later in 1918.[59] Mark III*. The British designation for the US .30-06 M1918 aircraft gun, some 46,000 of which were imported for the use of the Home Guard in 1940. These guns were modified for ground use by the replacement of the spade grip with a crude skeleton stock and the addition of a simple wooden fore-stock which would allow the gun to be fired while resting on a sandbag, or from the hip while advancing. Mark III**. The designation for the .303 Mark III modified in the same way as the US M1918s. Mark III DEMS. Intended for Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships (DEMS), it was similar to the Mk III** but with the addition of a pistol grip on the fore-stock, so that the weapon could be fired free-standing from the shoulder, from any part of a ship's decks. Mark IV. After all the usable weapons had been reconditioned and issued, there remained a large number of incomplete Lewis guns and spare parts. These were assembled into guns similar to the Mk III**. There was a particular shortage of the fragile "clock" springs for the Lewis, so a simpler spring was manufactured and housed in a straight tube which extended into the skeleton stock. Many of these guns were fitted with a simple and light tripod which had been specially produced.[60] United States[edit] M1917 Lewis. Savage produced a version of the Lewis Mk I for US forces, rechambered for the .30-06 round and with a modified gas operation due to the greater power of the US ammunition. A few of these were modified for aircraft use, when intended for non-synchronized emplacements on an airframe. The US Navy designation was Lewis Mark IV. M1918 Lewis. A purpose built aircraft version of the M1917. Experimental projects[edit] A commercial venture in 1921 by the Birmingham Small Arms Company was a version which fired the 12.7×81mm (0.5-inch Vickers) ammunition, intended for use against aircraft and tanks. At around the same time, BSA developed the Light Infantry Model which had a 22-round magazine and a wooden fore-stock in place of the radiator fins and shroud; it was intended to be used in a similar way to the Browning Automatic Rifle. Another development was a twin Lewis for aircraft use in which the bodies of the two weapons were joined side-by-side and the drum magazines were mounted vertically, one on each side. None of these projects was accepted by any armed forces.[61] Lewis had also experimented with lighter, 30-06 calibre, box magazine-fed infantry rifle variants intended for shoulder or hip fire as a competition to the BAR. They were dubbed "Assault Phase Rifle" – what could be understood as the first use of the term "Assault Rifle", despite the weapon being, by today's designation, a battle rifle. Despite being three pounds lighter than it and loaded with very forward-thinking features for the time (such as an ambidexterous magazine release), the U.S. Army still chose to adopt the BAR.[62] A short-barrelled light machine gun variant was developed at the start of the Second World War. It came with a hand guard and was fed from a 30-round Bren magazines; however, it was decided by the British authorities to concentrate production on the Bren, which had the advantage of a changeable barrel.[63] Influence on later designs[edit] The German FG 42 paratrooper's rifle used the Lewis gun's gas assembly and bolt design which were in turn incorporated into the M60 machine gun.[53] The Type 92 machine gun, the standard hand-held machine gun used by Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft gunners in WWII, was essentially a copy of the Lewis gun.[citation needed] Users[edit] Armée de Libération Nationale guerrillas[64]  Australia[65]  Barbados[66]  Belgium[21]  Bermuda: Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps[67]  Biafra[68]  North Borneo[69]  Bolivia[70]  Canada[71]  Ceylon[72]  Republic of China: used by warlord armies[73]  Czechoslovakia[55]  Estonia[74] Kept in reserve in 1940.[75]  Fiji[76]  Finland: used as 7,62 pk/Lewis and 7,70 pk/Lewis[77]  France[78]  Democratic Republic of Georgia (Mostly People's Guard and some army units in 1918–1921)  German Empire (Which found it much lighter than the MG08/15)[79]  Nazi Germany[79]  Guiana[80]  British Hong Kong[81]  British India[82]  Ireland[60]  Israel[83]  Italy: infantry variant, modified to be used on aircraft[84]  Empire of Japan[78]  Latvia: standard LMG during Latvian War of Independence and interwar period.[53] Used by Latvian Police Battalions of WW2.[85]  British Malaya[86]  Mauritius[87]  Mexico[88]  Netherlands[89]  Nicaragua[90]  Norway: manufactured before WWI[91]  Northern Rhodesia[92]  Southern Rhodesia[93]  Philippines[94]  Poland[60]  Portugal[54]  Romania[95]  Russian Empire[83]  Somaliland: Somaliland Camel Corps[96]  Soviet Union[83]  Spanish Republic[97]  Tibet[98]  Transjordan[89]  United Kingdom & British Empire  United States  Vietnam[53]  Kingdom of Yugoslavia  New Zealand[99][100] See also[edit] List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL A-11 Johnston Model D1918 machine gun FM 24/29 light machine gun Type 92 machine gun DP machine gun ***Diagram of the Lewis machine gun action Caliber .303 (7.7x57R), .30-06 (7.62x63) and others Weight 11.8 kg Length 1283 mm Barrel length 666 mm Feed  pan magazine, 47 or 97-rounds Rate of fire 550 rounds per minute The Lewis light machine gun was designed in USA by Col. Isaac N. Lewis, based on earlier machine gun by Dr. Samuel McLean, but found no takers because of personal opposition from US Army’s Chief of ordnance. Trying to sell the gun overseas, US-based Automatic Arms Co, which held patents for Lewis guns, established a subsidiary company in Belgium, know as Armes Automatiques Lewis SA. However, it was a pure marketing agent, and production contracts for first “European” Lewis LMG were placed in 1913 with British Birmingham Small Arms (BSA) company. First batch of 50 BSA-made Lewis guns was completed by mid-1913, in as much as seven different calibers, with obvious goal of marketing these guns across Europe. When war broke, BSA received orders for Lewis guns, and by the end of the war delivered well over 15 thousands of Lewis guns. In USA, Lewis machine guns were built in .30-06 caliber, mostly for US Army Air Corps and for US Marine corps. The Lewis gun also saw extensive use as an aircraft machine gun during WW1 and in following decade. Lewis light machine gun became most famous in British use and manufacture; it was widely used by British troops during WW1 and afterwards. During WW1 it was also supplied to Imperial Russia. During WW2, many infantry Lewis guns were recalled from reserve stores and issued to British Home Guard units. Furthermore, in the view of possible German invasion in 1940-41, many former aircraft Lewis guns, of both British and US origin, were converted for ground use and also issued to Home Guard. It must be noted that ex-aircraft Lewis guns, supplied from USA through Lend-lease program, were chambered for .30-06 US Service ammunition; when converted to ground use in UK, these guns retained its chambering and were marked with red stripes to distinguish its non-standard chambering. Lewis machine guns were also manufactured under license in Japan (as Type 92, for Naval infantry and aerial use) and in the Netherlands. Lewis light machine gun is a gas operated, air cooled, full automatic only weapon that fires from open bolt. It has a non-removable barrel with aluminum radiator, enclosed into tubular barrel jacket of relatively large diameter; jacket was opened from both front and rear. When gun was fired, the muzzle blast caused the air to flow inside the jacket from rear to front, providing forced air cooling for a relatively light barrel. In aircraft versions the jacket and radiator usually were discarded to save weight. The basic action used a rotary bolt with four radial lugs, located at the rear of the bolt; lugs locked into the recesses in receiver walls. Bolt was operated by a vertical stud, which entered a helical cut made in the bolt body. This stud was installed on the gas piston rod, which runs below the barrel. Gas block was located near the muzzle, and was concealed within the barrel jacket. One unusual design feature of the Lewis gun was the return spring. It was a spiral, clock-type spring which operated a gear wheel, located in the semi-circular hump below the receiver. The gear wheel co-operated with a teethed rack, machined on the underside of the gas piston rod, so the return spring was wound upon recoil cycle (under the power of powder gases), and then unwound itself on closing movement of the bolt group. The firing pin was fixed to the vertical stud on the gas piston rod. The feed system of the Lewis gun was also somewhat unusual, as its flat pan magazine, which held rounds in two layers, had no spring to feed cartridges into the gun. Instead, the magazine was powered by the gun itself, via special feed operating arm with two pawls, which engaged stamped ribs, made on the outside of the magazine cover. The feed arm oscillated in horizontal plane, being operated by the vertical stud located at the rear of the bolt. With each cycle of the bolt group, magazine was rotated by one step to feed next cartridge into the ready position. For aerial combat, four-layered magazines with bigger capacity were produced. Standard furniture for Lewis light machine gun included a wooden pistol grip and a wooden buttstock, and a folding, detachable bipod. Optional carrying handle could be installed near the center of gravity of the gun, that is, at the rear of the barrel jacket. Guns, converted from aerial to ground use often lacked the barrel jacket and radiator; a light bipod was attached to the mounting, originally used to install the gun in aircraft turrets. Additionally, a skeleton buttstock was pinned to the rear spade grip and a simple rear sight set to 400 yards ****The 'Lewis gun' was a refinement by U.S. Army Colonel Isaac N. Lewis, of an existing design by another American, Samuel McClean. The resulting weapon went on to define the light machine gun as a class of firearm. Machine guns like the Maxim family could fire more continuously and with accuracy at long range, but were heavy and had to be served by a crew of men. A 'light' machine gun would allow soldiers to take the fight to the enemy. The Lewis was designed with a rifle-style shoulder stock, pistol grip, and carrying sling. Instead of a water-filled barrel jacket, the Lewis was air-cooled using a finned radiator fitted beneath a steel shroud. When fired, this created a 'venturi' effect, sucking the hot air forwards and drawing colder air in behind it. This effect can be seen in the accompanying high-speed video footage. The belt feed system of the Maxim was replaced by a rotating 'pan' magazine, limiting capacity but keeping the gun light and easy to handle. Importantly, a clamp-on bipod was also designed to allow a stable firing platform, replacing the fixed tripod mount of the heavy machine guns. Though an American design, the United States Army was reluctant to adopt Colonel Lewis's gun. Instead he turned to Europe. Use and effect The British army was the first to adopt the Lewis gun, which became part of important reforms to the deployment of machine guns. The heavy Vickers and Maxim guns, and their gun crews, were taken from the infantry to form the new Machine Gun Corps. The MGC would treat the Vickers more like an artillery piece, delivering fire where it was needed to support the infantry. Meanwhile, infantry regiments instead received the Lewis gun. Firing the same cartridge as the Vickers and with a similar rate of fire, it was far easier for soldiers to carry, get set up, and use in the attack. Along with the Vickers gun, it enabled the changes in tactics that led to later British and Allied success. The Lewis also became the first ever aircraft machine gun, fitted in flexible mounts on two-seat spotter aircraft, but also mounted above the wing even on later fighters like the SE5a. The cooling radiator was often removed, as cold air rushing over the barrel made it unnecessary. A bigger, 97 round magazine was used to limit the need for frequent and fiddly magazine changes in moving aircraft at freezing altitudes. ****Lewis Gun Light Machine Gun (LMG)  Infantry / Small Arms  1/1 Credit: Image from the Public Domain.  The famous Lewis Gun was used in all manner of ways throughout World War 1 and World War 2. Authored By: Staff Writer | Last Edited: 7/31/2019 | Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com   American Isaac Newton Lewis (1858-1931) served in the United States Army and lent his talents to invention when possible. In 1911, he refined an original machine gun design of Samuel Maclean and began active marketing of type which came to be known simply as the "Lewis Gun", "Lewis Automatic Rifle" or "Lewis Automatic Machine Gun". The weapon proved a portable, air-cooled system with multi-role possibilities. Throughout its career, it served as a fixed defensive weapon, an aerial machine gun and as a Light Machine Gun (LMG) at the infantry level. The Lewis Gun went on to serve throughout World War 1 (1914-1918), World War 2 (1939-1945) and was in limited use during the Korean War (1950-1953). Interestingly, the American-originated weapon did not initially interest US authorities when it was first unveiled which forced Lewis to take the development to Europe where he first sold it to the Belgian Army and local production ensued. From there, French and British interest netted Lewis tens of thousands on order and - once America committed to World War 1 - forced the United States to finally invest in the Lewis Gun of which they did. Large-scale manufacture eventually settled to England where it was produced at the Birmingham Small Arms Company, Ltd (BSA) of Birmingham UK. The Lewis Gun became one of many weapons that saw extensive use in both world wars. The Belgian Army adopted the Lewis Gun in 1913 to which the British Army then followed. In the summer of 1914, World War 1 was sparked with the assassination of the heir-presumtive to the Austrian-Hungarian throne, forcing long-held alliances to come into play with national power committing to war against national power. The German Empire was aligned with Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) through the collective name of the "Central Powers". Against them was the "Triple Entente" led by Britain, France and Russia. Britain was sworn to Belgium's aid in the event of war which came in July of 1914. The German intent was to conquer Belgium en route to Paris, France. The initial German thrust was swift and forced Belgian forces into retreat. It was during this fierce fighting that the Lewis Gun was first pressed into actual combat. The British Army claimed use of the weapon during this time as well, though in fewer numbers than their Belgian allies. By the time the war was in full swing, the Lewis Gun was available in substantial numbers and promptly placed into all sorts of battlefield requirements - including their fitting at observer stations (rear gunners) on tandem-seat "fighting scout" biplanes as well as large multi-engined, multi-position bombers defensed by an array of machine guns on trainable mounts. The war - expected to be over by Christmas of 1914 - extended into a series of bloody entanglements involving trench warfare that would span four long years of bloodshed. The once-fluid fronts had bogged down into a network of trench passages with "No Man's Land" sections established between two competing forces - often competing for nothing more than several hundred yards of desolate landscape. The machine gun played a significant role in warfare for the first time during World War 1 as it held the ability to single-handedly changed any one engagement in favor of the operator. The machine gun was also joined by the aircraft and "tank" (then known as landships) during this time as well. The repeat, voluminous fire capability of the machine gun allowed for swathes of territory to be under the gun's firing arc and range, keeping the enemy at bay. Machine guns could also be "networked" through two or three individual emplacements covering the other, ensuring multiple arcs and further endangering any brave souls charged with taking well-defended positions. This, along with artillery fire, attributed to the high casualty counts of the war which was still being fought with rules based in 19th Century warfare. At its core, the Lewis Machine Gun was a gas-operated system weighing some 28lbs. The type was chambered for a series of cartridges throughout its long service life led by the .303 British cartridge and including the American .30-06 Springfield round and the German 7.92x57mm Mauser round. All versions were fed by a top-mounted "pan" magazine and these could number either 47- or 97-rounds in total. Sighting was through a blade and tangent leaf arrangement to allow for some accuracy down range. Rate-of-fire was 500 to 600 rounds per minute and the weapon offered a muzzle velocity of 2,440 feet per second. Effective range was 880 yards with a maximum range of 3,500 yards. The weapon was traditionally given an underslung pistol grip with integrated trigger unit as well as a solid wooden stock. A bipod supported the forward portion of the weapon. One of the key physical features of the Lewis Gun was its cylindrical forward section which was actually a cooling shroud intended to counter the effects of an overheated barrel. The shroud utilized a "forced cooling" principle in which the rear of the shroud lay open and pulled cooler air into and around the barrel and gas cylinder through a finned aluminum radiator structure. The shroud also covered the muzzle, surpassing its length somewhat and it was at this area that the exiting propellant gasses induced flow of the air through the cooling assembly at the rear, running up and along the radiator arrangement and, in theory adding a cooling feature to the barrel. The shroud allowed the weapon to be an "air-cooled" machine gun which ran contrary to developments such as the storied Vickers model which required use of a water canister and hose attachment for its cooling. While water cooling proved the more effective method (assuming a steady supply of water), it also required extra equipment and required multiple personnel unlike air-cooled guns. When it was realized that the Lewis Gun made for a good aerial weapon, the shroud was removed without any repercussions to the gun. Many Allied aircraft were then fitted with Lewis Guns at the rear cockpit while Vickers machine guns remained the primary forward-mounted, forward-firing weapons. Such Lewis Guns were typically set on trainable ring mountings allowing for expanded firing arcs. Lewis marketed his gun to American authorities and, while evaluated by the US Army to some point, the weapon was not adopted as America was not yet pressed with a wartime atmosphere (it entered the war in 1917). By the time of the American commitment, the Lewis system was well-established and proven in combat and - coupled with a shortage of small arms for American forces arriving in Europe - ensured that the United States Army would procure the type in time and in number. At the end of the war, the weapon remained in the US Army inventory though relegated for training purposes - a veteran of one of the first modern bloody conflicts and the first to showcase machine guns in their full, frightful power. American aircraft did, however, standardized on Lewis Guns for a time following the European experience.  The Lewis Gun managed to survive the budget cuts of the interwar years across several militaries of the world. Despite it being replaced in some circles (the British went on to adopt the excellent Czech-based BREN Light Machine Gun), the Lewis series was still in circulation by the time of World War 2. Again, a shortage of small arms forced the aging weapon into frontline service. Even with British BRENs available, so much inventory was lost in the harried evacuations at Dunkirk, France that Lewis Guns in British storage were reissued to Home Guard and naval elements to shore up stock limitations. In practice, Lewis Guns were highly valued for their lethality though they did prove prone to jamming and excessive weight (particularly for a "light" machine gun). One of the primary reasons for stoppages lay in the overhead pan magazine feed as well as the relatively complex internal action. Regardless, it was available in the required numbers and, when working, it provided the repeat-fire capabilities on land and in the air that was needed by Allied forces. Additionally, a half-dozen or so Lewis Guns could be manufactured for every one Vickers system, such was its comparable manufacture simplicity. As a long-running weapon, the Lewis Gun appeared in several notable variants throughout its service life. The Mark 1 model was brought about on October 15th, 1915 by the British Army and proved the original production form. These were fielded with the 47-round count pan magazines with sights ranged out to 2,000 yards. Overall length was 50.5 inches with an unloaded weight of 26lbs. The Mark 2 was brought about as an aircraft-based version of the land-based Mark 1 and these were adopted on November 10th, 1915. The Mark 2 saw its cooling shroud removed and a spade-type grip added to the rear of the receiver (losing its wooden stock). Early versions still utilized the 47-round pan magazine until, in November of 1916, the 97-round count was introduced on aircraft variants as well. The Mark 2* was adopted late in the war on May 13th, 1918 (the war ended with an armistice in November). Based on the Mark 2 design, and modified from existing stocks of that weapon, the Mark 2* was given a higher rate-of-fire for improved hit probability in aerial combat. This involved use of a dimensionally larger gas port used in the gas-operated action. The Mark 3 designation was nothing more than new-build Mark 2* guns. Lewis Guns were available in its various forms throughout the interwar years. By the time of World War 2, they were, yet again, pressed into service. The war began in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, prompting both France and Britain to declare war on the Axis powers with included Italy, Japan, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. The German tactic lay, once again, in dominating Belgium and its neighbors en route to Paris, France which was finally reached in the summer of 1940. In 1942, the British Navy headed development of the "Lewis SS" gun (also "Lewis Mark XI SS") which attempted to translate the Lewis Gun into a more conventional infantry LMG to be fired from the shoulder. Existing stocks were modified to the new standard which involved loss of the cooling shroud and radiator (if affixed), addition of a forward hand grip (as well as hand guard), installation of a muzzle compensator and use of a traditional rifle-style butt. Back in 1940, the American firearms concern of Savage Arms Corporation took on production of the Lewis Gun in .30-06 Springfield caliber and this form was recognized by the British as "Savage-Lewis" guns to avoid confusion with their existing .303 British machine gun stocks. A red, two-inch band was also painted on these British models to clearly differentiate their chambering to unsuspecting users. Early forms incorporated a wooden butt but these later gave way to a cheaper metal skeleton type arrangement. Original sighting devices were also fixed while later models showcased adjustable types ranged to 400 yards. Grips were of the spade type. The British Navy procured some of this form throughout the year and these were later passed on to British Home Guard units. In the post-war years, the Lewis Gun continued service as the Mark 4 was adopted on August 16th, 1946. The Mark 4 involved existing Mark 3 guns revised to an easier mass-production standard. Earlier Mark 1 guns were to be updated to the Mark 4 standard under the Mark 1* designation but it is believed that none ever saw the light of day for the Mark 1, itself, was officially labeled "obsolete" by British authorities. Ironically, the declaration was made on the same day of adoption of the Mark 4 in 1946. From this point forward, Lewis Guns began to fall largely out of use for, by 1953, they were mostly out of frontline circulation in any one army. Production spanned from 1913 to 1942 with use beginning as far back as 1914. Despite its formal retirement, the Lewis Gun has appeared in more modern conflicts as was the case during the Arab-Israeli War (1948-1949), "The Troubles" (Northern Ireland, 1960-1998) and during the Croatian War of Indepedence (1991-1995). The Lewis Gun was officially adopted by the forces of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Japan, Estonia, Finland, France, Honduras, Ireland, Italy, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Empire (and, later, the Soviet Union), Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Yugoslavia. The German Empire of World War 1 and the Nazi German regime of World War 2 both used presumably captured stocks and chambered them for local 7.92mm cartridge. Captured Lewis Guns in German service were bestowed the designation of MG 137(e).    ebay4993/186
  • Condition: Used
  • Condition: Very good condition . Tightly bound. Inner quite clean and unstained . Very nicely preserved copy for its 80 years of age .( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images )
  • Country of Manufacture: 1939 ERETZ ISRAEL - PALESTINE
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Israel
  • Religion: Judaism

PicClick Insights - 1939 Palestine FIREARMS MANUAL Jewish LEWIS GUN Hebrew NOTRIM Book ISRAEL GUIDE PicClick Exclusive

  •  Popularity - 0 watchers, 0.0 new watchers per day, 100 days for sale on eBay. 0 sold, 1 available.
  •  Best Price -
  •  Seller - 2,805+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.

People Also Loved PicClick Exclusive