1921 NY Times newspaper ALBERT EINSTEIN trys2 explain his THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE

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Seller: qrst ✉️ (42,451) 99.9%, Location: Oxford, Maryland, US, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 371902959924 1921 NY Times newspaper ALBERT EINSTEIN trys2 explain his THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE.

1921 NY Times newspaper - Physicist ALBERT EINSTEIN wirth an early attempt to explain his THEORY OF THE size of the UNIVERSE to the public at large - inv # 9B-118

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SEE PHOTO----- COMPLETE, ORIGINAL NEWSPAPER, the NY Times dated Feb 2, 1921. This newspaper contains prominent front page "stacked" headlines and a long detailed 2 colum essay on ALBERT EINSTEIN trying to publicly explain his THEORY of the size of the UNIVERSE to the average person - an attempt that would prove to be inadequate to the mind of most ordinary people.

In 1917, Albert Einstein amazed the world of physics by publishing his general theory of relativity in which he describes gravity as a geometric property of space and time. That immediately raised the broader question of the structure of the universe as a whole, a problem that founded the modern discipline of cosmology.

In the next few years, various scientists developed various different models of the way the fabric of space time might be arranged in the cosmos, researchers such as the Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann, the Dutch mathematician Willem de Sitter and the Belgian priest Georges Lemaitre. Einstein played a relatively small part in these discussions, producing only a few important contributions.

At that time, the conventional thinking was that the universe existed in a steady-state, that it was neither expanding nor contracting. And for that reason, Einstein introduced a cosmological constant into his model that could be fine-tuned to ensure that the universe did not expand or contract.

But a key part of the jigsaw was missing. At about that time, Edwin Hubble began to publish data suggesting that the “island universes”, or galaxies, that astronomers could see were vastly more distant than the stars and moving away from us at rapid speed. His conclusion, one that profoundly changed our understanding of the cosmos, was that the universe must be expanding.

The leading physicists of the time immediately grasped the significance of Hubble’s discovery. If he was correct, the steady-state models of the universe would need to be changed.

Indeed, in 1932 Einstein and de Sitter published a new model in which they abandoned the cosmological constant and so allowed the universe to expand. This model has been the workhorse of the cosmological community ever since.

Now Cormac O’Raifeartaigh and Brendan McCann at the Waterford Institute of Technology in Ireland reveal an important step in the evolution of Einstein’s thinking towards this model. These guys have translated a little-known paper of Einstein’s for the first time that predates the 1932 paper by a year.

In this paper, called “Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie” or “On the cosmological problem of the general theory of relativity”, Einstein creates a model universe that first expands and then contracts with a singularity at the beginning and at the end. This model is important because he also sets the cosmological constant to 0, thereby testing this idea for the first time.

O’Raifeartaigh and McCann begin by explaining the historical concept of the paper. Einstein appears to have written this paper after a three-month visit to the US where he spent much of his time at Princeton but also travel to meet Hubble and discuss his results.

One of the curious features of the paper is that Einstein misspells Hubble’s name throughout, suggesting to O’Raifeartaigh and McCann that he must have been unfamiliar with Hubble’s work. Neither is the paper carefully referenced, perhaps because Einstein clearly hurried to finish it. O’Raifeartaigh and McCann say he wrote it over a period of just four days.

The model that Einstein toys with is clearly a stepping stone. For example, it assumes a universe in which the fabric of space-time has a positive curvature. That was necessary in Einstein’s steady-state model of the universe. But he later discovered that it was unnecessary in an expanding model which could have positive or negative curvature or be flat. Indeed, the possibility that universe could be flat was one of the features of the Einstein-de Sitter model a year later.

One of the most interesting aspects of the paper is that Einstein uses this model to calculate the size of the universe, which he puts at 10^8 light-years or 9.5×10^25 centimetres in radius (several orders of magnitude smaller than today’s estimates). 

To make this calculation, he estimates the age of the universe at about 10 billion years old. (The current consensus is that the universe is about 14 billion years old).

Very good condition. This listing includes the complete entire original newspaper, NOT just a clipping or a page of it. STEPHEN A. GOLDMAN HISTORICAL NEWSPAPERS stands behind all of the items that we sell with a no questions asked, money back guarantee. Every item we sell is an original newspaper printed on the date indicated at the beginning of its description. U.S. buyers pay  priority mail postage which includes waterproof plastic and a heavy cardboard flat to protect your purchase from damage in the mail. International postage is quoted when we are informed as to where the package is to be sent. We do combine postage (to reduce postage costs) for multiple purchases sent in the same package. We accept payment by PAYPAL as well as by CREDIT CARD (Visa and Master Card). We list hundreds of rare newspapers with dates from 1570 through 2004 on Ebay each week and we ship packages twice a week. This is truly SIX CENTURIES OF HISTORY that YOU CAN OWN!

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