Monaco 1978 Imperf - Van Gogh Flowers - MNH - YT €60.00+

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Seller: stamplake_com ✉️ (502) 100%, Location: Bergen, NO, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 364038215762 Monaco 1978 Imperf - Van Gogh Flowers - MNH - YT €60.00+.
MONACO 1970's SCARCE STAMP SERIES 100% Original Old Stamps    
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Monaco 1963 Imperf - Space Satelite - MNH - Yvert €60.00+

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    All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge. PRODUCT INFO   TIMBRE NON DENTELE - NON PERFORATED POSTAGE - ORIGINAL GUM - NOT HINGED CATALOGUE PRICE IN EURO (ON PICTURES)  YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO ET DES TERRITORIES FRANCAIS D'OUTRE-MER - 2012 YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO AND FRENCH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES - 2012 COMPLETED ISSUES COLLECTIBLE STAMPS VAN GOGH PAINTINGS IMPERFORATES  EUROPE COLLECTIBLES MONTE CARLO FLOWERS IMPERFORATE LUXURY SERIES STAMPS   MONACO 1980'S (TIMBRE NON DENTELE) IMPERF RARE STAMPS BLOCKS COLLECTING IMPERFORATE (UPERFORERT/UNPERFORATED) POSTAGE STAMPS OF MONACO OVER THE YEARS IS NOT ONLY AN ACQUAINTANCE WITH HISTORY, BUT ALSO A PROFITABLE INVESTMENT.   Since the second half of the 20th century, when Rainier III came to power, philatelists from all over the world have been following every issue of the principality with great interest. Considering the issuance of postage stamps as one of the important sources of income, the mini-state tries to satisfy the needs of collectors as much as possible, offering inexpensive, but interesting products in terms of subject matter and design. There are also copies, the price of which reaches several thousand dollars, mainly these are varieties produced in small numbers or marriages that were immediately withdrawn from use.  The issue with portraits of the newlyweds in oval vignettes between which there was a cartouche with the date of the wedding and a monogram of the letters "R" and "C" was dedicated directly to the marriage ceremony. At different times, series were released where Grace appeared as a loving wife, caring mother and ruling aristocrat. The most famous is still the Princess Grace miniature of 1957 with a profile portrait on a black background. After the death of the actress in 1982, the Monegasque postal department continues to honor her memory. Of the latest commemorative series, the issue of 2017-2018, dedicated to the Hollywood past of Grace Kelly, should be mentioned. And in 2019, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the star, a souvenir sheet was released with three of her portraits of different years. The French graphic artist Yves Beaujar worked on the anniversary project. The most expensive stamps of the Principality The price of printed miniatures depends on the rarity. And it's not just the small print run. Slight differences from the standard - a change in the size of the perforation, the presence or absence of a watermark, a printing defect, an error in the inscription, and the value of the stamp increases several times. Novice collectors need to carefully study the copy they have and compare it with catalog samples before selling it at an overpriced or, conversely, underpriced price. 5fr+5fr, Princess Charlotte's wedding This is one of the rarest stamps of the Principality, with a circulation of 1050 copies. It was issued in 1920 for the wedding celebrations of Princess Charlotte Grimaldi and Count Pierre de Polignac. The story of the bride is very unusual. Being the illegitimate daughter of Louis II, she grew up in oblivion until the age of 21, until it turned out that there were no other heirs to the throne of Monaco. And since a German prince was listed among the distant contenders, France threatened the associated principality with occupation in order to prevent a subject of a foreign state from coming to power. In order to avoid conflict, Charlotte was granted the title of Duchess Valentinois, thus making her the main and only contender for the crown and married a representative of a noble French family. The marriage union was supposed to strengthen political ties between the two neighboring countries. However, Charlotte's marriage turned out to be short-lived and unhappy - her husband had homosexual inclinations, and in 1933 they finally broke up. Two children were born from this union, including the successor of the Grimaldi dynasty, Rainier III. The Princess Charlotte's Wedding miniature, in Fresh condition, was sold in February 2016 at a Daniel F. Kelleher auction for a record $5,015. Charles III, 5fr crimson on green The stamp is one of ten portraits of Charles III issued in 1885. Engraving by D. Dupuis, drawing by E. Muchon. For a rare quality miniature with a perfectly centered image, auctioneer Robert A. Siegel managed to raise $1,600 in April 2017. Princess Grace The famous portrait of the actress, released in 1957, is considered one of the most successful. Grace loved and knew how to wear expensive jewelry, having a reputation as a trendsetter for luxury and high style. In the portrait, she is depicted wearing a diamond diadem and necklace, which she wore only for ceremonial exits. In everyday life, the princess preferred pearls, especially in headsets from the official supplier of the Monegasque court, the Van Cleef & Arpels brand. In June 2010, a block of four 1 franc miniatures with a portrait of Grace Kelly was sold at Cherrystone for $1,400. 500 years since the birth of Albrecht Dürer The most famous brand of the Principality with a characteristic error. It reproduced the engraving of the great artist of the German Renaissance era "Christ before Pilate". The original printing stamp was signed "Albert Dürer" instead of "Albrecht". The mistake was noticed before the circulation went on sale and it was immediately withdrawn. Currently, there are very few "wrong" copies of the brand. A rare case in a philatelist, when a rarity that did not fulfill its direct function brought its owner $ 1,400 at the Schuyler Rumsey auction. Great cormorant 1000 5fr One of the most spectacular Monegasque airmail stamps is adorned with an image of the mainland cormorant. Unlike the standard 14x13.5 perforation, a rare perf 11 is used here. This increased the value of the rarity, allowing Cherrystone to fetch $700 for a block of four large stamps at the auction. The mainland great cormorant lives in the subtropical latitudes of the European and Asian continents. Large, with a body length of up to 90 cm, birds settle in large colonies on the shores of fresh or salt water bodies. They are easily distinguished by their massive silhouette and penguin-like gait. Cormorants feed mainly on fish, like other waterfowl. Hunting in large groups, the birds scare away shoals going to spawn from their usual places. By this, cormorants harm the fishery, which is why for a long time their colonies were destroyed by humans, until the population was on the verge of extinction. READ MORE  INFO ABOUT THE SELLING PRODUCT Monaco is a small (total area is only ~ 2 m2) European principality, which is located next to France. Historically, it was a rock with a monastery, a cathedral and a tiny village. However, now it is one of the most respectable states with an insane price per square meter. Monaco - a city-country on the coast The total population is 32 thousand. But in reality, there are an order of magnitude more people in Monaco. Some of them come here every day to work from neighboring France and Italy. In Monaco, not everyone will find a place to live, but the need for specialists has not disappeared from this. This country is eloquently characterized by the following facts:     Monaco has the highest population density in the world. There are 16,000 people per square kilometer here.     The state is considered one of the most prosperous in the world.     Life expectancy reaches 90 years. And this is the average.     Monaco, despite its tiny size, has more than 800 years of history. It appeared in 1215. Then the principality was a colony of Genoa.     Monaco is not officially part of the European Union. However, the national currency is the euro.     The official language is French. However, quite a lot of Italian is also spoken here.     You can get around Monaco in an hour. In this case, you will have time to visit all the streets.     The Principality is a city-state. This means that all the inhabitants in it live in the same city.     80% of the inhabitants of Monaco are immigrants.     The principality has its own university. True, only one.     The country has such a prosperous crime situation that when an elderly lady was killed here because of her inheritance, it became a national event that was discussed by almost the entire state.     About 90% of the country's territory is monitored by video cameras.     Monaco is one of the most stable countries on the planet. They have been ruled by the Grimaldi dynasty for more than 500 years. And it was they who relied on the gambling business and tourism, which enriched the country.     Due to the constant influx of wealthy people into the country, the state spends huge sums to expand the available territory. This is done in two ways. First, the country is growing vertically. More and more modern skyscrapers are being built in Monaco. The most expensive penthouse in Europe was sold here. Secondly, the country spends billions on land reclamation. This is an insanely expensive area expansion process, but there are no other options.     France is obliged to defend Monaco in the event of an attack by another country.     The Grand Prix in Monaco is the most popular glamorous party. It is also called one of the main events of the country's year.     Citizens of the country cannot play for money themselves. Visits to the casino are also prohibited for them.     Monaco has no external public debt.     3% of the population are unemployed.     The indigenous population practically does not pay taxes. Many call Monaco a paradise for millionaires It is no coincidence that Monaco is called a unique state. For a number of reasons, this is exactly what it is. And to live here is the dream of many wealthy people. Monaco's history began in 1215. It was then that the Republic of Genoa looked after this territory for itself and decided to establish a colony. A fortress was erected here, which later became a full-fledged castle. The civil war in Genoa led to the fact that Francesco Grimaldi, a representative of one of the ruling branches, occupied the colony along with his supporters. Since then, power here has been transferred along this line. For a long time Monaco was under the vassalage of France. However, since 1612, the prince began to call himself sovereign, and in 1643 the French government even recognized this fact. In the 18th century, the principality was under the protectorate of either France or the Sardinian kingdom. In 1848, the Principality lost two cities: Roquebrune and Menton. This was due to the rather tough policy pursued by Grimaldi. Further attempts to regain the lost territories did not lead to anything. In 1860, Sardinia withdrew its troops from Monaco. This ended the protectorate. And a year later, the principality signed an agreement with France. According to him, it abandoned most of the territory, which was reduced to 1/20. In return, they signed a customs union that was beneficial for it with the state. France also provided 4 million francs and assumed certain obligations to Monaco. The rich history of Monaco is reflected in the architecture of the Principality Four years later, the customs union was officially signed. At the same time, the famous casino "Monte Carlo" was opened, which largely shaped the image of the modern principality. Plus, both of these events significantly improved the financial situation of the country. In addition, the conclusion of these agreements and the foundation of the casino became the key to the further prosperity of the state as a whole. The 20th century turned out to be suddenly turbulent for the country. In a small principality, serious passions were burning: in 1910, a real revolution took place here. As a result, the power of the princes was limited, the first constitution appeared.     The Second World War did not pass without a trace for Monaco. The state tried to follow the example of Switzerland and maintain neutrality. However, he did not succeed: first it was occupied by the Italian authorities, and then by the German ones. Jews living in Monaco were sent to death camps. Not so long ago, Prince Albert II (the current ruler) apologized to them. After the end of World War II, Prince Rainier III came to power. He dreamed of creating a prosperous country “for all”. He hated the idea of ​​a resort for the rich, which he planned to make Monaco Onassis. Moreover, on this basis, the prince even quarreled with the Greek rich man. The irony of fate turned out to be that in the end Monaco became just such a resort. At least in a number of ways. In 1956, Rainier III married the famous Hollywood actress and rare beauty Grace Kelly. It should be noted that he planned this marriage to draw attention to the country. Even Marilyn Monroe was considered as a likely candidate. That is, it was a marriage of convenience, a business project. However, in the end, the prince fell in love with Grace Kelly. The story began to resemble a beautiful fairy tale. The wedding of Grace Kelly and the Prince of Monaco The wedding was a huge event. The press wrote about her all over the world. So Monaco got the publicity. Grace Kelly was not just a beauty and a great wife. She also proved to be a great manager who was able to not only bring Monaco to the attention of the rich and famous, but also keep it. The new princess began to give receptions, continued to communicate with old friends and acquired new ones. In the role of the wife of the ruler of the country, Grace Kelly looked surprisingly organic. sfor the prince himself, he continues the work on washing up the territory, which was started by his father. Albert also plans to build a new district. Considering how tiny the principality is, this is an incredibly important step. At the moment, Monaco is considered one of the most prosperous countries on the planet. Taxation here is loyal, the standard of living is incredibly high. Real estate prices are constantly rising, so if you have the funds to buy an apartment, the money can be very profitable to invest. The level of well-being of Monaco is the highest among countries in the world Best time to travel to Monaco It is problematic to say unequivocally when exactly is the best time to go to Monaco. Tourists find this country attractive throughout the year. Each season has its advantages in terms of travel:     Summer. From May to autumn in Monaco is the high season. It begins in the spring with the start of the Grand Prix. Ends in September. In the summer, free hotel rooms and apartments are difficult to find. As for restaurants, tables in some establishments are booked 2 months in advance. And only in Monaco in the summer you can see real traffic jams from the premium car segment on the tracks. It looks frankly unusual. As for the weather, a beach holiday in the Principality is considered ideal in June. The air temperature is on average somewhere around +24°C. At the same time, the water temperature is below 4 degrees, no more. That is, there is no strong heat, but it is warm enough.     Autumn. The velvet season in Monaco is considered quite beautiful. At this time of the year, those who appreciate privacy and a relaxing holiday come here. From September to November you can admire beautiful yachts. Prices begin to decline only in the last month of autumn. However, it is at this time of the year that the weather in Monaco deteriorates, it becomes frankly damp, rainy and dank.     Winter. This period in Monaco is considered quite calm. The low season continues, so prices will not be high, except during the Christmas and New Year period, for obvious reasons. The cold season for the principality is quite calm. The Alps protect the small country from weather problems, so there are almost no hurricanes and storms here. A great time to get to know the Principality without crowds of tourists.     Spring. This time of the year is especially good in Monaco. Until May, prices do not rise, but it is felt that the principality is preparing for the high season. In March, the first yachts for boat trips begin to appear. Also, spring is great for those who like to see the sights and just walk around Monaco. Spring in Monaco is especially good!!! The main attractions and activities in Monaco The smallest country in the world itself is a separate attraction. And in general, in one way or another everything is interesting in it. But if you still select individual objects, then:     Casino Monte Carlo. This is one of the oldest casinos on the planet, which, with its respectability, contributed a lot to ensuring that such establishments were not closed in principle. After all, they were often considered hotbeds of vice and were forbidden in every possible way. However, it was the casino that saved the country from ruin last year. And it's just really pretty. Even if you are indifferent to gambling, it is worth stopping by at least for the sake of the Opera House - one of the most famous and impressive halls.     Prince's Palace. The residence of the ruler, of course, is located in the old city. So it won't be too hard to find it. The prince's palace is monumental, solid. It clearly shows the desire to receive protection.     Cathedral. Many tourists are surprised at how well it has been preserved, not suspecting that the cathedral building is not so many years old. It was built “only” in 1875. However, the building looks older, as if it has been keeping secrets for many hundreds of years. Be that as it may, but the cathedral really deserves attention, if only for its monumentality.     Japanese garden. This is one of the most beautiful and flourishing places in Monaco. It is planned according to all the rules of Japanese art of creating such gardens. By the way, many plants feel clearly better in the principality than at home. They bloom brighter too. This is due to a more suitable climate for some crops. As much as 7,000 m2 has been allocated to the Japanese garden. Given how Monaco appreciates the area, this is a lot.     The original Jardin Exotic Park is another place worth visiting. It is interesting at least because here you can admire 7 thousand (!) cacti. And yes, this place is quite beautiful.     Fontvieille is a separate district built on territory that was reclaimed from the sea. Although some call it a small city (second) of Monaco. Here you can find the Maritime Museum, which prides itself on replicas of various famous ships. If you like beautiful views, you can look into the landscape park. And fans of wildlife obviously will not leave indifferent the zoo.     The Museum of Old Monaco is a must-visit place for anyone who would like to touch the history of this country, understand its past (and feel even deeper about the present).     The Rosary is the real pride of the country. It was created as a kind of recognition from the local population of the merits of Princess Grace Kelly for all that she has done for the principality. The ruler's wife adored roses. Therefore, this amazing place was created in honor of her. It is shaped like a huge rose. And, as you might guess, there are an incredible number of varieties of these plants here - about 150 rare varieties. And in total there are about 14 thousand different cultures.     Casino Square is a special place that often gets on postcards. Firstly, there is a French park here, which smoothly turns into the mountains. Secondly, on the square itself you can see beautiful statues, elegant lanterns and ... A sign that warns of a certain dress code. Yes, it won't be that easy to appear here. You can't, for example, be in jeans and sneakers. But everything on the square is exquisite. It is especially beautiful here at night when the lanterns are lit. For Monaco, this is a very monumental building. How to get a visa? To get to Monaco, citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus or Kazakhstan need to get a visa. And since there are no embassies or consulates of Monaco on the territory of our countries, the corresponding functions are carried out by the French embassy. This is where you need to submit your documents. You need a visa to visit Monaco To apply for a visa, you need to provide:     internal passport (it is necessary to have a place of permanent registration);     a passport valid at the time of application for at least six months. If you have already changed your passports, then the old ones must also be submitted without fail;     questionnaire in English or French. It must be filled in capital letters in printed form;     certificate from the place of work. It should include the job title and salary. You also need to provide a document that will record the duration of the work;     written confirmation that the person went on vacation, for example, and not fired;     photographs 3.5 by 4.5 cm. They must be fresh;     pensioner's ID;     minors are required to have a birth certificate;     from students of any category - a document that confirms the transfer to the next course or to the next class (if the trip is planned in the summer);     a bank document showing the availability of funds per person, based on the calculation of a minimum of 50 euros per day for the duration of the trip;     round trip plane tickets;     written permission to process personal data;     medical insurance with coverage from 30 thousand euros. At the same time, you need. but choose a European insurer. Insurance must be for each person. Issuing a tourist or visitor visa costs $28. It is issued once. To obtain a multiple-entry visa to Monaco, there is only one reason - a business trip. This requires that the person entering the country has the appropriate contact in Monaco. Also, when obtaining a visa on the basis of a business trip, it is required to justify your visit in an expanded form. Please note: if children are traveling with their parents, then minors must be entered in the parents' passports. They also need to provide a birth certificate. If only one parent visits Monaco with the child, then the second will need a written consent, notarized and translated into French. As for children, from the age of 14 they must have their own passport. The question of taxation in Monaco Monaco is called a tax haven. And indeed: here is a very profitable and fairly simple system. Monaco is a famous tax haven If we talk about legal entities, then if the turnover of capital is 75% in the territory of the principality, such a company is exempt from income tax in principle. Otherwise, it is 33.33%. The same tax in Monaco is paid by companies that receive income from patents, artistic or literary property rights. At the same time, capital gains tax, which is typical for most other countries, is not levied in Monaco. There is VAT. It is the same as in France - 20%. However, Monaco is also actively applying lower rates, for example, 10% for certain groups of goods. As for individuals, they do not pay income tax in Monaco. However, pensions and social security also exist here. For them, 12% is deducted from the gross salary annually. Also, when concluding real estate transactions, standard VAT is paid, provided that the object was built and put into operation no later than 5 years before the sale. It's especially beautiful here at night. An inheritance tax is provided, which is due to the nature of the relationship between the deceased and the heir. If the property was inherited in a straight line, for example, from parents or from grandparents, then taxation will take place at a zero rate. The inheritance passed from a brother or sister - 8%. Are we talking about nephews or aunts? ten%. In the case of all other relatives, you will have to pay a tax of 13%. Sometimes an inheritance comes from a person who was not a relative, for example, by will. In such a situation, you will need to pay a tax of 16%. However, do not forget that the heir always has the opportunity to refuse the inheritance if he considers its acceptance for himself financially unprofitable. Many are disappointed when they find out that you still have to pay taxes in Monaco. However, no state in the world can exist completely without payments. Nevertheless, Monaco compares favorably with most countries with a noticeably smaller number of deductions in favor of the treasury. Plus, you don't have to pay taxes at all. And deductions from salaries for the formation of pensions are a contribution to the future. Monaco in this regard is an order of magnitude more reliable than the FIU. Where to stay in Monaco? Monaco - a rich choice of places to live, despite its tiny size Despite the tiny size of Monaco, this country still formed several districts (some call them cities). They smoothly flow into one another, so on the ground you may not even notice that you left one and went to another. Nevertheless, there is still a certain difference between them:     Monaco-Ville. This is the official capital of the principality, in fact - the old part of the city. Sometimes the whole city as a whole is called that. However, most often, “Monaco-Ville” still means the historical center. Here is the cathedral, not very far from which you can find the residence of the prince. There are few hotels here, and the price per room per night can cost a fortune. Buying property in this area will not work due to the extremely limited supply market;     Monte Carlo. The most famous and wealthy area of ​​millionaires, located next to the famous casino. Buying real estate here is affordable for a multimillionaire. Nevertheless, the area is very beautiful, and it would not hurt to look here;     Condamine is a port area. Here you can buy commercial real estate in the first place. In general, this part of Monaco is largely devoted to business activity;     Le Revoir is the most affordable and smallest area of ​​Monaco. It is the most remote from the sea, located on a certain elevation. But it offers stunning views of the surroundings;     Fontvieille is a new area of ​​the city, which is completely built on bulk land. Skyscrapers are being built here, so there is an opportunity to buy real estate. It is connected to the rest of Monaco by a tunnel that runs right through the rock;     Saint-Michel is a residential area of ​​the principality, where you can also look after real estate. There are no attractions, so you will have the opportunity to take a break from the ubiquitous tourists. Prices per square meter are average for the country. Monte Carlo is located next to the Saint-Michel district;     Saint Roman is another residential area of ​​Monaco. It is not very far from the beach. The proximity of the sea coast affects prices per square meter;     La Colle is an area that is located almost on the border with France. It is located far from the sea (relatively), a quarter of its territory is given to the cemetery. However, the situation did not become more gloomy from this. The buildings here seem to compete with each other in height and number of floors. But real estate is traded quite actively;     Moneghetti is another area located far from the sea. Here is the elite real estate of the beginning of the last century. You can buy such property if you have several million euros or more. Museum of stamps and coins of Monaco From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Museum of stamps and coins of Monaco Large exhibition hall of the museum Large exhibition hall of the museum Date of foundation 1996 Opening date 1996 Monaco address Website www.oetp-monaco.com Wikimedia Commons logo The Museum of Stamps and Coins of Monaco (fr. Musée des timbres et des monnaies de Monaco) is a philatelic and numismatic museum located on the territory of the Principality of Monaco. The museum's collection fully allows you to trace the history mail and postal stamps of this state. Story At the end of the 19th century, the English pastor, Rev. G. G. Barbier, collected a unique collection of postage stamps dedicated to the Principality of Monaco. After the death of the pastor, Prince Albert I of Monaco acquired this collection, and the next Prince Louis II significantly supplemented it. Prince Rainier III in 1950 decided to put the collection on public display. In 1987, an advisory commission was established, responsible for the classification and replenishment of the philatelic collection. Since 1996, the Postage Stamp Museum has been open to visitors. In 2001, it received a name more appropriate to the content of the collections - the Museum of Postage Stamps and Coins. exposition The museum is divided into two rooms. The Grand Exhibition Hall houses two permanent exhibitions of the museum: an exhibition of coins from the Principality of Monaco from 1641 and an exhibition of philatelic products from this country from 1885 to the present day. The Hall of Rare Stamps exhibits priceless and rare items. For example, an envelope from Menton dated April 12, 1851 with a copy of a stamp from the first series of stamps of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the first color stamps of Monaco, 5-franc coins with the image of Prince Charles III. In addition, visitors can see:     a rotary printing press, which has served the printing house of Monaco for more than 50 years;     various punches for stamps and coins;     a manual typographical machine, on which museum employees demonstrate the process of making stamps during various events. MonacoPhil Since 1997, the Monaco Museum of Stamps and Coins, under the patronage of the Prince of Monaco, has been hosting the international philatelic exhibition MonacoPhil (MonacoPhil). The exhibition, which takes place every two years, exhibits 100 of the world's rarest postal items. World philatelic rarities are provided by members of the Monte Carlo Elite Philately Club. Members of this club are both private collectors and the world's leading postal museums. MonacoPhil exhibitions are not competitive, therefore there is no jury at these exhibitions and no awards are awarded. Each exhibition is accompanied by a full-color catalog, which depicts all the exhibited items with descriptions in French and English. WORLD POSTAGE INFORMATION The history of the post is a historical study of the development of the postal service. The need to receive news from other localities and countries dates back to ancient times and was initially satisfied by means of messengers who brought messages, both oral and written or dressed in symbolic form. With the development of human civilization, there was a change and development of methods, means and forms of postal communication. Royal Mail Coach (Great Britain, ca. 1820) African hollow tom-toms Prehistoric people used the voice to convey important information, which contributed to the emergence of articulate speech. However, the oral transmission of the news was imperfect, since the human voice is heard only at close range. To amplify the transmitted sound, hollow tree trunks and later drums began to be used thousands of years ago (about 6 thousand years BC). With the help of conditional shock signals, news was transmitted from one settlement to another. In addition, people used fire and smoke to convey messages. Tom-tom drums are still used by African tribes to communicate over long distances, and the smoke from bonfires was used for the same purposes by the Indians of Canada as far back as the 20th century. N. K. Roerich (1874-1947). Messenger Antiquity Messengers became the next type of communication in the history of mankind - at first on foot, later on horseback. In the ancient states of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Persia, China, the Roman Empire, there was a well-established state postal service: written messages were sent with foot and horse messengers on the principle of a relay. The Ancient East The history of mail is closely related to the history of writing. With the birth of the latter, information began to be transmitted in writing, which marked the beginning of postal communication. At first, this relationship was episodic. With the emergence of slave-owning states in the Ancient East, whose rulers needed constant information about the situation in their own country and in the territories subject to them, postal communications began to acquire an orderly character. Ancient Egyptian drawing depicting postal activity The first institutions of an ordered message service arose quite early in ancient times. For the first time, a postal message appeared about 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia to transmit information imprinted in the form of a clay letter.  No less ancient is the postal service in Egypt. Initially, such services were used mainly for military purposes and were not intended for communication between civilians. Such were the messaging services in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Babylon and Persia. They were especially developed in Egypt and can be considered the forerunners of modern mail. During the IV dynasty of the pharaohs (2900-2700 BC), there was a service of special foot (walkers), as well as horse messengers, providing communication via military roads with Libya, Ethiopia and Arabia. Ancient Egyptian mail was based primarily on the use of numerous messengers on foot, thanks to which the pharaohs could easily communicate with remote provinces. In Beni Hassan, on the wall painting of one of the cave-tombs dating back to the era of the Middle Kingdom, a messenger is depicted conveying to an official a message about the invasion of an enemy tribe[3]. It is known about professional messengers that existed in Egypt in the era of the XII dynasty (1985-1785 BC), who delivered royal orders all the way to Asia. The messengers had to cover long distances as quickly as possible. Carrier pigeons were also used to transport letters. Carrier pigeons with attached messages. An idea of ​​the postal service in ancient Egypt can be obtained from a papyrus document dated to about 255 BC. e. and containing accounts for the delivery of mail by one messenger. A similar highly developed postal system soon spread to other countries. The Assyrian legend tells of the messengers who carried the orders of Semiramis to all the edges of her kingdom. The postal business in the Persian monarchy - in the form of a clear system of postal communication, known as the "angareyon" - was introduced in the 6th century BC. e., during the time of King Cyrus II (550-529 BC). The transmission of messages was carried out mainly through horse messengers (hangars). However, there are indications that such a postal system existedin Persia much earlier. From the descriptions of Herodotus and Xenophon it is known that under Cyrus II, postal stations were installed on the most important roads, spaced at a uniform distance from each other, which was approximately the daily run of a horse. These stations served as rest couriers. Ancient Greece In Greece, the postal system was quite well established in the form of land and sea mail, but it could not develop significantly due to the many warring city-states. Governments, as a rule, had at their disposal messengers on foot to convey messages. They were called hemerodromes (Greek ημερόδρομος). The runners covered in an hour a distance of 55 stadia (about 10 km) and in one flight - 400-500 stadia. The most famous of these couriers was Pheidippides, who, according to Plutarch, in 490 B.C. e. brought to Athens the news of the victory at the Battle of Marathon and died of exhaustion. This run was the first marathon in history. Pheidippides transmitted only a verbal message. Riding messengers were sent already in antiquity to convey especially hasty messages. As Diodorus Siculus writes, one of the commanders of Alexander the Great kept messengers at his headquarters - camel riders. Ancient Rome Roman roads and Cursus publicus In the Roman Republic, the organization of the postal business was probably borrowed from the Persians. At first, only wealthy patricians, who owned numerous slaves, had their own messengers. For government and private purposes, there were messengers (cursores, statores, later viatores and tabellarii, from tabella - a tablet for writing), as well as private entrepreneurs who rented wagons and pack animals (cisiarii and jumentarii); their colleges united into one corporation. Gaius Julius Caesar laid the foundation for the creation of the state post itself, which arose and received significant development under the emperor Augustus. In those days, the post office was called cursus publicus (“cursus publicus” - state post), was subordinated directly to the emperor and was not allowed for private messages. Thanks to a single postal network, there was a connection between the individual parts of the Roman Empire. It was a huge, extensive postal system, which worked according to clear regulations. Postal transportation was carried out on land with the help of horses, by sea - on ships. In larger centers, mail stations (mansiones, later stationes) were established, which served for the rest and overnight stay of traveling horsemen and drivers and usually stood one from the other for a day's journey. Riding and pack animals and, in case of need, wagons stood ready here. Between each two mansiones (at a distance of 7-14 km) 6-8 smaller stations (mutationes) were arranged for changing horses. In those days, they could say: "Statio posita in ...", which meant "a station located in such and such a place." From the Latin word posita, most likely, the word post came - "mail" . Hurry packages were sent by horse couriers (veredarii), travelers were transported in light wagons (rheda), various kinds of luggage - in carts (clabularia). The use of state mail was allowed only for state purposes and certain officials. In urgent cases, entire military units were transported by means of cursus publicus. As an exception and on the basis of special permits (diplomata, evectiones, tractoriae), other persons, traveling officials, especially veterans, and later clergymen could use the state mail, which gave rise to various abuses. The main administration of the state post was concentrated in the hands of one of the highest state officials: at first the prefect of the praetorium, and from the time of Constantine, the master of offices. The management of the post in the provinces belonged to the governors, under whom special prefects (prefecti vehiculorum), later - procuratores cursus publici, were in charge of the technical part of the post. The supply of horses, other means of transportation and riders was a natural duty of the surrounding population and the inhabitants of the conquered countries, on whom the maintenance of the mail lay an extremely heavy burden. Although the activity of the Roman state post was limited to government needs, it was of great importance. Thanks to the excellent road network, the security and order of communications, and the extensive correspondence of civil and military authorities, an unusually busy traffic developed at the state post offices. Distances from Britain to the Balkans, the Caucasus, present-day Turkey, Syria, Palestine, and Jordan, and from the mouth of the Rhine to the Libyan Desert and Alexandria, could be covered relatively quickly. If Caesar, using variable private horses, could make 100 miles a day, then Tiberius, with the help of cursus publicus, traveled a distance twice that in a day. News from the most important provinces was received daily in Rome. Stations along busier roads containedb 20-40 draft horses and mules. This organization lasted until the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and with its fall the cursus publicus also disappeared. In the Eastern Roman Empire, the state post office existed until about 520. For private mail, they usually used the services of traveling friends, which led to a long delivery time. So, there is a known case when a certain Augustin received a letter nine years later. If the distance to the addressee was not very large, the Roman sent his slave, who traveled on foot up to 75 km per day. Other highly developed cultures In China, the postal service of foot and horse messengers arose quite early; it was founded during the Zhou dynasty (1123-249 BC). In those days, postal communication was maintained with the help of 80 messengers and eight main couriers, for whom quarters for meals were arranged at a distance of 5 km and, at a greater distance, accommodation points. This postal system was greatly expanded during the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) and especially during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220). During the heyday of the Mayan culture, there was also a developed service of messengers, but very little is known about it. Middle Ages Development in Europe Early Middle Ages Post horn Exhibit of the Rheinhessen Postal Museum With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there was hardly any functioning transmission system in Europe. Only Clovis (King of France from 482 to 511) tried - without much success - to recreate the postal service from the remains of the Roman state mail. By the time of Charlemagne (768-814) messages were delivered with great difficulty. Charlemagne and his successors made no serious attempt to restore the Roman state post. The institution of messengers, which existed under the Carolingians, was adjacent to the popular division into stamps and, with the rapid disintegration of the monarchy, was not widely developed. The feudal princes carried out the transfer of letters and things through messengers and drivers provided by their subjects. Monastic and university mail In feudal medieval Europe of the 11th-15th centuries, with the fragmentation of state power, the forwarding of news was carried out mainly by individual spiritual and secular corporations. At that time, the Church needed most of all the exchange of thoughts, both because its organization rested on the beginning of centralization, and because for a long time it was the only bearer of the intellectual life of peoples. The archives of church institutions and the regests of the Roman curia testify that even at the very beginning of the Middle Ages there was a lively exchange of messages between the head of the Catholic hierarchy and its members; but there is no indication of the existence of a special ecclesiastical institution of messengers or couriers. Only between numerous branches of spiritual orders was proper communication maintained through the medium of wandering monks, who played the role of couriers and took reports with them. The monasteries thus had their own system of messages - the monastic post. Monastic couriers kept in touch between individual monasteries and the head of the church in Rome, between monastic orders and their brotherhoods. In the lands of the German order, a special administration arose for this purpose and stations were established for changing horses. At universities, where students flocked from various countries, corporations of professional messengers were also formed, enjoying various privileges. In the XII-XIII centuries, the messengers of the universities in Bologna, Salerno, Naples, Montpellier, Toulouse were famous, and later - the messengers of the Sorbonne University in Paris. University mail messengers kept students in touch with their families; some of the university post offices delivered messages to private individuals for a fee. Merchants' and butchers' mail The further development of society, primarily trade and crafts, as well as science and culture, contributed to an increase in interest in the transmission of messages and led to the emergence of numerous and diverse messenger services and city posts serving merchants and artisans. Gradually, the right to use these mails began to be granted to other segments of the population. Merchant mail was established at large trading houses, which contained their own couriers. Soon, individual merchants began to borrow this idea and united so that the collected mail could be transported to its destination. The beginning of merchant mail can be found in the Republic of Venice. At the same time, there was still no unified state mail. Somewhat later, the so-called "butcher's post" arose. The guild of butchers, who made extensive travels for their purchases, took over, in agreement with the cities and merchant guilds, the transportation of letters and parcels. In some cities of southern Germany, this was a duty for the butcher's guild, in return for which it was exempted from communal duties. Thus, the butchers' post was formed, which existed until the end of the 17th century and in some places acquired the significance of a state institution (in Württemberg). Messenger with a letter in the 15th century (West Berlin stamp, 1989) City and royal mail With the development of city liberties, one of the most important means of communication in the Middle Ages was the institution of city messengers, which existed almost everywhere since the 14th century, but was especially developed in large shopping centers in Germany and Italy. From the numerous regulations that have come down to us for city messengers in Cologne, Mainz, Nordhausen (XIV century), Strasbourg (1443), Augsburg (1552), Breslau (1573), etc., it is clear that they were under the jurisdiction of the city council, which under sworn to obey. They did not receive a salary either from the community, or from individual corporations or merchant guilds. Coming out of the city on certain days, they delivered on horseback or on foot at the appointed time the correspondence of the city government, as well as letters and parcels from the townspeople, from whom they charged a fee. Postal map of Europe in 1563 The institute of urban messengers received a strong and widespread development thanks to the unions of cities on the Rhine and in Lower Germany. The messengers of the Rhenish city union maintained the correct messages from Cologne and Mainz via Frankfurt to Nuremberg. The messengers of the Hanseatic cities were famous for their accuracy in meeting deadlines, maintaining communications between Hamburg, Bremen, Amsterdam and Antwerp, as well as eastward through Stettin, Danzig and Königsberg up to Riga. In southern Germany, the first place was occupied by the messengers of Augsburg. In addition to lines to Nuremberg (three times a week), Lindau and Regensburg, they maintained communications with Italy; they arrived in Venice via the Brenner in eight days. The modern centralized post was born with the rise of state power. In France, Louis XI, by an edict on June 19, 1464, established royal couriers (French maîtres coureurs royaux). A network of stations for changing horses was spread over all his possessions; at the head of the whole organization was the grand maître. This mail was intended solely for the needs of the government; royal couriers, under pain of death, were forbidden to carry out orders for private individuals. Charles VIII's patent of 27 January 1487 names the royal couriers chevaucheurs en postes. Soon after, not only in France, but also in Germany and Italy, the name of the post came to mean the whole set of institutions that were established by the state or under the control of the state for the transmission of both government and private correspondence and for the transport of passengers. Thurn and Taxis Post FRG stamp for the 500th anniversary of the von Taxis post (1990) Main article: Thurn y Taxis Post The first experience of the organization of mail - in the real sense of the word and on a broad international basis - was made by members of the Tasso family (later Tassis or Taxis; in 1650 the prefix Thurn was added to the surname) from Bergamo, who took over the support of communications between the Habsburg possessions. The Thurn and Taxis post existed from the second half of the 15th century until 1867 and made a huge contribution to the development of postal communications in Europe. Development outside Europe After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, its territory from Spain to Persia was dominated by the Arabs. In the 7th century, a well-organized regular postal service arose in the Muslim caliphate, the services of which could also be used by private individuals on a limited basis. The postal communications that existed at that time became even more developed. Postal couriers had special insignia so that they could be recognized from afar. They were given special plates, original certificates, which were hung around the neck and over the shoulder with the help of yellow ribbons. There is data on the mail of the Incas in Peru and the Aztecs in Mexico. Here, until the beginning of the 16th century, there were postal messengers who, in addition to state messages, delivered fresh fish, fruits and other products to the king's table. The Aztec messengers transmitted almost all messages orally. They weaved red ribbons into their hair or brandished a dagger at joyful news (for example, about victory); bad news was conveyed to the king on his knees. Postage in Russia Postal history of Russia Postage stamp of the USSR (1958) People in Rus' were well aware of the events that took place thousands of kilometers away, but, however, there is no direct evidence describing a regular postal service in the 10th-14th centuries. Probably, the first message about the postal system in Rus' dates back to the beginning of the 16th century and belongs to Sigismund Herberstein:     The sovereign has riders in all parts of his state, in different places and with the appropriate number of horses, so that when a royal messenger is sent somewhere, he will have a horse ready without delay. In this case, the messenger is given the right to choose the horse he wants. Another foreigner (Stanislav Nemoevsky) during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible noted:     Messengers are obliged, from hour to hour, to do 20 miles a day (about 100 km), and they accomplish such an impossible task in a short time, although for this they have no gratitude, but - toara: whip and prison. According to the same author, at the beginning of the 17th century, pits (post stations) were located at a distance of 6 to 20 miles (30-100 km) from each other. At the same time, travelers of different classes, fulfilling the will of the Grand Duke, could change a different number of horses in the pits: “a simple person could take only one horse; the son of a boyar son - three; and to whom on the road from the Grand Duke they will write with “vich”, for example - Boris Vasilyevich, that is six. A son with a patronymic, that is, some big duma - 15, duma prince - 30 ". At the beginning of the 17th century, the Grand Duke (Tsar Vasily Shuisky) received news every eight days about what was happening on the border and in other parts of the country. From the message of Patrick Gordon at the end of the 17th century, mail from Moscow, for example, was sent to Riga every two weeks; the general received in Moscow a letter sent from Smolensk 10 days after the date of sending [source not specified 4379 days], and while in London, a letter from his wife, who traveled from Russia in 43 days; a letter from my father (from Scotland) went to London for 33 days. Horse messenger (Germany, XVII century) In the 16th-17th centuries, centralized royal mail arose in France, Sweden, England and other countries. The idea of ​​a postal regalia, that is, the exclusive right of the government to maintain postal institutions within the state territory, was first put forward at the end of the 16th century, and in the 17th century it began to be put into practice. The first of the German sovereigns to establish a government post and recognize the nature of a monopoly behind it was the great Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1646). His example was followed by other significant imperial ranks. At the same time, the content of the mail began to be seen not only as a right, but also as an obligation of governments. With the development of industrial relations and the emergence of capitalism, it became necessary to organize regular and fast postal communications both within countries and between countries. Already at the beginning of the 18th century, there were statesmen (for example, Friedrich Wilhelm I in Prussia) who abandoned fiscal views on the post and saw its task in reducing the cost of postal rates and making postal messages as accessible to the population as possible. Unlike France, where the forwarding of letters (poste aux lettres) was declared a state monopoly, but along with government mail there were private enterprises for the transport of passengers (messageries), in the larger German states, the activities of government mail included both the forwarding of letters and goods, and transportation of passengers. Trara-ra-ra! Hurry, hurry The carriage is flying through the fields! Dust swirls from all sides, The cheerful postman trumpets! The horn sparkles like fire - Blow louder, postman. Trara-ra-ra! Hurry, hurry The carriage is flying through the fields! Take your time! I will give everything - Carry letters home And letters and packages Parcels and newspapers. German folk song (translated by B. Kissin) In those days, the arrival of a mail coach in a small town was a whole event. The postman announced his approach by loudly blowing the mail horn. News was delivered at a speed of 70 km per day - as much as a postal stagecoach passed. The government post office of Saxony, Braunschweig-Hanover, Hesse, and especially Brandenburg-Prussia was famous for its expedient organization. From 1655 on the main Prussian line Kleve-Memel, mail departed twice a week; from Koenigsberg to Berlin she arrived in 4 days, from Koenigsberg to Kleve - in 10 days. It was unusual speed for that time. In addition to branches to Hamburg, Stettin, Leipzig and Breslau, postal communications were maintained in the west with Holland, in the east with Warsaw and the Swedish post in Riga. In the matter of transporting passengers, Prussia, however, was already surpassed by countries with more comfortable roads at the end of the 18th century. All the more struck contemporaries the success achieved by Prussia in 1821, when the so-called him were established. Nagler'sche Schuellposten, with travel-friendly crews. Postal office. Hood. Edward Villiers Rippinghill (1829) In the 19th century, a radical revolution in the postal business was caused by the spread of railways and shipping companies. The appearance at the beginning of the 19th century of a steam locomotive and a steamboat, and at the beginning of the 20th century of an airplane, significantly increased the speed of forwarding mail. The postal service became nationwide and began to serve the entire population. Through the combination of railway and steamship lines, the possibility of establishing correct postal communications between the most remote countries has opened up. The first experience in this direction was made in 1835 by Lieutenant Waghorn, who was in the English service, who organized the Anglo-Indian mail, which was transported by steamers from Marseille to Alexandria, from there, first along the Mahmoudie canal, and subsequently by rail to Suez, then again delivered by steamers to Bombay and Calcutta. At the beginning of the 20th century, this mail was delivered through the Mont Cenis tunnel toBrindisi, from where it was directly transported by mail steamers through the Suez Canal to India and the countries of the Far East. In 1820, Brewer, a paper merchant in Brighton, invented the envelope. An important milestone in the history of the postal service was the issuance of a postage stamp in 1840 in Great Britain. Later, registered envelopes began to be used in England and its colonies. Stamp wrappers appeared in 1857 in the United States of America, in 1864 - in New South Wallis, in 1868 - in the North German Union; in total, such parcels were introduced later in 66 countries. Forms for closed letters were introduced in 55 countries, initially in 1879 in Paris; in Argentina and France there are forms with a paid answer. Forms for postal orders appeared in Braunschweig in 1865 and were then introduced in 14 countries; only three countries had stamped envelopes for postal orders. One of the founders of the Universal Postal Union, Heinrich von Stefan The idea of ​​​​inventing an open letter (post-card, or postcard) belongs to the former German Postmaster General Heinrich von Stefan. At the 5th conference of the German Postal Union in Karlsruhe in 1865, Stefan pointed out in a memorandum the inconveniences of the existing form of writing, which did not have simplicity and brevity and was associated with a loss of time when choosing paper, folding it, putting it in an envelope, sealing it, stamp sticker, etc. In addition, in ordinary writing it was not customary to confine oneself to short phrases, and under such conditions speed of writing was not achieved. The initiative to introduce an open letter belongs to Austria, where the first postcards appeared in 1869. Paid reply open letters appeared in 1872 in the German Empire. Subsequently, open letters were introduced in 171 countries, with a paid response in 140. Woman dropping a letter in a mailbox (USA, 1909) By coordinating the arrival of the Atlantic steamships with the trains of the Pacific Railroad in North America, and these latter with the steamship lines outgoing from Vancouver and San Francisco, it became possible to send a letter from Europe to Japan in 30 to 35 days. Being immediately sent from Japan further (to India), such a letter could make a round-the-world trip in 85 days. With the completion of the Great Siberian Railway at the beginning of the 20th century, the journey from Europe to Japan was reduced by six days, and a letter could circumnavigate the globe in less than 80 days. As the railway network expanded and branched out, and the number of daily trains increased, so did the number of mails that arrived and departed daily in the area. To this were added the improvements introduced into the organization of the postal business itself by the arrangement, for example, of a rural post office, the establishment of a cheap and uniform postal rate, and the introduction of a number of new postal operations. More than one case is known in the history of postal services, when letters were delivered over long distances in a very short time, impossible even with modern means of sorting and transporting mail. So, a letter sent on August 6, 1849 from London was delivered to Switzerland, to Neuchâtel on the second day. A letter sent in 1905 from Oxford reached Frankfurt am Main in three days, although even now such a journey can take four or five days. Monument to the Universal Postal Union[de] in Bern (erected in 1909) With the invention of the telegraph (1832), telephone (1876) and radio (1895), the postal service did not lose its important role as a means of communication for millions of people. In the telegraph, the post office found powerful assistance and completion, as a result of which almost all states, following the example of Germany, combined the postal business with the telegraph business, to the great benefit of both departments. Finally, international postal relations received a solid foundation and guarantee in the organization of the Universal Postal Union, which embraced all cultural countries. One of the founders of the Universal Postal Union was Heinrich von Stefan, who made a significant contribution to the development of German and international mail in the 19th century. In 1874, at the First Universal Postal Congress, 22 countries, including Russia, signed the Universal Uniform Postal Treaty and formed the Universal Postal Union (since 1878 - the Universal Postal Union). In 1878, the Universal Postal Convention was concluded, regulating the exchange of correspondence, which contains written messages. For the current stage in the development of mail, see the article Mail. Postal history as a section of philately Main article: Philately Within the framework of philatelic studies, there is a special section of postal history, which is based on the activities of the postal department, which issues postage stamps and controls the means of collecting, sorting and delivering mail. The subject of postal history from the point of view of philately includes the study of postal rates, mail transportation routes, methods and methods of processing postal correspondence. Particular attention is paid to periods of disruption of the mail or transitional periods, such assuch as wars and military occupation, as well as the delivery of mail to remote areas. The term “postal history” also refers to collections of postal envelopes and other materials illustrating episodes from postal history. Thus, the history of postal past and present grew out of philately. As the discipline developed, philatelic researchers found that knowing why the Post Office issued particular stamps, where they were used, and how they were used made it easier to understand and identify postage stamps. For example, it is possible to prove that a stamp that supposedly went through the post office before another stamp of this type is in fact a fake if it is canceled by the postmark of the locality in which such stamps arrived only three weeks after this date. Postal history is of interest in its own right. There are still many unknowns in the work of the postal service, millions of old envelopes have been preserved, which are a vast field for the study of postal artifacts.     Gallows (mail)     Universal Postal Convention     Universal Postal Union     Postage stamps     Russian Postal History     Communication Museum     Thurn and Taxis Post     Postal Museum     List of postal and philatelic museums in the world     Stefan, Heinrich von     Project:Philately and Postal / Postal History Literature Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. (Accessed: December 2, 2010) Science Museum (London). Kissin B. M. Country Philately / Ed. V. Nezdvetsky. - M .: Education, 1969. - 240 p. — 100,000 copies. (Accessed: July 15, 2016) See, for example, E. Seton-Thompson's Little Savages. Postal History - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (Accessed: June 19, 2011) Ancient mail // Big philatelic dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 76. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. (Accessed: July 14, 2010) Postal History - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (Accessed: June 15, 2011) Drawing from Harper's New Monthly Magazine, no. 275, April, 1873. This section uses information translated into Russian from a German article in German. Geschichte der Post. Hemerodromes // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Rheinhessen Postal Museum[de], Erbes-Büdesheim (Germany). The history of mail distribution in Russia: Yamskaya chase. "When I served as a coachman at the post office ...". News of our mail. World Post; World Post Logistics Co. Ltd (April 4, 2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Drawing from the German brochure “Gantz Nagel-neue Reichs-Zeitung. Im Jahr 1683". Vintage postcard The idea that it was possible at that time to travel around the world in less than three months formed the basis of the adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). What, where, when // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - P. 48. Postal signs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. (Accessed: December 2, 2010) Sutton R. J. The Stamp Collector's Encyclopaedia / Revised by K. W. Anthony. — 6th ed. — L.: Stanley Paul, 1966. — 390 p. — ISBN 0-517-08024-9. (English) (Date of access: November 21, 2009) Karpenko Yu. A. Science? Or is it not science? (In order of discussion) // Soviet collector; Collection. - M .: Communication, 1975. - Issue. 13. - S. 100-104. Cabeen R. McP. Standard Handbook of Stamp Collecting / Collectors Club of Chicago[en] Committee on Publications. - New York, NY, USA: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979. (English) Young W. G. Stamp Collecting A-Z. Archived November 2, 2015 at the Wayback Machine - 1st edn. - A S Barnes & Co, 1987. - ISBN 0-498-02479-2. (English) (Date of access: November 21, 2009)     Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Literature     Arlazorov M.S. You have a letter! - M .: Soviet Russia, 1966. - 230 p.     Vigilev D. How a strip of glue was invented // Philately of the USSR. - 1974. - No. 8. - S. 26-27.     Guzhnovsky A. L. History of mail in illustrations // Philatelist. - Bratsk: E. A. Semenenko (Kaliningrad), 2007. - No. 4-5. (Accessed 11 August 2020) Archived from the original on 11 September 2019.     Katsaraki V.N. Mail // Soviet collector. - 1929. - No. 4-6. - P. 1-13.     When and why did the first postage stamp appear // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 10. - P. 62. RUSSIAN POST: HISTORY AND MODERNITY October 9 is celebrated as International Post Day around the world. Russian Post celebrates its day - July 14th. RUSSIAN POST HISTORY AND MODERNITY The foundations of Russian mail were laid in the last quarter of the 9th century, at the beginning of the existence of Kievan Rus. True, then messages and dispatches were sent mainly by princes. Ordinary people had to unquestioningly provide the princely messengers with horses and food: such a duty was called a “cart”. In 1266, almost a century earlier than in Germany, the country with the most developed post office at that time, the first document regulating postal exchange appeared in Rus': the rules for the passage of messengers through Russian lands. Alas, the Tatar-Mongol invasion that happened soon after this not only ruined the Russian state, but also stopped the development of Russian mail for several centuries. The only thing that the Russians borrowed from the enslavers was the new name of the post office - Yamskaya chase. Horses, which were provided by the local population, also walked between the stations. The peasants themselves carried messengers on horseback. The distance between the pits was up to 100 kilometers. Thus, the peasant could "drop out" of household chores for several days. Moreover, this work was not paid. The new postal era begins from the moment of the liberation of Rus' from the yoke - from the end of the 15th century. The first postal institutions appear, new types of postal services appear. Foreigners visiting the Muscovite state in those days already call the work of coachmen "mail" - they recognize in it all the signs of the best postal services in Europe. Coachmen began to receive remuneration for their work only under Ivan the Terrible. Regular postal chase (delivery of letters) from Moscow to Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Azov, Kyiv, and even across Siberia to Kyakhta to the Chinese border, as well as to the "German countries" - the Baltics, Scandinavia and German lands - is organized and develops at the end XVII - early XVIII centuries. Riga (to Riga) and Vilna (to Vilna, later - Vilnius) mail was sometimes called "merchant" mail, because at first the bulk of correspondence sent abroad was letters from foreign merchants. Ordinary people could not afford postal services. The "German" post of Muscovy was a state-owned enterprise, while in Europe the system of delivering letters by private enterprises was widely used. Inside the vast country, coachmen continued to deliver mail. The existence in parallel of two postal systems - "German" and Yamskaya - created many inconveniences, therefore, from the middle of the 18th century. the merger of both services into a single Russian Post began. Moreover, the mail of those times delivers not only letters and parcels, but also more exotic things - for example, the Yamsky Post Office of Moscow was subordinate to the "fruit" mail, which promptly delivered grapes, watermelons and melons to the royal table. It is noteworthy that at the same time, ordinary postal routes were rather archaic: only from the second half of the 18th century. regular horse mail lines began to approach some county towns, industrial centers and places of extraction of resources vital to the state. On local lines, postmen most often walked from city to city. In the early 70s of the XVIII century. “exemplary” postal lines are being laid to the Baltic States and Belarus with stations for changing horses and resting people along the entire route. At the "exemplary" post offices, for the first time, the post of station keeper was created, later known as the "station master". Since 1773, the Russian postal service began to accept bills of exchange and money everywhere. At about the same time, the famous postal troikas of horses appeared - the fastest form of mail transportation at that time, as well as postal bells, notifying all passing and oncoming ones that you need to give way to the postal relay race. At the end of the XVIII century. the first postmarks appear, imprinted with paint on each letter and indicating that the sender of the letter paid for the postal services for forwarding and his letter was taken for storage and delivery to the addressee by the Russian Post. In 1801, a book was published in St. Petersburg - “A manual road builder for use on the way between the imperial All-Russian capitals, giving Historical, Geographical and Political news about cities according to it; with a description of philistine rituals, clothes, dialects and types of the best places. In fact, this book became the first guidebook in Russia. During the terrible fire of Moscow in 1812, in which 6,532 out of 9,158 houses burned down, the building of the Moscow Post Office and the post office church of the Archangel Gabriel, which still stands on the territory of the capital’s post office, were defended from the fire by postal employees along with French soldiers who understood the importance of mail for both opposing sides. And it was the courier (military postman) who delivered the first rthe good news that on October 7, 1812, Napoleon left the burnt and devastated Moscow. In 1837, for the first time in history, mail was transported from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk by a new "miracle transport" - the railway. On December 22, 1857, the Postal Department of the Russian Empire issued the first postage stamp in the history of the country with a face value of "10 kopecks per lot", that is, for every 13 grams of a letter's weight. A total of three million stamps were issued. Today, the price of one such quick (that is, not passed through the mail and not stamped) stamp reaches 1.2 million rubles. On March 31, 1918, already in the days of Soviet power, military pilot Petrov flew 600 kilometers in 4 hours and 10 minutes with a cargo of mail and one passenger. It was the first air mail flight in history. During World War II, hundreds of millions of letters, parcels and the famous soldier's "triangles" (sheets of paper folded in a special way and sent by mail - for lack of envelopes) were delivered by military postmen from the front to the rear and back. Tens of thousands of military postmen died in the line of duty. In the city of Voronezh in 2016, with the support of the Russian Post, a monument to the military postman was erected. The interest of the inhabitants of the USSR in postal services in the postwar years was so great that the number of letters, parcels, newspapers and magazines delivered by postmen quickly reached pre-war levels. For example, in Moscow in the early 1950s, there were eight communication offices in the city - then the post offices were called so because they combined the post office, telephone exchange and telegraph. By the end of the 1950s, there were already 15 such offices, and in 1988 - 33. The number of simple post offices, which were traditionally located on the first floors of residential buildings under construction, grew even more rapidly. In 1946, there were 157 of them in Moscow. And after only twenty years - already 484! The same thing happened with mailboxes. If in 1946 there were 2085 boxes hanging on the walls of the capital's houses, then in 1990 - 8650. Already in 1960-1970, it was at the post offices that the first vending machines appeared (they sold postcards), sorting and stamping machines, and even prototypes of modern copiers. In the 1990s, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the crisis in all spheres of society, the post office also began to experience serious difficulties. Many projects for the development of postal communications in the country were suspended or completely canceled. Nevertheless, the post office in those years remained one of the few enterprises where employees were guaranteed timely payment of wages. On June 28, 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the concept of restructuring federal postal organizations, according to which all existing federal postal organizations were merged and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) Russian Post was created. The corresponding order of the Government of the Russian Federation was issued on September 5, 2002 No. 1227-r. The process was lengthy and difficult and ended only in 2009, when the postal service of the Republic of Tatarstan, Tatarstan Post, the last of the independent regional postal services, became part of the FSUE Russian Post. From that moment on, the Russian Post became one. On June 29, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin signed a law on the corporatization of the Russian Post, which provides for the transformation of the enterprise into a non-public joint-stock company, 100% of whose shares will be owned by the state. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. 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Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History    Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography    Subdivisions    Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions    Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics    General    Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies    Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices    Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services    Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression    Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression    Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy    Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science    Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society    Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture    Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition    Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates    Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal    Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived    Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics    SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name    Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established           1918–1924  Turkestan 1918–1941  Volga German 1919–1990  Bashkir 1920–1925  Kirghiz2 1920–1990  Tatar 1921–1990  Adjar 1921–1945  Crimean 1921–1991  Dagestan 1921–1924  Mountain 1921–1990  Nakhchivan 1922–1991  Yakut 1923–1990  Buryat1 1923–1940  Karelian 1924–1940  Moldavian 1924–1929  Tajik 1925–1992  Chuvash 1925–1936  Kazak2 1926–1936  Kirghiz 1931–1991  Abkhaz 1932–1992  Karakalpak 1934–1990  Mordovian 1934–1990  Udmurt 1935–1943  Kalmyk 1936–1944  Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944  Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990  Komi 1936–1990  Mari 1936–1990  North Ossetian 1944–1957  Kabardin 1956–1991  Karelian 1957–1990  Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991  Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990  Kalmyk 1961–1992  Tuva 1990–1991  Gorno-Altai 1991–1992  Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country    American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History    Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants    African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states    Africa    Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas    Cuba Grenada Asia    Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen 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Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions    Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline    Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics    Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types    Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter 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  • STAMPLAKE.COM PROFESSIONAL SELLER

    Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure.

    However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. 

    A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money.

    You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market.

    If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection.

    Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.

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    Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.

    Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in.

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    • Condition: Items are on picture! 100% ORIGINAL. Shipping with tracking number Worldwide!
    • Size: One Stamp
    • Block Height: 1 Stamp
    • Grade: XF/S (Extremely Fine/Superb)
    • Modified Item: No
    • Certification: Uncertified
    • Colour: Multi-Coloured
    • Denomination: Frank
    • Block Width: 2 Stamps
    • Year of Issue: 1961-1970
    • Type: Postage
    • Era: Elizabeth II (1952-Now)
    • Country/Region of Origin: Monaco
    • Quality: Mint Never Hinged/MNH
    • Currency: Pre-Decimal
    • Topic: Flowers

    PicClick Insights - Monaco 1978 Imperf - Van Gogh Flowers - MNH - YT €60.00+ PicClick Exclusive

    •  Popularity - 0 watchers, 0.0 new watchers per day, 511 days for sale on eBay. 0 sold, 1 available.
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    •  Seller - 502+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.

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