MONACO 1970's SCARCE STAMP SERIES 100% Original Old Stamps
YOU ARE BIDDING ON: Monaco 1963 Imperf - Space Satelite - MNH - Yvert €60.00+ Condition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro
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extra charge. PRODUCT INFO TIMBRE NON DENTELE - NON PERFORATED POSTAGE - ORIGINAL GUM - NOT HINGED CATALOGUE PRICE IN EURO (ON PICTURES) YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO ET DES TERRITORIES FRANCAIS D'OUTRE-MER - 2012 YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO AND FRENCH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES - 2012 COMPLETED ISSUES COLLECTIBLE STAMPS VAN GOGH PAINTINGS IMPERFORATES EUROPE COLLECTIBLES MONTE CARLO FLOWERS IMPERFORATE LUXURY SERIES STAMPS MONACO 1980'S (TIMBRE NON DENTELE) IMPERF RARE STAMPS BLOCKS COLLECTING
IMPERFORATE (UPERFORERT/UNPERFORATED) POSTAGE STAMPS OF MONACO OVER THE
YEARS IS NOT ONLY AN ACQUAINTANCE WITH HISTORY, BUT ALSO A PROFITABLE
INVESTMENT. Since the second half of
the 20th century, when Rainier III came to power, philatelists from all
over the world have been following every issue of the principality with
great interest. Considering the issuance of postage stamps as one of
the important sources of income, the mini-state tries to satisfy the
needs of collectors as much as possible, offering inexpensive, but
interesting products in terms of subject matter and design. There are
also copies, the price of which reaches several thousand dollars, mainly
these are varieties produced in small numbers or marriages that were
immediately withdrawn from use. The issue with portraits of the
newlyweds in oval vignettes between which there was a cartouche with the
date of the wedding and a monogram of the letters "R" and "C" was
dedicated directly to the marriage ceremony. At different times, series
were released where Grace appeared as a loving wife, caring mother and
ruling aristocrat. The most famous is still the Princess Grace miniature
of 1957 with a profile portrait on a black background. After the
death of the actress in 1982, the Monegasque postal department
continues to honor her memory. Of the latest commemorative series, the
issue of 2017-2018, dedicated to the Hollywood past of Grace Kelly,
should be mentioned. And in 2019, on the occasion of the 90th
anniversary of the birth of the star, a souvenir sheet was released with
three of her portraits of different years. The French graphic artist
Yves Beaujar worked on the anniversary project. The most expensive stamps of the Principality The
price of printed miniatures depends on the rarity. And it's not just
the small print run. Slight differences from the standard - a change in
the size of the perforation, the presence or absence of a watermark, a
printing defect, an error in the inscription, and the value of the stamp
increases several times. Novice collectors need to carefully study the
copy they have and compare it with catalog samples before selling it at
an overpriced or, conversely, underpriced price. 5fr+5fr, Princess Charlotte's wedding This
is one of the rarest stamps of the Principality, with a circulation of
1050 copies. It was issued in 1920 for the wedding celebrations of
Princess Charlotte Grimaldi and Count Pierre de Polignac. The story of
the bride is very unusual. Being the illegitimate daughter of Louis II,
she grew up in oblivion until the age of 21, until it turned out that
there were no other heirs to the throne of Monaco. And since a German
prince was listed among the distant contenders, France threatened the
associated principality with occupation in order to prevent a subject of
a foreign state from coming to power. In order to avoid
conflict, Charlotte was granted the title of Duchess Valentinois, thus
making her the main and only contender for the crown and married a
representative of a noble French family. The marriage union was supposed
to strengthen political ties between the two neighboring countries.
However, Charlotte's marriage turned out to be short-lived and unhappy -
her husband had homosexual inclinations, and in 1933 they finally broke
up. Two children were born from this union, including the successor of
the Grimaldi dynasty, Rainier III. The Princess Charlotte's
Wedding miniature, in Fresh condition, was sold in February 2016 at a
Daniel F. Kelleher auction for a record $5,015. Charles III, 5fr crimson on green The
stamp is one of ten portraits of Charles III issued in 1885. Engraving
by D. Dupuis, drawing by E. Muchon. For a rare quality miniature with a
perfectly centered image, auctioneer Robert A. Siegel managed to raise
$1,600 in April 2017. Princess Grace The famous portrait
of the actress, released in 1957, is considered one of the most
successful. Grace loved and knew how to wear expensive jewelry, having a
reputation as a trendsetter for luxury and high style. In the portrait,
she is depicted wearing a diamond diadem and necklace, which she wore
only for ceremonial exits. In everyday life, the princess preferred
pearls, especially in headsets from the official supplier of the
Monegasque court, the Van Cleef & Arpels brand. In June 2010, a block of four 1 franc miniatures with a portrait of Grace Kelly was sold at Cherrystone for $1,400. 500 years since the birth of Albrecht Dürer The
most famous brand of the Principality with a characteristic error. It
reproduced the engraving of the great artist of the German Renaissance
era "Christ before Pilate". The original printing stamp was signed
"Albert Dürer" instead of "Albrecht". The mistake was noticed before the
circulation went on sale and it was immediately withdrawn. Currently,
there are very few "wrong" copies of the brand. A rare case in a
philatelist, when a rarity that did not fulfill its direct function
brought its owner $ 1,400 at the Schuyler Rumsey auction. Great cormorant 1000 5fr One
of the most spectacular Monegasque airmail stamps is adorned with an
image of the mainland cormorant. Unlike the standard 14x13.5
perforation, a rare perf 11 is used here. This increased the value of
the rarity, allowing Cherrystone to fetch $700 for a block of four large
stamps at the auction. The mainland great cormorant lives in the
subtropical latitudes of the European and Asian continents. Large, with
a body length of up to 90 cm, birds settle in large colonies on the
shores of fresh or salt water bodies. They are easily distinguished by
their massive silhouette and penguin-like gait. Cormorants feed mainly
on fish, like other waterfowl. Hunting in large groups, the birds scare
away shoals going to spawn from their usual places. By this, cormorants
harm the fishery, which is why for a long time their colonies were
destroyed by humans, until the population was on the verge of
extinction. READ MORE INFO ABOUT THE SELLING PRODUCT Monaco
is a small (total area is only ~ 2 m2) European principality, which is
located next to France. Historically, it was a rock with a monastery, a
cathedral and a tiny village. However, now it is one of the most
respectable states with an insane price per square meter. Monaco - a city-country on the coast The
total population is 32 thousand. But in reality, there are an order of
magnitude more people in Monaco. Some of them come here every day to
work from neighboring France and Italy. In Monaco, not everyone will
find a place to live, but the need for specialists has not disappeared
from this. This country is eloquently characterized by the following facts: Monaco has the highest population density in the world. There are 16,000 people per square kilometer here. The state is considered one of the most prosperous in the world. Life expectancy reaches 90 years. And this is the average.
Monaco, despite its tiny size, has more than 800 years of history. It
appeared in 1215. Then the principality was a colony of Genoa. Monaco is not officially part of the European Union. However, the national currency is the euro. The official language is French. However, quite a lot of Italian is also spoken here. You can get around Monaco in an hour. In this case, you will have time to visit all the streets. The Principality is a city-state. This means that all the inhabitants in it live in the same city. 80% of the inhabitants of Monaco are immigrants. The principality has its own university. True, only one.
The country has such a prosperous crime situation that when an elderly
lady was killed here because of her inheritance, it became a national
event that was discussed by almost the entire state. About 90% of the country's territory is monitored by video cameras.
Monaco is one of the most stable countries on the planet. They have
been ruled by the Grimaldi dynasty for more than 500 years. And it was
they who relied on the gambling business and tourism, which enriched the
country. Due to the constant influx of wealthy people into the
country, the state spends huge sums to expand the available territory.
This is done in two ways. First, the country is growing vertically. More
and more modern skyscrapers are being built in Monaco. The most
expensive penthouse in Europe was sold here. Secondly, the country
spends billions on land reclamation. This is an insanely expensive area
expansion process, but there are no other options. France is obliged to defend Monaco in the event of an attack by another country.
The Grand Prix in Monaco is the most popular glamorous party. It is
also called one of the main events of the country's year. Citizens of the country cannot play for money themselves. Visits to the casino are also prohibited for them. Monaco has no external public debt. 3% of the population are unemployed. The indigenous population practically does not pay taxes. Many call Monaco a paradise for millionaires It
is no coincidence that Monaco is called a unique state. For a number of
reasons, this is exactly what it is. And to live here is the dream of
many wealthy people. Monaco's
history began in 1215. It was then that the Republic of Genoa looked
after this territory for itself and decided to establish a colony. A
fortress was erected here, which later became a full-fledged castle. The
civil war in Genoa led to the fact that Francesco Grimaldi, a
representative of one of the ruling branches, occupied the colony along
with his supporters. Since then, power here has been transferred along
this line. For a long time Monaco was under the vassalage of
France. However, since 1612, the prince began to call himself sovereign,
and in 1643 the French government even recognized this fact. In
the 18th century, the principality was under the protectorate of either
France or the Sardinian kingdom. In 1848, the Principality lost two
cities: Roquebrune and Menton. This was due to the rather tough policy
pursued by Grimaldi. Further attempts to regain the lost territories did
not lead to anything. In 1860, Sardinia withdrew its troops from
Monaco. This ended the protectorate. And a year later, the principality
signed an agreement with France. According to him, it abandoned most of
the territory, which was reduced to 1/20. In return, they signed a
customs union that was beneficial for it with the state. France also
provided 4 million francs and assumed certain obligations to Monaco. The rich history of Monaco is reflected in the architecture of the Principality Four
years later, the customs union was officially signed. At the same time,
the famous casino "Monte Carlo" was opened, which largely shaped the
image of the modern principality. Plus, both of these events
significantly improved the financial situation of the country. In
addition, the conclusion of these agreements and the foundation of the
casino became the key to the further prosperity of the state as a whole. The
20th century turned out to be suddenly turbulent for the country. In a
small principality, serious passions were burning: in 1910, a real
revolution took place here. As a result, the power of the princes was
limited, the first constitution appeared. The Second World
War did not pass without a trace for Monaco. The state tried to follow
the example of Switzerland and maintain neutrality. However, he did not
succeed: first it was occupied by the Italian authorities, and then by
the German ones. Jews living in Monaco were sent to death camps. Not so
long ago, Prince Albert II (the current ruler) apologized to them. After
the end of World War II, Prince Rainier III came to power. He dreamed
of creating a prosperous country “for all”. He hated the idea of a
resort for the rich, which he planned to make Monaco Onassis. Moreover,
on this basis, the prince even quarreled with the Greek rich man. The
irony of fate turned out to be that in the end Monaco became just such a
resort. At least in a number of ways. In 1956, Rainier III
married the famous Hollywood actress and rare beauty Grace Kelly. It
should be noted that he planned this marriage to draw attention to the
country. Even Marilyn Monroe was considered as a likely candidate. That
is, it was a marriage of convenience, a business project. However, in
the end, the prince fell in love with Grace Kelly. The story began to
resemble a beautiful fairy tale. The wedding of Grace Kelly and the Prince of Monaco The
wedding was a huge event. The press wrote about her all over the world.
So Monaco got the publicity. Grace Kelly was not just a beauty and a
great wife. She also proved to be a great manager who was able to not
only bring Monaco to the attention of the rich and famous, but also keep
it. The new princess began to give receptions, continued to communicate
with old friends and acquired new ones. In the role of the wife of the
ruler of the country, Grace Kelly looked surprisingly organic. sfor
the prince himself, he continues the work on washing up the territory,
which was started by his father. Albert also plans to build a new
district. Considering how tiny the principality is, this is an
incredibly important step. At the moment, Monaco is considered
one of the most prosperous countries on the planet. Taxation here is
loyal, the standard of living is incredibly high. Real estate prices are
constantly rising, so if you have the funds to buy an apartment, the
money can be very profitable to invest. The level of well-being of Monaco is the highest among countries in the world Best time to travel to Monaco It
is problematic to say unequivocally when exactly is the best time to go
to Monaco. Tourists find this country attractive throughout the year.
Each season has its advantages in terms of travel: Summer.
From May to autumn in Monaco is the high season. It begins in the spring
with the start of the Grand Prix. Ends in September. In the summer,
free hotel rooms and apartments are difficult to find. As for
restaurants, tables in some establishments are booked 2 months in
advance. And only in Monaco in the summer you can see real traffic jams
from the premium car segment on the tracks. It looks frankly unusual. As
for the weather, a beach holiday in the Principality is considered
ideal in June. The air temperature is on average somewhere around +24°C.
At the same time, the water temperature is below 4 degrees, no more.
That is, there is no strong heat, but it is warm enough. Autumn.
The velvet season in Monaco is considered quite beautiful. At this time
of the year, those who appreciate privacy and a relaxing holiday come
here. From September to November you can admire beautiful yachts. Prices
begin to decline only in the last month of autumn. However, it is at
this time of the year that the weather in Monaco deteriorates, it
becomes frankly damp, rainy and dank. Winter. This period in
Monaco is considered quite calm. The low season continues, so prices
will not be high, except during the Christmas and New Year period, for
obvious reasons. The cold season for the principality is quite calm. The
Alps protect the small country from weather problems, so there are
almost no hurricanes and storms here. A great time to get to know the
Principality without crowds of tourists. Spring. This time of the
year is especially good in Monaco. Until May, prices do not rise, but
it is felt that the principality is preparing for the high season. In
March, the first yachts for boat trips begin to appear. Also, spring is
great for those who like to see the sights and just walk around Monaco. Spring in Monaco is especially good!!! The main attractions and activities in Monaco The
smallest country in the world itself is a separate attraction. And in
general, in one way or another everything is interesting in it. But if
you still select individual objects, then: Casino Monte
Carlo. This is one of the oldest casinos on the planet, which, with its
respectability, contributed a lot to ensuring that such establishments
were not closed in principle. After all, they were often considered
hotbeds of vice and were forbidden in every possible way. However, it
was the casino that saved the country from ruin last year. And it's just
really pretty. Even if you are indifferent to gambling, it is worth
stopping by at least for the sake of the Opera House - one of the most
famous and impressive halls. Prince's Palace. The residence of
the ruler, of course, is located in the old city. So it won't be too
hard to find it. The prince's palace is monumental, solid. It clearly
shows the desire to receive protection. Cathedral. Many tourists
are surprised at how well it has been preserved, not suspecting that the
cathedral building is not so many years old. It was built “only” in
1875. However, the building looks older, as if it has been keeping
secrets for many hundreds of years. Be that as it may, but the cathedral
really deserves attention, if only for its monumentality.
Japanese garden. This is one of the most beautiful and flourishing
places in Monaco. It is planned according to all the rules of Japanese
art of creating such gardens. By the way, many plants feel clearly
better in the principality than at home. They bloom brighter too. This
is due to a more suitable climate for some crops. As much as 7,000 m2
has been allocated to the Japanese garden. Given how Monaco appreciates
the area, this is a lot. The original Jardin Exotic Park is
another place worth visiting. It is interesting at least because here
you can admire 7 thousand (!) cacti. And yes, this place is quite
beautiful. Fontvieille is a separate district built on territory
that was reclaimed from the sea. Although some call it a small city
(second) of Monaco. Here you can find the Maritime Museum, which prides
itself on replicas of various famous ships. If you like beautiful views,
you can look into the landscape park. And fans of wildlife obviously
will not leave indifferent the zoo. The Museum of Old Monaco is a
must-visit place for anyone who would like to touch the history of this
country, understand its past (and feel even deeper about the present).
The Rosary is the real pride of the country. It was created as a kind
of recognition from the local population of the merits of Princess Grace
Kelly for all that she has done for the principality. The ruler's wife
adored roses. Therefore, this amazing place was created in honor of her.
It is shaped like a huge rose. And, as you might guess, there are an
incredible number of varieties of these plants here - about 150 rare
varieties. And in total there are about 14 thousand different cultures.
Casino Square is a special place that often gets on postcards. Firstly,
there is a French park here, which smoothly turns into the mountains.
Secondly, on the square itself you can see beautiful statues, elegant
lanterns and ... A sign that warns of a certain dress code. Yes, it
won't be that easy to appear here. You can't, for example, be in jeans
and sneakers. But everything on the square is exquisite. It is
especially beautiful here at night when the lanterns are lit. For Monaco, this is a very monumental building. How to get a visa? To
get to Monaco, citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus or Kazakhstan need
to get a visa. And since there are no embassies or consulates of Monaco
on the territory of our countries, the corresponding functions are
carried out by the French embassy. This is where you need to submit your
documents. You need a visa to visit Monaco To apply for a visa, you need to provide: internal passport (it is necessary to have a place of permanent registration);
a passport valid at the time of application for at least six months. If
you have already changed your passports, then the old ones must also be
submitted without fail; questionnaire in English or French. It must be filled in capital letters in printed form;
certificate from the place of work. It should include the job title and
salary. You also need to provide a document that will record the
duration of the work; written confirmation that the person went on vacation, for example, and not fired; photographs 3.5 by 4.5 cm. They must be fresh; pensioner's ID; minors are required to have a birth certificate;
from students of any category - a document that confirms the transfer
to the next course or to the next class (if the trip is planned in the
summer); a bank document showing the availability of funds per
person, based on the calculation of a minimum of 50 euros per day for
the duration of the trip; round trip plane tickets; written permission to process personal data; medical insurance with coverage from 30 thousand euros. At the same time, you need. but choose a European insurer. Insurance must be for each person. Issuing
a tourist or visitor visa costs $28. It is issued once. To obtain a
multiple-entry visa to Monaco, there is only one reason - a business
trip. This requires that the person entering the country has the
appropriate contact in Monaco. Also, when obtaining a visa on the basis
of a business trip, it is required to justify your visit in an expanded
form. Please note: if children are traveling with their parents,
then minors must be entered in the parents' passports. They also need to
provide a birth certificate. If only one parent visits Monaco with the
child, then the second will need a written consent, notarized and
translated into French. As for children, from the age of 14 they must
have their own passport. The question of taxation in Monaco Monaco is called a tax haven. And indeed: here is a very profitable and fairly simple system. Monaco is a famous tax haven If
we talk about legal entities, then if the turnover of capital is 75% in
the territory of the principality, such a company is exempt from income
tax in principle. Otherwise, it is 33.33%. The same tax in Monaco is
paid by companies that receive income from patents, artistic or literary
property rights. At the same time, capital gains tax, which is
typical for most other countries, is not levied in Monaco. There is VAT.
It is the same as in France - 20%. However, Monaco is also actively
applying lower rates, for example, 10% for certain groups of goods. As
for individuals, they do not pay income tax in Monaco. However,
pensions and social security also exist here. For them, 12% is deducted
from the gross salary annually. Also, when concluding real estate
transactions, standard VAT is paid, provided that the object was built
and put into operation no later than 5 years before the sale. It's especially beautiful here at night. An
inheritance tax is provided, which is due to the nature of the
relationship between the deceased and the heir. If the property was
inherited in a straight line, for example, from parents or from
grandparents, then taxation will take place at a zero rate. The
inheritance passed from a brother or sister - 8%. Are we talking about
nephews or aunts? ten%. In the case of all other relatives, you will
have to pay a tax of 13%. Sometimes an inheritance comes from a person
who was not a relative, for example, by will. In such a situation, you
will need to pay a tax of 16%. However, do not forget that the heir
always has the opportunity to refuse the inheritance if he considers its
acceptance for himself financially unprofitable. Many are
disappointed when they find out that you still have to pay taxes in
Monaco. However, no state in the world can exist completely without
payments. Nevertheless, Monaco compares favorably with most countries
with a noticeably smaller number of deductions in favor of the treasury.
Plus, you don't have to pay taxes at all. And deductions from salaries
for the formation of pensions are a contribution to the future. Monaco
in this regard is an order of magnitude more reliable than the FIU. Where to stay in Monaco? Monaco - a rich choice of places to live, despite its tiny size Despite
the tiny size of Monaco, this country still formed several districts
(some call them cities). They smoothly flow into one another, so on the
ground you may not even notice that you left one and went to another.
Nevertheless, there is still a certain difference between them:
Monaco-Ville. This is the official capital of the principality, in fact
- the old part of the city. Sometimes the whole city as a whole is
called that. However, most often, “Monaco-Ville” still means the
historical center. Here is the cathedral, not very far from which you
can find the residence of the prince. There are few hotels here, and the
price per room per night can cost a fortune. Buying property in this
area will not work due to the extremely limited supply market;
Monte Carlo. The most famous and wealthy area of millionaires, located
next to the famous casino. Buying real estate here is affordable for a
multimillionaire. Nevertheless, the area is very beautiful, and it would
not hurt to look here; Condamine is a port area. Here you can
buy commercial real estate in the first place. In general, this part of
Monaco is largely devoted to business activity; Le Revoir is the
most affordable and smallest area of Monaco. It is the most remote
from the sea, located on a certain elevation. But it offers stunning
views of the surroundings; Fontvieille is a new area of the
city, which is completely built on bulk land. Skyscrapers are being
built here, so there is an opportunity to buy real estate. It is
connected to the rest of Monaco by a tunnel that runs right through the
rock; Saint-Michel is a residential area of the principality,
where you can also look after real estate. There are no attractions, so
you will have the opportunity to take a break from the ubiquitous
tourists. Prices per square meter are average for the country. Monte
Carlo is located next to the Saint-Michel district; Saint Roman
is another residential area of Monaco. It is not very far from the
beach. The proximity of the sea coast affects prices per square meter;
La Colle is an area that is located almost on the border with France.
It is located far from the sea (relatively), a quarter of its territory
is given to the cemetery. However, the situation did not become more
gloomy from this. The buildings here seem to compete with each other in
height and number of floors. But real estate is traded quite actively;
Moneghetti is another area located far from the sea. Here is the elite
real estate of the beginning of the last century. You can buy such
property if you have several million euros or more. Museum of stamps and coins of Monaco From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Museum of stamps and coins of Monaco Large exhibition hall of the museum Large exhibition hall of the museum Date of foundation 1996 Opening date 1996 Monaco address Website www.oetp-monaco.com Wikimedia Commons logo The
Museum of Stamps and Coins of Monaco (fr. Musée des timbres et des
monnaies de Monaco) is a philatelic and numismatic museum located on the
territory of the Principality of Monaco. The museum's collection fully
allows you to trace the history mail and postal stamps of this state. Story At
the end of the 19th century, the English pastor, Rev. G. G. Barbier,
collected a unique collection of postage stamps dedicated to the
Principality of Monaco. After the death of the pastor, Prince Albert I
of Monaco acquired this collection, and the next Prince Louis II
significantly supplemented it. Prince Rainier III in 1950 decided to put
the collection on public display. In 1987, an advisory commission was
established, responsible for the classification and replenishment of the
philatelic collection. Since 1996, the Postage Stamp Museum has been
open to visitors. In 2001, it received a name more appropriate to the
content of the collections - the Museum of Postage Stamps and Coins. exposition The
museum is divided into two rooms. The Grand Exhibition Hall houses two
permanent exhibitions of the museum: an exhibition of coins from the
Principality of Monaco from 1641 and an exhibition of philatelic
products from this country from 1885 to the present day. The Hall of
Rare Stamps exhibits priceless and rare items. For example, an envelope
from Menton dated April 12, 1851 with a copy of a stamp from the first
series of stamps of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the first color stamps of
Monaco, 5-franc coins with the image of Prince Charles III. In addition, visitors can see: a rotary printing press, which has served the printing house of Monaco for more than 50 years; various punches for stamps and coins; a manual typographical machine, on which museum employees demonstrate the process of making stamps during various events. MonacoPhil Since
1997, the Monaco Museum of Stamps and Coins, under the patronage of the
Prince of Monaco, has been hosting the international
philatelic exhibition MonacoPhil (MonacoPhil). The exhibition, which
takes place every two years, exhibits 100 of the world's rarest postal
items. World philatelic rarities are provided by members of the Monte
Carlo Elite Philately Club. Members of this club are both private
collectors and the world's leading postal museums. MonacoPhil
exhibitions are not competitive, therefore there is no jury at these
exhibitions and no awards are awarded. Each exhibition is accompanied by
a full-color catalog, which depicts all the exhibited items with
descriptions in French and English. WORLD POSTAGE INFORMATION The
history of the post is a historical study of the development of the
postal service. The need to receive news from other localities and
countries dates back to ancient times and was initially satisfied by
means of messengers who brought messages, both oral and written or
dressed in symbolic form. With the development of human civilization,
there was a change and development of methods, means and forms of postal
communication. Royal Mail Coach (Great Britain, ca. 1820) African hollow tom-toms Prehistoric
people used the voice to convey important information, which
contributed to the emergence of articulate speech. However, the oral
transmission of the news was imperfect, since the human voice is heard
only at close range. To amplify the transmitted sound, hollow tree
trunks and later drums began to be used thousands of years ago (about 6
thousand years BC). With the help of conditional shock signals, news was
transmitted from one settlement to another. In addition, people used
fire and smoke to convey messages. Tom-tom drums are still used by
African tribes to communicate over long distances, and the smoke from
bonfires was used for the same purposes by the Indians of Canada as far
back as the 20th century. N. K. Roerich (1874-1947). Messenger Antiquity Messengers
became the next type of communication in the history of mankind - at
first on foot, later on horseback. In the ancient states of Mesopotamia,
Egypt, Greece, Persia, China, the Roman Empire, there was a
well-established state postal service: written messages were sent with
foot and horse messengers on the principle of a relay. The Ancient East The
history of mail is closely related to the history of writing. With the
birth of the latter, information began to be transmitted in writing,
which marked the beginning of postal communication. At first, this
relationship was episodic. With the emergence of slave-owning states in
the Ancient East, whose rulers needed constant information about the
situation in their own country and in the territories subject to them,
postal communications began to acquire an orderly character. Ancient Egyptian drawing depicting postal activity The
first institutions of an ordered message service arose quite early in
ancient times. For the first time, a postal message appeared about 5000
years ago in Mesopotamia to transmit information imprinted in the form
of a clay letter. No less ancient is the postal service in Egypt. Initially,
such services were used mainly for military purposes and were not
intended for communication between civilians. Such were the messaging
services in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Babylon and Persia. They were
especially developed in Egypt and can be considered the forerunners of
modern mail. During the IV dynasty of the pharaohs (2900-2700 BC), there
was a service of special foot (walkers), as well as horse messengers,
providing communication via military roads with Libya, Ethiopia and
Arabia. Ancient Egyptian mail was based primarily on the use of
numerous messengers on foot, thanks to which the pharaohs could easily
communicate with remote provinces. In Beni Hassan, on the wall painting
of one of the cave-tombs dating back to the era of the Middle Kingdom, a
messenger is depicted conveying to an official a message about the
invasion of an enemy tribe[3]. It is known about professional messengers
that existed in Egypt in the era of the XII dynasty (1985-1785 BC), who
delivered royal orders all the way to Asia. The messengers had to cover
long distances as quickly as possible. Carrier pigeons were also used
to transport letters. Carrier pigeons with attached messages. An
idea of the postal service in ancient Egypt can be obtained from a
papyrus document dated to about 255 BC. e. and containing accounts for
the delivery of mail by one messenger. A similar highly developed postal
system soon spread to other countries. The Assyrian legend tells of the messengers who carried the orders of Semiramis to all the edges of her kingdom. The
postal business in the Persian monarchy - in the form of a clear system
of postal communication, known as the "angareyon" - was introduced in
the 6th century BC. e., during the time of King Cyrus II (550-529 BC).
The transmission of messages was carried out mainly through horse
messengers (hangars). However, there are indications that such a postal
system existedin Persia much earlier. From the descriptions of Herodotus
and Xenophon it is known that under Cyrus II, postal stations were
installed on the most important roads, spaced at a uniform distance from
each other, which was approximately the daily run of a horse. These
stations served as rest couriers. Ancient Greece In
Greece, the postal system was quite well established in the form of
land and sea mail, but it could not develop significantly due to the
many warring city-states. Governments, as a rule, had at their disposal
messengers on foot to convey messages. They were called hemerodromes
(Greek ημερόδρομος). The runners covered in an hour a distance of 55
stadia (about 10 km) and in one flight - 400-500 stadia. The
most famous of these couriers was Pheidippides, who, according to
Plutarch, in 490 B.C. e. brought to Athens the news of the victory at
the Battle of Marathon and died of exhaustion. This run was the first
marathon in history. Pheidippides transmitted only a verbal message. Riding
messengers were sent already in antiquity to convey especially hasty
messages. As Diodorus Siculus writes, one of the commanders of Alexander
the Great kept messengers at his headquarters - camel riders. Ancient Rome Roman roads and Cursus publicus In
the Roman Republic, the organization of the postal business was
probably borrowed from the Persians. At first, only wealthy patricians,
who owned numerous slaves, had their own messengers. For government and
private purposes, there were messengers (cursores, statores,
later viatores and tabellarii, from tabella - a tablet for writing), as
well as private entrepreneurs who rented wagons and pack animals
(cisiarii and jumentarii); their colleges united into one corporation.
Gaius Julius Caesar laid the foundation for the creation of the state
post itself, which arose and received significant development under the
emperor Augustus. In those days, the post office was called cursus
publicus (“cursus publicus” - state post), was subordinated directly to
the emperor and was not allowed for private messages. Thanks to a single
postal network, there was a connection between the individual parts of
the Roman Empire. It was a huge, extensive postal system, which
worked according to clear regulations. Postal transportation
was carried out on land with the help of horses, by sea - on ships. In
larger centers, mail stations (mansiones, later stationes) were
established, which served for the rest and overnight stay of traveling
horsemen and drivers and usually stood one from the other for a day's
journey. Riding and pack animals and, in case of need, wagons stood
ready here. Between each two mansiones (at a distance of 7-14 km) 6-8
smaller stations (mutationes) were arranged for changing horses. In
those days, they could say: "Statio posita in ...", which meant "a
station located in such and such a place." From the Latin word posita,
most likely, the word post came - "mail" . Hurry packages were
sent by horse couriers (veredarii), travelers were transported in light
wagons (rheda), various kinds of luggage - in carts (clabularia). The
use of state mail was allowed only for state purposes and certain
officials. In urgent cases, entire military units were transported by
means of cursus publicus. As an exception and on the basis of special
permits (diplomata, evectiones, tractoriae), other persons, traveling
officials, especially veterans, and later clergymen could use the state
mail, which gave rise to various abuses. The main administration
of the state post was concentrated in the hands of one of the highest
state officials: at first the prefect of the praetorium, and from the
time of Constantine, the master of offices. The management of the post
in the provinces belonged to the governors, under whom special prefects
(prefecti vehiculorum), later - procuratores cursus publici, were in
charge of the technical part of the post. The supply of horses, other
means of transportation and riders was a natural duty of the surrounding
population and the inhabitants of the conquered countries, on whom the
maintenance of the mail lay an extremely heavy burden. Although
the activity of the Roman state post was limited to government needs, it
was of great importance. Thanks to the excellent road network, the
security and order of communications, and the extensive correspondence
of civil and military authorities, an unusually busy traffic developed
at the state post offices. Distances from Britain to the Balkans, the
Caucasus, present-day Turkey, Syria, Palestine, and Jordan, and from the
mouth of the Rhine to the Libyan Desert and Alexandria, could be
covered relatively quickly. If Caesar, using variable private horses,
could make 100 miles a day, then Tiberius, with the help of cursus
publicus, traveled a distance twice that in a day. News from the most
important provinces was received daily in Rome. Stations along busier
roads containedb 20-40 draft horses and mules. This organization lasted
until the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and with its fall the cursus
publicus also disappeared. In the Eastern Roman Empire, the state post
office existed until about 520. For private mail, they usually
used the services of traveling friends, which led to a long delivery
time. So, there is a known case when a certain Augustin received a
letter nine years later. If the distance to the addressee was not very
large, the Roman sent his slave, who traveled on foot up to 75 km per
day. Other highly developed cultures In
China, the postal service of foot and horse messengers arose quite
early; it was founded during the Zhou dynasty (1123-249 BC). In those
days, postal communication was maintained with the help of 80 messengers
and eight main couriers, for whom quarters for meals were arranged at a
distance of 5 km and, at a greater distance, accommodation points. This
postal system was greatly expanded during the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC)
and especially during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220). During the heyday of the Mayan culture, there was also a developed service of messengers, but very little is known about it. Middle Ages Development in Europe Early Middle Ages Post horn Exhibit of the Rheinhessen Postal Museum With
the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there was hardly any functioning
transmission system in Europe. Only Clovis (King of France from 482 to
511) tried - without much success - to recreate the postal service from
the remains of the Roman state mail. By the time of Charlemagne
(768-814) messages were delivered with great difficulty. Charlemagne and
his successors made no serious attempt to restore the Roman state post.
The institution of messengers, which existed under the Carolingians,
was adjacent to the popular division into stamps and, with the rapid
disintegration of the monarchy, was not widely developed. The feudal
princes carried out the transfer of letters and things through
messengers and drivers provided by their subjects. Monastic and university mail In
feudal medieval Europe of the 11th-15th centuries, with the
fragmentation of state power, the forwarding of news was carried out
mainly by individual spiritual and secular corporations. At that time,
the Church needed most of all the exchange of thoughts, both because its
organization rested on the beginning of centralization, and because for
a long time it was the only bearer of the intellectual life of peoples.
The archives of church institutions and the regests of the Roman curia
testify that even at the very beginning of the Middle Ages there was a
lively exchange of messages between the head of the Catholic hierarchy
and its members; but there is no indication of the existence of a
special ecclesiastical institution of messengers or couriers. Only
between numerous branches of spiritual orders was proper communication
maintained through the medium of wandering monks, who played the role of
couriers and took reports with them. The monasteries thus had their own
system of messages - the monastic post. Monastic couriers kept in touch
between individual monasteries and the head of the church in Rome,
between monastic orders and their brotherhoods. In the lands of the
German order, a special administration arose for this purpose and
stations were established for changing horses. At universities,
where students flocked from various countries, corporations of
professional messengers were also formed, enjoying various privileges.
In the XII-XIII centuries, the messengers of the universities in
Bologna, Salerno, Naples, Montpellier, Toulouse were famous, and later -
the messengers of the Sorbonne University in Paris. University mail
messengers kept students in touch with their families; some of the
university post offices delivered messages to private individuals for a
fee. Merchants' and butchers' mail The
further development of society, primarily trade and crafts, as well as
science and culture, contributed to an increase in interest in the
transmission of messages and led to the emergence of numerous and
diverse messenger services and city posts serving merchants and
artisans. Gradually, the right to use these mails began to be granted to
other segments of the population. Merchant mail was established
at large trading houses, which contained their own couriers. Soon,
individual merchants began to borrow this idea and united so that the
collected mail could be transported to its destination. The beginning of
merchant mail can be found in the Republic of Venice. At the same time,
there was still no unified state mail. Somewhat later, the
so-called "butcher's post" arose. The guild of butchers, who made
extensive travels for their purchases, took over, in agreement with the
cities and merchant guilds, the transportation of letters and parcels.
In some cities of southern Germany, this was a duty for the butcher's
guild, in return for which it was exempted from communal duties. Thus,
the butchers' post was formed, which existed until the end of the 17th
century and in some places acquired the significance of a state
institution (in Württemberg). Messenger with a letter in the 15th century (West Berlin stamp, 1989) City and royal mail With
the development of city liberties, one of the most important means of
communication in the Middle Ages was the institution of city messengers,
which existed almost everywhere since the 14th century, but was
especially developed in large shopping centers in Germany and Italy.
From the numerous regulations that have come down to us for city
messengers in Cologne, Mainz, Nordhausen (XIV century), Strasbourg
(1443), Augsburg (1552), Breslau (1573), etc., it is clear that they
were under the jurisdiction of the city council, which under sworn to
obey. They did not receive a salary either from the community, or from
individual corporations or merchant guilds. Coming out of the city on
certain days, they delivered on horseback or on foot at the appointed
time the correspondence of the city government, as well as letters and
parcels from the townspeople, from whom they charged a fee. Postal map of Europe in 1563 The
institute of urban messengers received a strong and widespread
development thanks to the unions of cities on the Rhine and in Lower
Germany. The messengers of the Rhenish city union maintained the correct
messages from Cologne and Mainz via Frankfurt to Nuremberg. The
messengers of the Hanseatic cities were famous for their accuracy in
meeting deadlines, maintaining communications between Hamburg, Bremen,
Amsterdam and Antwerp, as well as eastward through Stettin, Danzig and
Königsberg up to Riga. In southern Germany, the first place was occupied
by the messengers of Augsburg. In addition to lines to Nuremberg (three
times a week), Lindau and Regensburg, they maintained communications
with Italy; they arrived in Venice via the Brenner in eight days. The
modern centralized post was born with the rise of state power. In
France, Louis XI, by an edict on June 19, 1464, established royal
couriers (French maîtres coureurs royaux). A network of stations for
changing horses was spread over all his possessions; at the head of the
whole organization was the grand maître. This mail was intended solely
for the needs of the government; royal couriers, under pain of death,
were forbidden to carry out orders for private individuals. Charles
VIII's patent of 27 January 1487 names the royal couriers chevaucheurs
en postes. Soon after, not only in France, but also in Germany and
Italy, the name of the post came to mean the whole set of institutions
that were established by the state or under the control of the state for
the transmission of both government and private correspondence and for
the transport of passengers. Thurn and Taxis Post FRG stamp for the 500th anniversary of the von Taxis post (1990) Main article: Thurn y Taxis Post The
first experience of the organization of mail - in the real sense of the
word and on a broad international basis - was made by members of the
Tasso family (later Tassis or Taxis; in 1650 the prefix Thurn was added
to the surname) from Bergamo, who took over the support of
communications between the Habsburg possessions. The Thurn and Taxis
post existed from the second half of the 15th century until 1867 and
made a huge contribution to the development of postal communications in
Europe. Development outside Europe After the fall of the
Western Roman Empire, its territory from Spain to Persia was dominated
by the Arabs. In the 7th century, a well-organized regular postal
service arose in the Muslim caliphate, the services of which could also
be used by private individuals on a limited basis. The postal
communications that existed at that time became even more developed.
Postal couriers had special insignia so that they could be recognized
from afar. They were given special plates, original certificates, which
were hung around the neck and over the shoulder with the help of yellow
ribbons. There is data on the mail of the Incas in Peru and the
Aztecs in Mexico. Here, until the beginning of the 16th century, there
were postal messengers who, in addition to state messages, delivered
fresh fish, fruits and other products to the king's table. The
Aztec messengers transmitted almost all messages orally. They weaved red
ribbons into their hair or brandished a dagger at joyful news (for
example, about victory); bad news was conveyed to the king on his
knees. Postage in Russia Postal history of Russia Postage stamp of the USSR (1958) People
in Rus' were well aware of the events that took place thousands of
kilometers away, but, however, there is no direct evidence describing a
regular postal service in the 10th-14th centuries. Probably, the
first message about the postal system in Rus' dates back to the
beginning of the 16th century and belongs to Sigismund Herberstein:
The sovereign has riders in all parts of his state, in different places
and with the appropriate number of horses, so that when a royal
messenger is sent somewhere, he will have a horse ready without delay.
In this case, the messenger is given the right to choose the horse he
wants. Another foreigner (Stanislav Nemoevsky) during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible noted:
Messengers are obliged, from hour to hour, to do 20 miles a day (about
100 km), and they accomplish such an impossible task in a short time,
although for this they have no gratitude, but - toara: whip and prison. According
to the same author, at the beginning of the 17th century, pits (post
stations) were located at a distance of 6 to 20 miles (30-100 km) from
each other. At the same time, travelers of different classes, fulfilling
the will of the Grand Duke, could change a different number of horses
in the pits: “a simple person could take only one horse; the son of a
boyar son - three; and to whom on the road from the Grand Duke they will
write with “vich”, for example - Boris Vasilyevich, that is six. A son
with a patronymic, that is, some big duma - 15, duma prince - 30 ". At
the beginning of the 17th century, the Grand Duke (Tsar Vasily Shuisky)
received news every eight days about what was happening on the border
and in other parts of the country. From
the message of Patrick Gordon at the end of the 17th century, mail from
Moscow, for example, was sent to Riga every two weeks; the general
received in Moscow a letter sent from Smolensk 10 days after the date of
sending [source not specified 4379 days], and while in London, a letter
from his wife, who traveled from Russia in 43 days; a letter from my
father (from Scotland) went to London for 33 days. Horse messenger (Germany, XVII century) In
the 16th-17th centuries, centralized royal mail arose in France,
Sweden, England and other countries. The idea of a postal regalia,
that is, the exclusive right of the government to maintain postal
institutions within the state territory, was first put forward at the
end of the 16th century, and in the 17th century it began to be put into
practice. The first of the German sovereigns to establish a government
post and recognize the nature of a monopoly behind it was the great
Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1646). His example was followed by other
significant imperial ranks. At the same time, the content of the mail
began to be seen not only as a right, but also as an obligation of
governments. With the development of industrial relations and the
emergence of capitalism, it became necessary to organize regular and
fast postal communications both within countries and between countries.
Already at the beginning of the 18th century, there were statesmen (for
example, Friedrich Wilhelm I in Prussia) who abandoned fiscal views on
the post and saw its task in reducing the cost of postal rates and
making postal messages as accessible to the population as possible.
Unlike France, where the forwarding of letters (poste aux lettres) was
declared a state monopoly, but along with government mail there were
private enterprises for the transport of passengers (messageries), in
the larger German states, the activities of government mail included
both the forwarding of letters and goods, and transportation of
passengers. Trara-ra-ra! Hurry, hurry The carriage is flying through the fields! Dust swirls from all sides, The cheerful postman trumpets! The horn sparkles like fire - Blow louder, postman. Trara-ra-ra! Hurry, hurry The carriage is flying through the fields! Take your time! I will give everything - Carry letters home And letters and packages Parcels and newspapers. German folk song (translated by B. Kissin) In
those days, the arrival of a mail coach in a small town was a whole
event. The postman announced his approach by loudly blowing the mail
horn. News was delivered at a speed of 70 km per day - as much as a
postal stagecoach passed. The government post office of Saxony,
Braunschweig-Hanover, Hesse, and especially Brandenburg-Prussia was
famous for its expedient organization. From 1655 on the main Prussian
line Kleve-Memel, mail departed twice a week; from Koenigsberg to Berlin
she arrived in 4 days, from Koenigsberg to Kleve - in 10 days. It was
unusual speed for that time. In addition to branches to Hamburg,
Stettin, Leipzig and Breslau, postal communications were maintained in
the west with Holland, in the east with Warsaw and the Swedish post in
Riga. In the matter of transporting passengers, Prussia, however, was
already surpassed by countries with more comfortable roads at the end of
the 18th century. All the more struck contemporaries the success
achieved by Prussia in 1821, when the so-called him were established.
Nagler'sche Schuellposten, with travel-friendly crews. Postal office. Hood. Edward Villiers Rippinghill (1829) In
the 19th century, a radical revolution in the postal business was
caused by the spread of railways and shipping companies. The appearance
at the beginning of the 19th century of a steam locomotive and a
steamboat, and at the beginning of the 20th century of an airplane,
significantly increased the speed of forwarding mail. The postal service
became nationwide and began to serve the entire population. Through
the combination of railway and steamship lines, the possibility of
establishing correct postal communications between the most remote
countries has opened up. The first experience in this direction was made
in 1835 by Lieutenant Waghorn, who was in the English service, who
organized the Anglo-Indian mail, which was transported by steamers from
Marseille to Alexandria, from there, first along the Mahmoudie canal,
and subsequently by rail to Suez, then again delivered by steamers to
Bombay and Calcutta. At the beginning of the 20th century, this mail was
delivered through the Mont Cenis tunnel toBrindisi, from where it was
directly transported by mail steamers through the Suez Canal to India
and the countries of the Far East. In 1820, Brewer, a paper
merchant in Brighton, invented the envelope. An important milestone in
the history of the postal service was the issuance of a postage stamp in
1840 in Great Britain. Later, registered envelopes began to be used in
England and its colonies. Stamp wrappers appeared in 1857 in the
United States of America, in 1864 - in New South Wallis, in 1868 - in
the North German Union; in total, such parcels were introduced later in
66 countries. Forms for closed letters were introduced in 55 countries,
initially in 1879 in Paris; in Argentina and France there are forms with
a paid answer. Forms for postal orders appeared in Braunschweig in 1865
and were then introduced in 14 countries; only three countries had
stamped envelopes for postal orders. One of the founders of the Universal Postal Union, Heinrich von Stefan The
idea of inventing an open letter (post-card, or postcard) belongs
to the former German Postmaster General Heinrich von Stefan. At the 5th
conference of the German Postal Union in Karlsruhe in 1865, Stefan
pointed out in a memorandum the inconveniences of the existing form of
writing, which did not have simplicity and brevity and was associated
with a loss of time when choosing paper, folding it, putting it in an
envelope, sealing it, stamp sticker, etc. In addition, in ordinary
writing it was not customary to confine oneself to short phrases, and
under such conditions speed of writing was not achieved. The initiative
to introduce an open letter belongs to Austria, where the first
postcards appeared in 1869. Paid reply open letters appeared in 1872 in
the German Empire. Subsequently, open letters were introduced in 171
countries, with a paid response in 140. Woman dropping a letter in a mailbox (USA, 1909) By
coordinating the arrival of the Atlantic steamships with the trains of
the Pacific Railroad in North America, and these latter with the
steamship lines outgoing from Vancouver and San Francisco, it became
possible to send a letter from Europe to Japan in 30 to 35 days. Being
immediately sent from Japan further (to India), such a letter could make
a round-the-world trip in 85 days. With the completion of the
Great Siberian Railway at the beginning of the 20th century, the journey
from Europe to Japan was reduced by six days, and a letter could
circumnavigate the globe in less than 80 days. As the railway
network expanded and branched out, and the number of daily trains
increased, so did the number of mails that arrived and departed daily in
the area. To this were added the improvements introduced into the
organization of the postal business itself by the arrangement, for
example, of a rural post office, the establishment of a cheap and
uniform postal rate, and the introduction of a number of new postal
operations. More than one case is known in the history of postal
services, when letters were delivered over long distances in a very
short time, impossible even with modern means of sorting and
transporting mail. So, a letter sent on August 6, 1849 from London was
delivered to Switzerland, to Neuchâtel on the second day. A letter sent
in 1905 from Oxford reached Frankfurt am Main in three days, although
even now such a journey can take four or five days. Monument to the Universal Postal Union[de] in Bern (erected in 1909) With
the invention of the telegraph (1832), telephone (1876) and radio
(1895), the postal service did not lose its important role as a means of
communication for millions of people. In the telegraph, the post office
found powerful assistance and completion, as a result of which almost
all states, following the example of Germany, combined the postal
business with the telegraph business, to the great benefit of both
departments. Finally, international postal relations received a
solid foundation and guarantee in the organization of the Universal
Postal Union, which embraced all cultural countries. One of the founders
of the Universal Postal Union was Heinrich von Stefan, who made a
significant contribution to the development of German and international
mail in the 19th century. In 1874, at the First Universal Postal
Congress, 22 countries, including Russia, signed the Universal
Uniform Postal Treaty and formed the Universal Postal Union (since 1878 -
the Universal Postal Union). In 1878, the Universal Postal Convention
was concluded, regulating the exchange of correspondence, which contains
written messages. For the current stage in the development of mail, see the article Mail. Postal history as a section of philately Main article: Philately Within
the framework of philatelic studies, there is a special section of
postal history, which is based on the activities of the postal
department, which issues postage stamps and controls the means of
collecting, sorting and delivering mail. The subject of postal history
from the point of view of philately includes the study of postal rates,
mail transportation routes, methods and methods of processing postal
correspondence. Particular attention is paid to periods of disruption of
the mail or transitional periods, such assuch as wars and military
occupation, as well as the delivery of mail to remote areas. The term
“postal history” also refers to collections of postal envelopes and
other materials illustrating episodes from postal history. Thus,
the history of postal past and present grew out of philately. As the
discipline developed, philatelic researchers found that knowing why the
Post Office issued particular stamps, where they were used, and how they
were used made it easier to understand and identify postage stamps. For
example, it is possible to prove that a stamp that supposedly went
through the post office before another stamp of this type is in fact a
fake if it is canceled by the postmark of the locality in which such
stamps arrived only three weeks after this date. Postal history
is of interest in its own right. There are still many unknowns in the
work of the postal service, millions of old envelopes have been
preserved, which are a vast field for the study of postal
artifacts. Gallows (mail) Universal Postal Convention Universal Postal Union Postage stamps Russian Postal History Communication Museum Thurn and Taxis Post Postal Museum List of postal and philatelic museums in the world Stefan, Heinrich von Project:Philately and Postal / Postal History Literature Mail
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mail // Big philatelic dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I.
Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K.
Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs;
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communication, 1988. - S. 76. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN
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// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82
volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Rheinhessen Postal Museum[de], Erbes-Büdesheim (Germany). The
history of mail distribution in Russia: Yamskaya chase. "When I served
as a coachman at the post office ...". News of our mail. World Post;
World Post Logistics Co. Ltd (April 4, 2015). Retrieved October 15,
2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Drawing from the German brochure “Gantz Nagel-neue Reichs-Zeitung. Im Jahr 1683". Vintage postcard The
idea that it was possible at that time to travel around the world in
less than three months formed the basis of the adventure novel by the
French writer Jules Verne Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). What, where, when // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - P. 48. Postal
signs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes
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ISBN 0-517-08024-9. (English) (Date of access: November 21, 2009) Karpenko
Yu. A. Science? Or is it not science? (In order of discussion) //
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S. 100-104. Cabeen R. McP. Standard Handbook of Stamp Collecting /
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Collecting A-Z. Archived November 2, 2015 at the Wayback Machine - 1st
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of access: November 21, 2009) Big Philatelic Dictionary / N.
I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N.
Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M.
Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints
and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. -
40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Literature Arlazorov M.S. You have a letter! - M .: Soviet Russia, 1966. - 230 p. Vigilev D. How a strip of glue was invented // Philately of the USSR. - 1974. - No. 8. - S. 26-27.
Guzhnovsky A. L. History of mail in illustrations // Philatelist. -
Bratsk: E. A. Semenenko (Kaliningrad), 2007. - No. 4-5. (Accessed 11
August 2020) Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Katsaraki V.N. Mail // Soviet collector. - 1929. - No. 4-6. - P. 1-13. When and why did the first postage stamp appear // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 10. - P. 62. RUSSIAN POST: HISTORY AND MODERNITY October 9 is celebrated as International Post Day around the world. Russian Post celebrates its day - July 14th. RUSSIAN POST HISTORY AND MODERNITY The
foundations of Russian mail were laid in the last quarter of the 9th
century, at the beginning of the existence of Kievan Rus. True, then
messages and dispatches were sent mainly by princes. Ordinary people had
to unquestioningly provide the princely messengers with horses and
food: such a duty was called a “cart”. In 1266, almost a century
earlier than in Germany, the country with the most developed post office
at that time, the first document regulating postal exchange appeared in
Rus': the rules for the passage of messengers through Russian lands.
Alas, the Tatar-Mongol invasion that happened soon after this not only
ruined the Russian state, but also stopped the development of Russian
mail for several centuries. The only thing that the Russians borrowed
from the enslavers was the new name of the post office - Yamskaya chase.
Horses, which were provided by the local population, also walked
between the stations. The peasants themselves carried messengers on
horseback. The distance between the pits was up to 100 kilometers. Thus,
the peasant could "drop out" of household chores for several days.
Moreover, this work was not paid. The new postal era begins from
the moment of the liberation of Rus' from the yoke - from the end of the
15th century. The first postal institutions appear, new types of postal
services appear. Foreigners visiting the Muscovite state in those days
already call the work of coachmen "mail" - they recognize in it all the
signs of the best postal services in Europe. Coachmen began to receive
remuneration for their work only under Ivan the Terrible. Regular
postal chase (delivery of letters) from Moscow to Arkhangelsk, St.
Petersburg, Astrakhan, Azov, Kyiv, and even across Siberia to Kyakhta to
the Chinese border, as well as to the "German countries" - the Baltics,
Scandinavia and German lands - is organized and develops at the end
XVII - early XVIII centuries. Riga (to Riga) and Vilna (to Vilna, later -
Vilnius) mail was sometimes called "merchant" mail, because at first
the bulk of correspondence sent abroad was letters from foreign
merchants. Ordinary people could not afford postal services. The
"German" post of Muscovy was a state-owned enterprise, while in Europe
the system of delivering letters by private enterprises was widely used. Inside the vast country, coachmen continued to deliver mail. The
existence in parallel of two postal systems - "German" and Yamskaya -
created many inconveniences, therefore, from the middle of the 18th
century. the merger of both services into a single Russian Post began.
Moreover, the mail of those times delivers not only letters and parcels,
but also more exotic things - for example, the Yamsky Post Office of
Moscow was subordinate to the "fruit" mail, which promptly delivered
grapes, watermelons and melons to the royal table. It is noteworthy that
at the same time, ordinary postal routes were rather archaic: only from
the second half of the 18th century. regular horse mail lines began to
approach some county towns, industrial centers and places of extraction
of resources vital to the state. On local lines, postmen most often
walked from city to city. In the early 70s of the XVIII century.
“exemplary” postal lines are being laid to the Baltic States and Belarus
with stations for changing horses and resting people along the entire
route. At the "exemplary" post offices, for the first time, the post of
station keeper was created, later known as the "station master". Since
1773, the Russian postal service began to accept bills of exchange and
money everywhere. At about the same time, the famous postal troikas of
horses appeared - the fastest form of mail transportation at that time,
as well as postal bells, notifying all passing and oncoming ones that
you need to give way to the postal relay race. At the end of the
XVIII century. the first postmarks appear, imprinted with paint on each
letter and indicating that the sender of the letter paid for the postal
services for forwarding and his letter was taken for storage and
delivery to the addressee by the Russian Post. In 1801, a book
was published in St. Petersburg - “A manual road builder for use on the
way between the imperial All-Russian capitals, giving Historical,
Geographical and Political news about cities according to it; with a
description of philistine rituals, clothes, dialects and types of the
best places. In fact, this book became the first guidebook in Russia. During
the terrible fire of Moscow in 1812, in which 6,532 out of 9,158 houses
burned down, the building of the Moscow Post Office and the post office
church of the Archangel Gabriel, which still stands on the territory of
the capital’s post office, were defended from the fire by postal
employees along with French soldiers who understood the importance of
mail for both opposing sides. And it was the courier (military postman)
who delivered the first rthe good news that on October 7, 1812, Napoleon
left the burnt and devastated Moscow. In 1837, for the first time in
history, mail was transported from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk by a new
"miracle transport" - the railway. On December 22, 1857, the
Postal Department of the Russian Empire issued the first postage stamp
in the history of the country with a face value of "10 kopecks per lot",
that is, for every 13 grams of a letter's weight. A total of three
million stamps were issued. Today, the price of one such quick (that is,
not passed through the mail and not stamped) stamp reaches 1.2 million
rubles. On March 31, 1918, already in the days of Soviet power,
military pilot Petrov flew 600 kilometers in 4 hours and 10 minutes with
a cargo of mail and one passenger. It was the first air mail flight in
history. During World War II, hundreds of millions of letters,
parcels and the famous soldier's "triangles" (sheets of paper folded in a
special way and sent by mail - for lack of envelopes) were delivered by
military postmen from the front to the rear and back. Tens of thousands
of military postmen died in the line of duty. In the city of Voronezh
in 2016, with the support of the Russian Post, a monument to the
military postman was erected. The
interest of the inhabitants of the USSR in postal services in the
postwar years was so great that the number of letters, parcels,
newspapers and magazines delivered by postmen quickly reached pre-war
levels. For example, in Moscow in the early 1950s, there were eight
communication offices in the city - then the post offices were called so
because they combined the post office, telephone exchange and
telegraph. By the end of the 1950s, there were already 15 such offices,
and in 1988 - 33. The number of simple post offices, which were
traditionally located on the first floors of residential buildings under
construction, grew even more rapidly. In 1946, there were 157 of them
in Moscow. And after only twenty years - already 484! The same thing
happened with mailboxes. If in 1946 there were 2085 boxes hanging on the
walls of the capital's houses, then in 1990 - 8650. Already in
1960-1970, it was at the post offices that the first vending machines
appeared (they sold postcards), sorting and stamping machines, and even
prototypes of modern copiers. In the 1990s, with the collapse of
the Soviet Union and the crisis in all spheres of society, the post
office also began to experience serious difficulties. Many projects for
the development of postal communications in the country were suspended
or completely canceled. Nevertheless, the post office in those years
remained one of the few enterprises where employees were guaranteed
timely payment of wages. On June 28, 2002, the Government of the
Russian Federation approved the concept of restructuring federal postal
organizations, according to which all existing federal postal
organizations were merged and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise
(FSUE) Russian Post was created. The corresponding order of the
Government of the Russian Federation was issued on September 5, 2002 No.
1227-r. The process was lengthy and difficult and ended only in 2009,
when the postal service of the Republic of Tatarstan, Tatarstan Post,
the last of the independent regional postal services, became part of the
FSUE Russian Post. From that moment on, the Russian Post became one. On
June 29, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin signed a
law on the corporatization of the Russian Post, which provides for the
transformation of the enterprise into a non-public joint-stock company,
100% of whose shares will be owned by the state. Extending across the entirety
of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time
zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From
northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast),
Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and
North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk
and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East
Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th
centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and
their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century.
In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19]
beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined
Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately
disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands
were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the
nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow
gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved
independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural
and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had
greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to
become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in
history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the
east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading
constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's
first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a
decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged
as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the
Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological
achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made
satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of
1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest
standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of
mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR:
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic
states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian
SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as
the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan. History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans
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Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs
Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in
short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky
Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)),
officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з
Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh
Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union
was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the
largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding
permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a
member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its
roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by
Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had
replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil
war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian,
Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's
death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in
the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned
from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a
period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial
production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment,
implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy,
and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational
clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous
improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the
country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries
during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major
institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of
fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to
suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia
which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and
executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated
600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through
the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though
this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and
communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by
the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern
Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc,
united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly
succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began
the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The
Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first
artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was
removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head
of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of
relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the
Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through
his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika
(openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist
Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a
surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended
during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern
Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the
rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union
republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in
the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some
republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in
favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power
was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a
high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état
attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev
resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as
independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the
Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is
recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In
summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav
Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal
geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution
Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human
rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State
ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist
Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress
General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture
Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product
Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist
Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia
Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1
Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR
Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925)
Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics
in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized
by the majority of the international community such as the United
States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union
officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to
its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz
Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2
Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North
Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain 1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz 1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari 1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe
Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan
Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess
Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh
North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret
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occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary
Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian
People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist
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Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles
Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East
German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956
Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations
Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade
1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest
in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction /
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movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration
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of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective
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