RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1910's STAMPS ERROR SERIES 100% Original Old Postage
You are bidding on: Russia 1910 - NO MIDDLE PRINT ERROR - MNH Pair - Michel value €760.00+ Condition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro
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extra charge. PRODUCT INFO IMPERIAL RUSSIA 1910'S PRINT ERROR POSTAGE COLLECTIBLE MARGIN PAIR Of the fifty Governments in European
Russia, over thirty contain rural district posts which issue, or have
issued, postage stamps; and these thirty odd Governments or Provinces
include between them about 150 stamp-issuing places, which can account
for an aggregate of something like 2,000 varieties of stamps.
Although during the last ten years the Russification of Finland has
proceeded at a rapid pace, in so far that the current Finnish stamps are
little better than minor varieties of Russian, yet neither the
government issues nor the locals of Finland come within the scope of the
present paper; otherwise the Finnish envelopes issued in 1845 might
have received special notice. As becomes the capital, St. Petersburg
pioneered postal reforms in Russia by issuing on Dec. 1st, 1845 (three
years before the introduction of stamped envelopes for the Empire) an
envelope stamp of the value of 5 kopecs, the currency being: 100 1
kopecs = 1 rouble = 28.
In 1846 an envelope of the same value appeared in Moscow, the former capital.
Adhesives were introduced by the Russian P.O. in Dec., 1857; the
first value being 10 kopecs. The St. Petersburg local post followed suit
in 1863 by issuing a bi-coloured stamp, but of 5 kopecs value; and
curiously enough this stamp is the only Russian Rural included in
current catalogues. At that time there was no Imperial stamp of 5 kopecs
value; and it is a singular testimony to the status of this St.
Petersburg stamp to say that the issuing of a 5 kopecs stamp, by the
Imperial post in the following year, did not involve the immediate
suppression of its local fore-runner, which continued for some time in
use concurrently with the regular issue. The use of this local stamp was
not confined to the capital, but was also allowed in Astrachan, Kazan
and Moscow.
But both the modern and ancient capitals of Russia were preceded in
the issue of adhesives by Wenden, one of the chief towns in the province
of Livonia; for as early as 1862, an adhesive stamp, the product of
private enterprise, was issued; and the stamps of Livonia (Wenden) are
singular in having inscriptions in German-the prevailing language of the
district.
But we need not linger long over Livonia, as its twenty odd varieties
(1862-1903) are all listed in current catalogues; as are also the
stamps of the Russian Steam Navigation Co., better known under the title
of Levant (Russian).
The year following the introduction of adhesives in St. Petersburg,
saw the establishment of Rural Councils throughout Russia; and these
“Zemstvos,” as they are called, had not only charge of primary education
and agriculture within their respective districts, hut also to a large
measure the organising and improving of postal facilities, although this
latter work was not their original function. Without waiting for
government sanction, several of the rural district authorities started,
soon after their creation, to organise local posts and to issue local
stamps. That these enterprising “postal reformers” fulfilled a useful
function in supplementing the Imperial service which was then, and even
to-day is, unable to serve the remote places in the vast Russian
territory, was evident even to the Autocratic Government; and in
consequence of the system of Rural posts thus finding commendation,
official sanction was given to the system by an Imperial edict of Sept.
3rd, 1870 (old style), signed by the Governor of the Ministry of the
Interior, Prince Lobanoff Rostovsky, duly authorising the various Local
Assemblies to establish postal services in their jurisdiction, under
certain restrictions, one of which was that the local stamps must
essentially differ in design from those issued for the Empire. It seems
rather unfortunate that there was apparently no restriction regarding
the maximum number of varieties to be issued from each post, otherwise a
place like Bogorodsk, in Moscow, boasting of a population of about
11,000 would not have had occasion to establish the unenviable record of
nearly 150 varieties of adhesives alone, not mentioning envelopes; and
Griazovets, the “runner-up,” might have been stopped far short of the
117 varieties issued therefrom between 1873 and 1899.
However, fortunately for collectors, these philatelically prolific
places are an exception, most of the rural districts being satisfied
with a moderate number of varieties; at the least, half-a-dozen posts
being satisfied with one variety apiece, whilst many others went one
better and issued no stamps at all!
The functions of these Russian Rural posts were not therefore
confined to the mere issuing of stamps as alas! was the case with many
German and Scandinavian private posts, but they supplemented the
Imperial service by carrying the local letters from one point to another
of the postal district, and also by taking the letters to and from the
nearest Imperial Post Office, which was frequently scores of miles away.
The Imperial Post Office controls the establishment and suppression of
these rural posts; and their existence is determined solely by the
ability or otherwise of the Imperial service to cover the outlying
districts in Russian territory.
When the Imperial service can be extended to cover a district or
place, wherein a local post has been established, the latter is
suppressed; but on the other hand, sometimes districts are abandoned by
the Imperial service, and a local post established instead. It has
frequently happened that a local post has been suppressed and then
re-opened after a lapse of years.
It seems to me that a highly desirable postal reform would be
accomplished if the Russian Imperial post straightway suppressed for
ever, all local posts found guilty of issuing varieties in an inverse
numerical ratio to the number of deliveries and despatches, or issuing
commemoratives.
As I have remarked, one of the restrictions placed on these rural
posts was, that the stamps issued therefrom must differ in design from
the orthodox Russian stamps, and this condition was certainly fulfilled;
but there is notwithstanding a certain uniformity of design about all
these rural stamps, which enables even the tyro to distinguish them as
such; though the classification of these stamps into their respective
districts is rendered rather difficult, mainly on account of the Russian
language with its peculiar and unfamiliar characters.
The design of most of these rural stamps is heraldic, representing
the Arms of the town of issue, or the Arms of the Province or Government
in which the town is located, or sometimes both combined.
A notable example of several district posts using the Arms of the
Province on the design of the stamps, occurs in the districts within the
Province of Perm, the Arms of which depict a bear; and in like manner
the beehive shown on the stamps issued within Tambor, is copied from the
Coat of Arms of this latter Province.
As regards catalogue value, the stamps issued in the rural post of
Saratov, from its establishment in 1869 to its suppression in 1874, rank
the highest amongst all Russian rurals, the catalogue value of the set
of the five Saratov stamps unused being about £10.
Collectors of blocks, panes and sheets, will find Russia a happy hunting ground for tete-beche
varieties and other specialities, as in a great many issues of “rurals”
there are at the top, bottom, or side of the sheet, one or more rows of
stamps printed sideways, as in the first issues of Zolotonoscha; whilst
in the case of the fourth issue of Arzamass, there is one stamp per
sheet in that peculiar position.
To better enable the postal authorities of certain districts to keep
an account of the letters despatched, a blank space is provided on the
stamp for the writing of a number in pen-and-ink, this quaint idea
probably originating in the post of Lubny; but an even better method
obtained in Kotelnich and Zadonsk, both of which places issued stamps
bearing a detachable counterfoil, which was dated, numbered, and
retained by the Post Office.
The stamps of Kotelnich have another claim on our attention, as this
district was divided into five sub-districts, each of which had in 1875
stamps of the same design, but in different colours, all having
counterfoils.
Furthermore, Kotelnich was one of the rural posts which issued
postage due stamps for the purpose of collecting the extra postage due
to the iocal post office for bringing the mail-matter from the nearest
Imperial post to the local district.
The rural stamps never franked letters outside the place or province
of issue: hence letters for other parts of Russia and for foreien
countries required the regular Russian stamps as well.
The policy of the Russian Empire has generally been one of
territorial expansion and trespassing, but the crude and queer set of
three stamps, all depicting a horse’s head in profile, issued in Jassy
in 1879, recall the days when this border-town was within the Government
of the Russian province, Bessarabia; but the rectification of the
frontier in 1879 gave the town to Roumania.
The cancellation of Russian rurals calls for comment, as the
cancelling was generally done in pen-and-ink, sometimes with pen
strokes, sometimes with the date or name of the postal clerk, or both;
but in the more recent issues the cancelling is done with an ordinary
obliterator.
Time and space prohibit me from endeavouring to review individually
the stamps of about 150 places, comprising a collection of something
like 2,000 varieties, the purpose of this paper being merely to serve as
an elementary introduction to this vast group of stamps, which are of
very great interest and real value, enjoying a high status which renders
them worthy of far greater popularity amongst English-speaking
philatelists than they have hitherto enjoyed.
I am strongly of the opinion that any collection or catalogue of
Russian stamps, which excludes those of the rural posts is far from
complete, because the rural posts are part and parcel of the postal
organisation of Russia.
Such is the popularity of Russian rural stamps on the Continent,
especially in Germany and Russia, that, a sumptuous illustrated
periodical, dealing exclusively with them, is now appearing in the
German language, and when complete will make a magnificent standard
work, doubtless going far to popularise this grand group of stamps.
English-speaking collectors are not altogether at a loss for
literature on this subject, as Mr. Wm. Herrick, of New York, has written
a notable work on “Russian Rural Stamps,” and many of the Gibbons old
albums and “Local” catalogue issued in 1899, include them.
RUSSIAN POSTAGE IFORMATION CONTENT 1 Post in Russia 2 Russian Empire 2.1 In the 18th century 2.2 In the 19th century 2.3 Zemstvo post 2.4 Russian post abroad 3 Soviet period 4 Russian Federation 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 Links Post in Russia The
beginning and development of postal business in Russia dates back to
the time of natural postal duty, which consisted in giving the princely
messenger a horse and feed. In Kievan Rus, already in the 10th century,
there was a “cart” - the duty of the population to provide horses “from
camp to camp” for princely messengers and servants. The
subsequent history of Russian mail is connected with pits - postal
stations established in the 13th century, during the Golden Horde
period, for quick communication with its outskirts. Yamskaya duty was
served by the entire surrounding population, which was obliged to
deliver horses with guides to certain points. In the period after
the Golden Horde, the pit service was further developed on Russian
soil. By the XV-XVI centuries, postal communication was established
throughout the country [2]. The distance between the stations was 40-100
miles. For peasants and townspeople there was a draft duty to carry
messengers and messengers. Under Ivan III (1462-1505), the device
of the yamskaya chase was under the personal control of the Moscow
prince, who signed travel letters for the right to use the means of
communication. The direction, the number of carts, horses and food were
indicated in the travellers. For example, for a boyar’s trip on official
business from Moscow to Novgorod, in each pit yard, he was provided
with 13 carts, “a lamb carcass, and the skin back, three chickens and
bread.” In the 16th century, royal letters, orders, and sometimes
private letters were carried from one point to another by messengers -
courier. They were entrusted with the delivery of usually one letter or
one letter. Coachmen transported both letters and luggage and people. At
the same time, the Yamskaya Prikaz was established to oversee the
coachmen and deliver state papers (since 1516). Early history of Russian mail on stamps of the USSR Russian equestrian messenger, 1988 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 6013) Russian equestrian messenger, 1988 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 6013) Princely scribe of the 15th century, 1958 (TSFA [Marka JSC] No. 2203) Princely scribe of the 15th century, 1958 (TSFA [Marka JSC] No. 2203) Messenger of the 16th century, 1958 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 2204) Messenger of the 16th century, 1958 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 2204) At
the beginning of the 17th century, under Boris Godunov, all cases of
yamskaya persecution were concentrated in the Yamsky order. In those
days, under favorable conditions, mail traveled from Moscow to the
Swedish border within three weeks, but during the spring thaw it took
much longer. On May 18, 1665, between the order of Secret Affairs
(the body that dealt with issues that were of interest to Tsar Alexei
Mikhailovich personally) and the Dutchman Jan van Sweden, an agreement
was concluded on the organization of mail. Van Sveden undertook to bring
to the Secret Order "messages of all sorts of Caesar, Spanish, French,
Polish, Svei, Datsk, Aglian, Italian, Galan and Nederlyan lands ...".
For expenses, he was allocated 500 rubles in money and 500 rubles of
sable skins. In reality, van Sveden brought European newspapers, on the
basis of which press reviews (chimes) were prepared for the tsar and the
Boyar Duma [4]. In addition, the Dutch entrepreneur received the right
to send foreign merchants' diplomas abroad and keep the payment for
them. The first postal line connected Moscow with Riga. The
difference between the mail and the Yamskaya chase was that the Yamskaya
chase could quickly deliver one important dispatch to a specific
address. European mail, on the other hand, went more slowly, but
regularly; before sending it, it was possible to collect a large number
of letters and send each of them at a strictly defined time to any point
along the postal line. The European experience was needed when the
needs of the Russian Foreign Ministry made it necessary to raise
information exchange to a new level. In the vast majority of areas, the
Russian authorities continued to use the Yamskaya chase for many
decades. The
post office turned out to be a very profitable enterprise. In 1668, van
Sveden learned that a foreigner, Leonty Marselis, whose family was
patronized by the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry, A. L.
Ordin-Nashchokin, was claiming the right to maintain mail. A bargaining
was arranged between Marselis and van Sweden, as a result of which
Marselis won, pledging to supply “all kinds of genuine statements” for
the needs of the Russian government free of charge if the correspondence
was carried by state coachmen obeying the Yamsky order[6]. Marselis'
first post was “released” from Moscow to Riga on September 17, 1668, and
on March 1, 1669, a postal line between Moscow and Vilna started
operating[7]. Marselis paid back his expenses due to the fact that,
relying on the support of A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, he achieved a ban on
foreign merchants to send letters otherwise than through his mail. At
the same time, shipping costs have increased. The hard work of the coachmen of that time is evidenced by a letter to the Novgorod governor boyar Prince Urusov (1684):
... Our Great Sovereigns have sent a letter to you, ordered the
coachmen, who drive baggy and blundering with the mail, to inflict
punishment, beat the boats mercilessly, and continue to order them to
drive from pit to pit with mail with great haste day and night, on good
horses, and they would stand in the pit at the indicated hours and the
drivers themselves would drive along the queues that were selected for
that chase, and they would send their workers, and they wouldn’t hire
anyone, but they wouldn’t stand anywhere and didn’t linger in the pits.
And they were ordered to drive in the summer at an hour for seven miles,
and in autumn and winter for five miles, and in that postmen are
disobedient, they don’t drive at night. Russian empire In the 18th century Title page of the postal map of European Russia in 1842 Title page of the postal map of European Russia in 1842 During
the time of Peter I, there was a further development of the postal
service. In 1693, a postal line to Arkhangelsk appeared, and in
1689-1698 a postal connection was established between Moscow and
Siberian cities. Since 1716, the postal line Moscow - St. Petersburg
began to work. Under Peter I, the first post offices were established in
Moscow (1711[10]), Riga (1712?), St. Petersburg (1714), post offices
appeared in many cities. To serve the army in 1712-1716, a military
field post was created. In 1721, Peter I introduced the post of
general post director (general postmaster), to whom he subordinated the
post office and the post office, but only in 1782 the "German" and post
offices were finally merged into a single organization. As a result of
this reform, postal institutions acquired a clear hierarchical
structure. Post offices were the highest bodies, provincial postmasters
were subordinate to them, and county postmasters were subordinate to
provincial postmasters. Postal stations became the lowest level of local
postal administration. In 1723, the Yamskaya Prikaz was renamed the Yamskaya Chancellery. By 1725, the total length of postal routes was 10,677 miles. Starting
from the first quarter of the 18th century, new post branches began to
be established more and more often. However, the establishment of
regular postal communications, even with large cities, dragged on for
decades: only by decree of 1740 did post offices appear in all the main
cities of provinces and counties [9]. The Marquis de la Chétardie wrote
about mail in Russia in 1740 that, apart from mail from St. Petersburg
and Moscow abroad, there were no other posts in Russia. All orders and
other correspondence abroad and other places where the troops are
located are sent by courier, for the most part from non-commissioned
officers. As for internal relations among themselves, the Russian
merchants carry out their trading operations for the most part in the
winter; the convenience of the sledge-way afforded them the means of
traveling at very little cost, on their own horses, and almost as soon
as by mail. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, in 1781,
in addition to letters and parcels, they began to send money by mail and
the delivery of correspondence by postmen was introduced. In the 19th century In
the 1820s, the first post stagecoaches appeared in Russia. In 1840, a
"department of postal coaches and a brick" was opened in St. Petersburg.
Only competition from the railroad gradually brought to naught the
transportation of passengers by postal transport[9]. In 1831, the Regulations on the Establishment of Free Post Offices in Russia were published. On
January 17, 1833, the first intracity post office in Russia was opened
in St. Petersburg, which was reported on January 29, 1833 in the St.
Petersburg Vedomosti. The city was divided into 17 postal districts.
There were 45 points for receiving letters. Correspondence was picked up
3 times a day, delivered to the post office, sorted and delivered to
the recipients. The uniform of the postman of the Russian Empire and his bag (number 60 is indicated on the cap) The uniform of the postman of the Russian Empire and his bag (number 60 is indicated on the cap) In
the 19th century there was a rapid growth in the number of postal
institutions. If by the beginning of the century in Russia there were
about 460 postal institutions with 5 thousand employees, then as of 1896
there were over 33.8 thousand people in the postal and telegraph
department. In 1843, a single postal rate was introduced for
sending correspondence (except international) regardless of distance,
which made it possible to significantly simplify postage and collection
of correspondence[9]. The implementation of the postal reform of
1843 and the establishment from January 1, 1844 of payment for letters
only by weight, regardless of distance, created the prerequisites for
the use of postage signs in Russia. On January 1, 1845, stamped
envelopes (“couverts”) were introduced on the territory of the Grand
Duchy of Finland. From December 1 of the same year, similar envelopes
were introduced for the city mail of St. Petersburg, and from February
27, 1846 - in Moscow. Since 1848, stamped envelopes issued by the Postal
Department began to be used everywhere in Russia. Until the end
of the 1840s, letters from the population were accepted only at post
offices. Later, correspondence began to be accepted in small shops, and
then, after the appearance of postage stamps in 1857, and simply through
mailboxes. By 1896, the number of mailboxes exceeded 15.2 thousand
pieces. For a long time, the main volume of mail forwarding was
government (official) correspondence. It was not until the reform years
of the 1860s that private shipping began to predominate over the state.
This had a positive effect on financial performance: if back in 1884 the
post office brought the treasury 1 million rubles. loss, then in 1896
the net total income from the post and telegraph exceeded 12.7 million
rubles. Since 1864, obligatory payment for foreign correspondence with postage stamps has been introduced in Russia. In
1874, the Russian Empire was among the first states to sign the
Universal Postal Convention and became a member of the Universal Postal
Union. In 1878, the principles adopted unanimously at the Paris World
Postal Congress by all European governments began to be used in the
Russian postal system. Zemstvo post Main article: Zemstvo post On
January 1, 1864, zemstvos were formed in Russia - local self-government
bodies. In 1865, the zemstvos were allowed to establish a post office
with their own rules and taxes, and to have their own postage stamps.
Zemstvo mail existed in almost all counties. At the same time as stamps,
stamped envelopes were issued in some places. Russian post abroad Main article: Russian post abroad In
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to ensure communication between
various Russian public and private organizations and individuals
outside the Russian Empire, in regions where official or local mail was
considered unreliable, the Russian government began to create its own
post offices. For the needs of these offices, ordinary Russian stamps
were used or special postage stamps and whole things were issued by the
EZGB (and sometimes locally), and stamps were made. The denominations of
postal payment signs were indicated in Russian or local currency, and
the cost of sending correspondence, as a rule, corresponded to the
tariffs in force in Russia during this period. Soviet period Postal
block "One Hundred Years of the Russian Postage Stamp" (USSR, 1958),
illustrating the development of post in the Soviet era. On the field of
the block - the Moscow Kremlin Postal block "One Hundred Years of the
Russian Postage Stamp" (USSR, 1958), illustrating the development of
post in the Soviet era. On the field of the block - the Moscow Kremlin The
Decree of October 26, 1917 on the formation of the Workers' and
Peasants' Government, issued among the first decrees of the Soviet
government, provided for the People's Commissariat of Posts and
Telegraphs (Narkompostel) as part of the Soviet government[16]. In
1918, a civil war began on the territory of the RSFSR. Despite this,
the postal service functioned, interrupted and restored depending on the
course of hostilities. On April 16, 1918, in order to centralize
the activities of the post office, as well as in order to combat the
boycott by the telegraph and postal employees of the previous regime, a
Decree was issued on organizing the management of the postal and
telegraph business. This Decree abolished the old postal positions of
the head of the postal and telegraph district, the postal director, the
head of the telegraph department, the head of the mail transportation
department by rail, their assistants and chief mechanics. To manage each
postal and telegraph district, a collegium was introduced, headed by a
commissar, who was approved by the people's commissar from among the
candidates presented by the regional or provincial body of Soviet power.
The decree specifically forbade all Soviet authorities to interfere in
the affairs of the post office (any wishes had to be submitted to the
People's Commissariat for Postal Service)[17]. From January 1, 1919 to August 15, 1921, free forwarding of ordinary letters and postcards was introduced in the RSFSR. During
the years of World War I and then the Civil War, the country's postal
economy fell into decay, but with the end of the Civil War, postal
routes were restored, and international postal exchange with countries
that were members of the Universal Postal Union resumed. Russian Federation See also: Russian Post In
Soviet times, postal and telecommunication enterprises were united,
existing first as part of the regional and republican communications
departments, and then as part of state communications and informatics
enterprises; at the head of the hierarchy of communication institutions
was the Ministry of Communications of the USSR[18]. After the collapse
of the USSR, it was decided to separate the postal service into an
independent industry: on November 16, 1992, the Federal Postal
Administration under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian
Federation was formed[19]. By order of the Ministry of Communications,
from January 1, 1993, territorial (regional, regional, republican)
departments of the federal postal service (UFPS) and postal institutions
of Moscow and St. Petersburg were formed as part of the Federal Postal
Administration. The same order approved the list of works on the
separation of postal and electrical communication structures and the
principles of separation of postal and electrical communications. In
1994, a professional holiday for postal workers, Russian Post Day, was
established[21]. In addition, in 1997, in order to restore the heraldic
traditions of the Russian post and increase its authority, the flag and
emblem of the organizations of the federal postal service of the Russian
Federation were established. On October 17, 1995, the Federal
Postal Administration was reorganized into the Federal Postal Service of
the Russian Federation (FSPS of Russia)[23]. On August 14, 1996, the
Federal Postal Service was abolished, and its functions were transferred
to the Russian Ministry of Communications. In 1996, the Ministry
of Communications of Russia, for the first time in the centuries-old
history of the existence of Russian mail, decided to break the state
postal monopoly on certain postal services, as a result of which
commercial postal companies appeared in Russia. The services of the new
companies included courier delivery of postal items, pensions and
benefits, parcel forwarding, distribution of periodicals. Another
presidential decree in 1997 restored the heraldic traditions of the
Russian mail - the emblem and the flag. In 1998, the country's
postal network included 149 post offices, 28 mail transportation offices
at railway stations and airports, and 43,000 post offices. The gross
income of the state postal service in 1997 amounted to 9 billion
rubles[25]. On June 28, 2002, the Government of the Russian
Federation approved the concept of restructuring the organizations of
the federal postal service. Since September of the same year, the
unification of all existing federal postal organizations and their
transformation into the federal state unitary enterprise (FSUE) Russian
Post began [27]. The merger process was completed in 2009, when the
postal service of the Republic of Tatarstan - "Tatarstan pochtasy" (the
last of the independent regional postal services) became part of the
Federal State Unitary Enterprise [28]. In 2016, together with VTB
24, on the basis of Postal Finance and Leto-bank, the Post Bank
enterprise was formed (in 2017, the 50th in the rating of banks with
assets of 122.6 billion rubles and deposits of citizens of 34 billion
rubles .). On
June 28, 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the
concept of restructuring the organizations of the federal postal
service. Since September of the same year, the unification of all
existing federal postal organizations and their transformation into the
federal state unitary enterprise (FSUE) Russian Post began [27]. The
merger process was completed in 2009, when the postal service of the
Republic of Tatarstan - "Tatarstan pochtasy" (the last of the
independent regional postal services) became part of the Federal State
Unitary Enterprise [28]. In 2016, together with VTB 24, on the
basis of Postal Finance and Leto-bank, the Post Bank enterprise was
formed (in 2017, the 50th in the rating of banks with assets of 122.6
billion rubles and deposits of citizens of 34 billion rubles .). As
of 2017, the FSUE Russian Post includes 80 regional branches, the Main
Center for Mainline Mail Transportation, the express delivery service
EMS Russian Post, and others. The number of employees was about 351,000
people. Income from financial services amounted to RUB 46.5 billion, and
retail press sales amounted to RUB 4.6 billion. On October 1, 2019, FSUE Russian Post was reorganized into Russian Post JSC. LITERATURE INFO
Boltikov V. For official use: field mail: information without the stamp
"Secret" // Brother: journal. - M .: LLC "Vityaz-Brother", 2010. - No.
11. - ISSN 9771607677001. Archived on March 3, 2011. (Accessed: March 5,
2016) Vigilev A. N. History of domestic mail: At 2 hours - M .:
Svyaz, 1977, 1979. - 160 + 160 p. [2nd ed., 1990.] (Accessed: April 20,
2011) Vitashevskaya M. N. Old Russian mail. — M.: Svyazizdat, 1962. — 80 p.
From the history of St. Petersburg Post. 1703-1914 / Comp. M. A. Dobin
and L. G. Ratner. - St. Petersburg: Standard Collection, 2004. - 352 p. -
ISBN 978-5-902275-07-7. (In Russian and English.) (Date of access:
April 20, 2011) (unavailable link) Retrieved September 2018.
Karnovich E.P. Russian mail in the 17th and early 18th centuries //
Historical Bulletin: journal. - St. Petersburg: Type. A. S. Suvorin,
1884. - T. XV. - S. 615-625. Kozlovsky I.P. The first post
offices and the first postmasters in the Moscow state. - Warsaw: Type.
Warsaw educational district, 1913. Volume I (study text). — 536 p. Volume II (appendices to the study). — 523, II, 69, III p. Russian postal history - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (Accessed: June 19, 2011)
Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes
(82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Postal signs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86
volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Guide to all postal routes of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland
and the Grand Duchy of Finland: in 5 parts / comp. in the Military
Topographic Survey. Depot. - St. Petersburg, 1829. - 188 p.
Russia // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev,
I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V.
A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 244-245. - 40,000
copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Russia / Economic Department /
Post, telegraph, telephone // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and
Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg,
1890-1907. Communication // Moscow Central Archives. Foundation
Guide: Vol. 4. - M .: Publishing house of the association
"Mosgorarkhiv", 2000. (Accessed: December 8, 2008) Semyonova E. A
real martyr of the 14th grade // Nezavisimaya gazeta. - 2006. - No. 6
(3686). - January 17. (Accessed: December 8, 2008) Sorkin E. B. Mail hurries to people. - M .: Knowledge, 1977. - 128 p. (Accessed: June 15, 2011)
Russian Post // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .:
Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 24, 2017)
Tyukov V. M. Russian stamps and signs of postage. Big encyclopedia. - M
.: EKSMO, Our word, 2011. - S. 5-146. - ISBN 978-5-699-47412-7.
Khrushchov I.P. Essay on Yamsk and postal institutions from ancient
times to the reign of Catherine II. - St. Petersburg: Type. A. S.
Suvorin, 1884. - X, 87 p. Shamin S. M. Letters, letters, chimes. The first regular mail in Russia // Motherland. - 2001. - No. 12. - S. 10-15.
Prigara S. V. The Russian Post in the Empire, Turkey, China, and the
Post in the Kingdom of Poland. - N. Y., NY, USA: Rossica Society of
Russian Philately [en], 1981. - 196 p. (English) (Date of access:
September 10, 2015) Archived copy. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Links Russian Postal History: Books on Wikibooks Media files at Wikimedia Commons Page "History of the Company" on the official website of the company "Russian Post" (Date of access: December 8, 2008)
[www.philately.h14.ru/post-ru.html "Russian Post"] - e-book by N. I.
Vladints on the site "Philately Literature, Geography"] (Accessed:
December 8, 2008) Subsection “2.2. Russian Empire → 2.2.2. History of Russian Post” of the Information Center “Russia and the World”.
Russia (English). Stamp Atlas. Sandafayre Stamp Auctions. Retrieved
April 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. History of postal service on the Belpochta website (Date of access: December 8, 2008)
The history of Russian mail on the portal "Philatelist.ru" Archival
copy dated September 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Date of access:
December 8, 2008) Gorlov Boris (X-TEAM.Ru). The history of the
development of mail and stamps in Russia (inaccessible link - history).
Hobby. Collections. Earticle.ru Online Library of Articles (January 23,
2007). Retrieved: 20 October 2009. "History of the Moscow Post"
(inaccessible link). Retrieved December 9, 2008. Archived from the
original on January 5, 2012. - an article on the official website of the
Federal Post Office of the City of Moscow - a branch of the Federal
State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post (Date of access: December 8, 2008)
(inaccessible link) Retrieved September 2018. "History of the
Smolensk Post" - an e-book by Viktor Gurov on the website of the Union
of Philatelists of Russia (Accessed: December 8, 2008) "History
of the Crimean Post" - information on the website of the Crimean
Directorate of UGPPS "Ukrposhta" (Date of access: December 8, 2008) Arch OTHER INFO ABOUT THE PRODUCT Russian Federation Army Man wit Equipment Sowjetischer Kollektivbauer Briefmarke grün Soviet collective farmer Green woman 15 kopeck - kopecks - Kopeker 1/6.7 Roubles - Rouble - Rubl USSR stamp - marka marki sssr Росси́йская Федерaция (Russian) Rossiyskaya Federatsiya Flag of Russia Flag Coat of arms of Russia Coat of arms Anthem: "Gosudarstvenny gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Capital and largest city Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E Official languages Russian Recognised national languages See Languages of Russia Ethnic groups (2010[1]) 81.0% Russian 3.7% Tatar 1.4% Ukrainian 1.1% Bashkir 1.0% Chuvash 0.8% Chechen 11.0% others / unspecified Religion See Religion in Russia Demonym Russian Government Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic[2] • President Vladimir Putin • Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev • Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matviyenko • Chairman of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin Legislature Federal Assembly • Upper house Federation Council • Lower house State Duma Formation • Arrival of Rurik[3] 862 • Kievan Rus' 882 • Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 • Tsardom 16 January 1547 • Empire 22 October 1721 • Republic 14 September 1917 • Russian State 23 September 1918 • Russian SFSR 7 November (25 October, OS), 1917 • Soviet Union 30 December 1922 • Sovereignty Declaration 12 June 1990 • CIS Declaration 8 December 1991b • Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation 25 December 1991b • Current constitution 12 December 1993 Area • Total 17,075,200[4] km2 (6,592,800 sq mi) (1st) • Water (%) 13[5] (including swamps) Population • 2018 estimate 144,526,636 Increase[6] (without Crimea)[7] (9th) • Density 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (225th) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate • Total $4.152 trillion[8] (6th) • Per capita $28,918[8] (49th) GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate • Total $1.522 trillion[8] (12th) • Per capita $10,630[8] (67th) Gini (2015) Positive decrease 37.7[9] medium · 98 HDI (2015) Increase 0.804[10] very high · 49th Currency Russian ruble (₽) (RUB) Time zone (UTC+2 to +12) Date format dd.mm.yyyy Drives on the right Calling code +7 ISO 3166 code RU Internet TLD .ru .su .рф The
Crimean Peninsula is recognized as territory of Ukraine by a majority
of UN member nations, but is de facto administered by Russia.[11] The
Belavezha Accords was signed in Brest, Belarus on December 8, creating
the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the Supreme Soviet of
the Russian SFSR ratified the accords on December 12, denouncing the
1922 treaty. On December 25, Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian
Federation and the following the day on December 26, the Supreme Soviet
of the Soviet Union ratified the accords, effectively dissolving the
Soviet Union. Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA:
[rɐˈsʲijə]), also officially known as the Russian Federation[12]
(Russian: Росси́йская Федерaция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA:
[rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a sovereign country in Eurasia.[13]
At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi),[14] Russia is the
largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of
the Earth's inhabited land area,[15][16][17] and the ninth most
populous, with over 144 million people at the end of December 2017.[6]
About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the
country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the
world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk,
Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety
of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time
zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From
northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast),
Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and
North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk
and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East
Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th
centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and
their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century.
In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19]
beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined
Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately
disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands
were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the
nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow
gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved
independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural
and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had
greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to
become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in
history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the
east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading
constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's
first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a
decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged
as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the
Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological
achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made
satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of
1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest
standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of
mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR:
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic
states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian
SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as
the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan. History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans
Scythians East Slavs Rus' Khaganate Kievan Rus' Novgorod Republic
Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire
Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism Postal Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg Geography Subdivisions
Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North
Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian
Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers
Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription
Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign
relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human
rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement (Prisons)
Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture
Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence
industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling
Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry
Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications
Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime
Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal
Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture
Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public
holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television
Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal [hide] v t e Russian souvenirs, arts and crafts Matryoshka Samovar Handicrafts Gorodets
painting Gzhel Filimonovo toy Kholmogory bone carving Khokhloma Russian
lacquer art Fedoskino miniature Kholuy miniature Mstyora miniature
Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting Ushanka Balalaika Tableware Table-glass Podstakannik Russian porcelain Dulyovo porcelain Samovar Clothing Afghanka
Budenovka Cherkeska French Gymnastyorka Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Kaftan
Lapti Orenburg shawl Papakha Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Sailor cap
Sarafan Spetsodezhda Telnyashka Ushanka Valenki Musical instruments Balalaika Garmon Bayan Russian guitar Musical spoons Treshchotka Toys Bird of Happiness Cheburashka Filimonovo toy Dymkovo toys Kargopol toys Matryoshka doll Petrushka Other Izba Fabergé egg Shashka Tula pryanik [hide] v t e Russia Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Republics Adygea
Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan
Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia
Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan
Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur
Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo
Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad
Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk
Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov
Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir
Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed
by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be
part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast
3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic
regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by
Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts
(by law "On arbitration courts") [hide] v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Kizhi Pogost Palace Square, Saint Petersburg Moscow Kremlin Central Church
of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir
and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian
Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic
Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint
Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2 Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3 Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent 1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia [hide] v t e People from Russia Political and religious leaders Pre-1168
1168–1917 1922–1991 1991–present RSFSR leaders General secretaries
Soviet premiers (1st deputies) Soviet heads of state (and their spouses)
Prime ministers (1st deputies) Foreign ministers Prosecutors general
Metropolitans and Patriarchs Saints (1, 2) Alexander Nevsky, the Name of Russia Military figures and explorers Field marshals Soviet marshals Admirals Aviators Cosmonauts Scientists, engineers and inventors Aerospace
engineers Astronomers and astrophysicists Biologists Chemists Earth
scientists Electrical engineers IT developers Linguists and philologists
Mathematicians Naval engineers Physicians and psychologists Physicists
Weaponry makers Artists and writers Architects Ballet dancers Composers Opera singers Novelists Philosophers Playwrights Poets Sportspeople Chess players [hide] Gnome-globe.svg Geographic locale [hide] v t e Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania
Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and
Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia
Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland1 Ireland Italy
Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta
Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania
Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland
Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary (with borders).svg States with limited recognition Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1
Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with
the continent even though they are not situated on its continental
shelf. 2 Some countries completely outside the conventional
geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the
continent due to ethnological links. [hide] v t e Countries and dependencies of Asia Abkhazia
Afghanistan Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain
Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling)
Islands Cyprus Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India British Indian Ocean
Territory Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea
South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives
Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Pakistan
Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka
Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkey
Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Asia (orthographic projection).svg [hide] v t e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden [hide] v t e Black Sea Countries bordering the Black Sea Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine Cities Batumi
Burgas Constanța Giresun Hopa Istanbul Kerch Mangalia Năvodari
Novorossiysk Odessa Ordu Poti Rize Samsun Sevastopol Sochi Sukhumi1
Trabzon Varna Yalta Zonguldak 1 Disputed statehood — partial international recognition, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. [hide] International organizations [hide] v t e Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Nations Australia
Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong¹ Indonesia Japan South
Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru
Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei² Thailand United
States Vietnam Summits 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival 1.
A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong,
China"; 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese
Taipei" [hide] v t e BRICS Membership Brazil Brazil Russia Russia India India China China South Africa South Africa Summits Yekaterinburg
2009 Brasília 2010 Sanya 2011 New Delhi 2012 Durban 2013 Fortaleza 2014
Ufa 2015 Goa 2016 Xiamen 2017 Johannesburg 2018 Brazil 2019 Bilateral relations Brazil–China
Brazil–India Brazil–Russia Brazil–South Africa China–India China–Russia
China–South Africa India–Russia India–South Africa Russia–South Africa Leaders Temer Putin Modi Xi Ramaphosa Related New Development Bank BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement BRICS Leaders BRICS Cable BRICS Universities League BRICS U-17 Football Cup 2016 Goa [hide] v t e Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia Eurasian Economic Union Union State Membership Members Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Associate members Turkmenistan Ukraine Former members Georgia (1993–2009) History Russian
Empire Soviet Union Dissolution of the Soviet Union Union of Sovereign
States Belavezha Accords (Near abroad) Alma-Ata Protocol CIS flag Sports Unified
Team at the Olympics Unified Team at the Paralympics CIS national bandy
team CIS national football team CIS national ice hockey team CIS
national rugby team CIS Cup (football) Military Collective Security Treaty Organization Collective Rapid Reaction Force Joint CIS Air Defense System Economics Economic Court CISFTA Eurasian Economic Community Eurasian Patent Convention Eurasian Patent Organization EU Technical Aid Organization Interstate Aviation Committee Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Category Category [hide] v t e Council of Europe Institutions Secretary
General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of
Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the
Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current) full members. Members Albania
Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France
Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia
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Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United
Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 1
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Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. [hide] v t e East Asia Summit (EAS) First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Australia Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand United States Vietnam [hide] v t e Eurasian Economic Union Member states Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union Observer members Moldova Prospective members Mongolia Syria Tajikistan [hide] v t e Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) G8 members Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Representative European Union G8+5 Brazil China India Mexico South Africa See also Group of Six Group of Seven G7+1 [hide] v t e G20 major economies Argentina
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of Korea Turkey Turkey United Kingdom United Kingdom United States
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Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures
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Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 5th (2003) 6th (2005) 7th (2009) 8th (2011) 9th (2013) 10th (2015) People Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan
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Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti
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Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon
Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan
Taiwan2 Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey
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Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium
Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France
Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta
Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden
United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People's
Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs
Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in
short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky
Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)),
officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з
Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh
Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union
was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the
largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding
permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a
member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its
roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by
Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had
replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil
war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian,
Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's
death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in
the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned
from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a
period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial
production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment,
implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy,
and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational
clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous
improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the
country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries
during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major
institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of
fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to
suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia
which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and
executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated
600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through
the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though
this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and
communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by
the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern
Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc,
united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly
succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began
the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The
Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first
artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was
removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head
of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of
relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the
Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through
his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika
(openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist
Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a
surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended
during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern
Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the
rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union
republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in
the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some
republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in
favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power
was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a
high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état
attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev
resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as
independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the
Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is
recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In
summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav
Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal
geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution
Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human
rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State
ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist
Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress
General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture
Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product
Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist
Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia
Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1
Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR
Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925)
Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics
in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized
by the majority of the international community such as the United
States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union
officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to
its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz
Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2
Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North
Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain 1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz 1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari 1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe
Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan
Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess
Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh
North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret
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occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary
Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian
People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic
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Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles
Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East
German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956
Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations
Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade
1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest
in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction /
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movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration
and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states
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of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective
Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova
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