RARE - Colton Pocket Map PA Township Pennsylvania & Southern Counties NY 1876

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Seller: dalebooks ✉️ (8,797) 100%, Location: Rochester, New York, US, Ships to: WORLDWIDE & many other countries, Item: 261789658930 RARE - Colton Pocket Map PA Township Pennsylvania & Southern Counties NY 1876.
RARE Old Pocket Map
 
 
 
Colton's Township Map of Pennsylvania and the Southern Counties of New York
1876  

For offer, a very interesting American imprint! Fresh from a local estate - never offered on the market until now! I could not locate a copy of this book for sale anywhere. Vintage, Old, Original, Antique - NOT a Reproduction - Guaranteed !! New York: Colton, 1876. Nicely Hand colored. 44 x 30 inches when fully unfolded. COMPLETE. In very good condition. Acid free archival repair to rips on back and a few fold joints. Front cover nearly detached, hanging on by small piece of paper. Light age toning / minimal foxing. Please see photos. If you collect 19th century American imprints, Americana illustration, atlas, State of PA - Southern Tier NY,  etc., this is a nice one for your bibliophile library or paper / ephemera collection. Combine shipping on multiple bid wins! 

Pennsylvania Listeni/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/ (Pennsylvania German: Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north and New Jersey to the east. The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of the state. Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, and Reading. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)[6] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States. Geography Further information: Geography of Pennsylvania and List of counties in Pennsylvania Counties of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west.[7] Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie.[8] It is the 33rd largest state in the United States.[9] Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)[10] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)[6] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. The bounds of the state are the Mason–Dixon line (39° 43' N) to the south, the Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80° 31' W to the west and the 42° N to the north, with the exception of a short segment on the western end, where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie. Pennsylvania borders six other states: New York to the north; New Jersey to the east; Delaware to the southeast; Maryland to the south; West Virginia to the southwest, and Ohio to the west. Pennsylvania also shares a water border with the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest across Lake Erie. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean. It has the cities of Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton in the central east (known as the Lehigh Valley), the tri-cities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Hazleton in the northeast, and Erie in the northwest. Williamsport serves as the commonwealth's north-central region, with York and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the central region of the commonwealth. The state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Climate Main article: Climate of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania's diverse topography also produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the southeastern corner, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). Greater Philadelphia has some characteristics of the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) that covers much of Delaware and Maryland to the south. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes markedly colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches (250 cm) of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011.[11] Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities (in °F) City     Jan.     Feb.     Mar.     Apr.     May.     Jun.     Jul.     Aug.     Sep.     Oct.     Nov.     Dec. Scranton     33/19     37/21     46/28     59/38     70/48     78/56     82/61     80/60     72/52     61/41     49/33     38/24 Erie     34/21     36/21     44/27     56/38     67/48     76/58     80/63     79/62     72/56     61/45     50/37     38/27 Pittsburgh     36/21     39/23     49/30     62/40     71/49     79/58     83/63     81/62     74/54     63/43     51/35     39/25 Harrisburg     37/23     41/25     50/33     62/42     72/52     81/62     85/66     83/64     76/56     64/45     53/35     41/27 Philadelphia     40/26     44/28     53/34     64/44     74/54     83/64     87/69     85/68     78/60     67/48     56/39     45/30 Allentown     36/20     40/22     49/29     61/39     72/48     80/58     84/63     82/61     75/53     64/41     52/33     40/24 [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], History Main article: History of Pennsylvania See also: Province of Pennsylvania, List of Pennsylvania firsts and List of people from Pennsylvania Before the Commonwealth was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehannock, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee, and other American Indian Nations.[12] Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America.[13][14][15] The Dutch were the first to take possession, which has impact on the history of Pennsylvania.[16] By June 3, 1631, the Dutch had started the settlement of the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present day Lewes, Delaware.[17] In 1638, Sweden heated up the issue by establishing the New Sweden Colony, centered on Fort Christina, on the site of present day Wilmington, Delaware. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region (Parts of present Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania) but settled few colonists there.[18][19] Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by Edward Hicks On March 12, 1664, King Charles II of England gave James, Duke of York a grant that included all of the lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant as well as other lands. This grant was – again – in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.[20] On June 24, 1664, The Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland was commenced on August 29, 1664, when New Amsterdam was coerced to surrender, facing the cannons on British ships in New York Harbor.[21][22] This conquest continued, and was completed in October 1664, when the British captured Fort Casimir in what today is New Castle, Delaware. John Dickinson The Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the British conquest on July 21, 1667,[23][24] although there were temporary reversions. On September 12, 1672, as part of the Third Anglo—Dutch War, the Dutch re-conquered New York Colony/New Amsterdam, the Dutch established three County Courts which went on to become original Counties in present day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.[25] This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and reverted all political situations to the status quo ante bellum. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.[26] By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, but the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.[27] Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.[28] On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter[29] to William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000[30] (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)[31] owed to William's father, Admiral William Penn. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.[32] The King named it Pennsylvania in honor of William Penn. Penn, who originally called it New Wales, then Sylvania, was embarrassed at the change, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.[33] Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission and freedom of religious conviction.[32] What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, 1681.[34][35] The Quaker leader William Penn had signed a peace treaty with Tammany, leader of the Delaware tribe, beginning a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.[36] Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The treaty of William Penn was never violated.[37] 18th century Between 1730 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued "bills of credit", which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed, and it also met with the "cautious approval" of Adam Smith.[38] James Smith wrote that in 1763, "the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania." Further, "This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state."[39] The ensuing hostilities became known as Pontiac's War. President's House (Philadelphia). The Masters-Penn mansion housed Pennsylvania's governor in the early 1770s. It later served as the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams, 1790–1800, while Philadelphia was the temporary national capital. After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Colonies, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.[40] Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.[41] When the Founding Fathers of the United States convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.[42] The Second Continental Congress, which also met in Philadelphia (in May 1775), drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,[43] but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. There they and its primary author, John Dickinson, drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.[44] Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787,[45] five days after Delaware became the first. Dickinson College of Carlisle was the first college founded in the United States. Established in 1773, the college was ratified five days after the Treaty of Paris on September 9, 1783. The school was founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson. The "Hills Capitol", used from 1821 until it burned down in 1897. For half a century, the Commonwealth's General Assembly (legislature) met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.[46] But it needed a more central location, as for example the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware. So, in 1799 the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse,[46] and finally in 1812 to Harrisburg.[46] The General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821,[46] when the Federal-style "Hills Capitol" (named for its builder, Stephen Hills, a Lancaster architect) was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government by the prescient, entrepreneurial son and namesake of John Harris, Sr., a Yorkshire native who had founded a trading post in 1705 and ferry (1733) on the east shore of the Susquehanna River.[47] The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty flue.[46] The General Assembly met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing) until the a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest that many alleged had been "rigged," Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was charged with designing and building a replacement building; however, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project, and a roughly finished, somewhat industrial building (the Cobb Capitol) was completed. The General Assembly refused to occupy the building. Political and popular indignation in 1901 prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects, and Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb's building into magnificent public work finished and dedicated in 1907.[46] Roosevelt's FERA camp for unemployed women, 1934 The new state Capitol drew rave reviews.[46] Its dome was inspired by the domes of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the United States Capitol.[46] President Theodore Roosevelt called it "the most beautiful state Capital in the nation" and said, "It's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication. In 1989, The New York Times praised it as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life".[46] Pennsylvania accounts for nine percent of wooded areas in the United States. In 1923 President Calvin Coolidge established the Allegheny National Forest under the authority of the Weeks Act of 1911 in the northwest part of the state in Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the Allegheny River basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest. James Buchanan, of Franklin County, the only bachelor President of the United States,[48] was the only one to be born in Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg—the major turning point of the Civil War—took place near Gettysburg.[49] An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army forces along with 8,600 African American military volunteers. Pennsylvania was also the home of the first commercially drilled oil well. In 1859, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, Edwin Drake successfully drilled the well, which led to the first major oil boom in United States history. Demographics Further information: List of people from Pennsylvania The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Pennsylvania was 12,787,209 on July 1, 2014, a 0.67% increase since the 2010 United States Census. In an earlier estimate, the state was 78.8% Non-Hispanic White, 11.4% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.7% Two or More Races, and 6.1% Hispanic or Latino.[3] Of the people residing in Pennsylvania, 74.5% were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different US state, 1.5% were born Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.[50] According to the 2010 Census, 81.9% of the population was White (79.2% non-Hispanic white), 11.3% was Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9% Asian, 1.9% from two or more races. 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[51] Pennsylvania Racial Breakdown of Population [hide]Racial composition     1990[52]     2000[53]     2010[54] White     88.5%     85.4%     81.9% Black     9.2%     10.0%     10.9% Asian     1.2%     1.8%     2.8% Native     0.1%     0.1%     0.2% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander     -     -     - Other race     1.0%     1.5%     2.4% Two or more races     -     1.2%     1.9% As of 2011, 32.1% of Pennsylvania's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[55] Pennsylvania's Hispanic population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, making it one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic population is due to immigration to the state mainly from Puerto Rico, which is a US territory, but to a lesser extent from countries such as the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and various Central and South American nations, as well as from the wave of Hispanics leaving New York and New Jersey for safer and more affordable living. The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, which was fueled by Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigration, as well the many Asian transplants moving to Philadelphia from New York. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation by numerical values. The Black and African American population grew by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population amongst the state's peers (New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan).The White population declined by 0.7%, a trend that is beginning to reverse itself. Twelve other states saw decreases in their White populations.[56] The center of population of Pennsylvania is located in Perry County, in the borough of Duncannon.[57] State population from 1790 to 2000 Pennsylvania's population distribution As of 2013, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,773,801, which is an increase of 10,265 from the previous year and an increase of 71,422 since the year 2010. Net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. From 2008 to 2012, 5.8% of the population was foreign born.[58] The state has an estimated 2005 poverty rate of 12%.[59] The state also has the 3rd highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in 2005.[59] Foreign born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), Latin America (30.6%), Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%). Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Asian, Hawaiian and White races, has markedly increased in recent years.[60] The Hispanic population is greatest in Allentown, Lancaster, Reading, Hazleton, and around Philadelphia, with over 20% being Hispanic. It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status. As of 2010, it is estimated that about 85% of all Hispanics in Pennsylvania live within a 150 miles (240 km) radius of Philadelphia, with about 20% living within the city itself. Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% aged 65 or older. Women made up 52% of the population.[61] The largest ancestry groups are listed below, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2006–2008 census:[62]     28.5% German     18.2% Irish     12.8% Italian     9.6% African     8.5% English     7.2% Polish     4.2% French Canadian     2.9% Puerto Rican[63]     2.2% Dutch     2.0% Slovak     2.0% Scotch Irish     1.7% Scottish     1.6% Russian     1.5% Welsh     1.2% Hungarian     1.0% West Indian     1.0% Ukrainian     1.0% Mexican The five largest estimated ancestry groups in Pennsylvania are: German (28.5%), Irish (18.2%), Italian (12.8%), African (9.6%), and English Historical population Census     Pop.         %± 1790     434,373         — 1800     602,365         38.7% 1810     810,091         34.5% 1820     1,049,458         29.5% 1830     1,348,233         28.5% 1840     1,724,033         27.9% 1850     2,311,786         34.1% 1860     2,906,215         25.7% 1870     3,521,951         21.2% 1880     4,282,891         21.6% 1890     5,258,113         22.8% 1900     6,302,115         19.9% 1910     7,665,111         21.6% 1920     8,720,017         13.8% 1930     9,631,350         10.5% 1940     9,900,180         2.8% 1950     10,498,012         6.0% 1960     11,319,366         7.8% 1970     11,793,909         4.2% 1980     11,863,895         0.6% 1990     11,881,643         0.1% 2000     12,281,054         3.4% 2010     12,702,379         3.4% Est. 2014     12,787,209         0.7% Source: 1910–2010[64] 2014 Estimate[3] Languages Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Pennsylvania Language     Percentage of population (as of 2010)[65] Spanish     4.09% German (including Pennsylvania Dutch)     0.87% Chinese (including Mandarin)     0.47% Italian     0.43% French     0.34% Russian and Vietnamese (tied)     0.29% Korean     0.25% Polish     0.21% Arabic     0.20% Hindi     0.17% As of 2010, 90.15% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 4.09% (486,058) spoke Spanish, 0.87% (103,502) German (which includes Pennsylvania Dutch) and by 0.47% (56,052) Chinese (which includes Mandarin) of the population over the age of five. In total, 9.85% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[65] Pennsylvania Dutch The term "Dutch," when referring to the language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch people (Pennsylvania Dutch) means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander." Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch," which in English became, misleadingly, "Dutch."[66] The Pennsylvania Dutch language is a descendant of German, in the West Central German dialect family. Although it is still spoken as a first language among some Old Order Amish and Mennonites (principally in the Lancaster County area), the language is almost extinct as an everyday language among the non-religious, though a few words have passed into English usage. Religion “     The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God. – Voltaire, speaking of William Penn[67]     ” Of all the colonies, only Rhode Island had religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania, and one result was a wide religious diversity, which continues to this day.[68] Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379. Of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of religion data archives (ARDA) at Pennsylvania State University, The largest religions in Pennsylvania by adherents are The Roman Catholic Church with 3,503,028 adherents, The United Methodist Church with 591,734 members, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 501,974 members. The third largest single denomination is the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations. The next biggest denomination the United Church of Christ has 180,000 members, the UCC has the largest number of members and churches with 627 congregations. Pennsylvania was the center of the German Reformed denomination.[69] Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is one of the headquarters of the Moravian Church in America. Pennsylvania has a very large Amish population.[70] While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers and many of the older trappings of the Commonwealth are rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority today. The religious affiliations of the people of Pennsylvania:[71]     Christianity – 80%         Protestant – 51%             Mainline Protestant – 25%             Evangelical Protestant – 18%             Black Protestant – 7%             Jehovah's Witnesses – 1%         Roman Catholic – 29%         Orthodox – 1%     Non-religious/ Unaffiliated – 13%     Judaism – 2%     Other religions – 1%     Don't know/ refused – 1% According to a 2012 Gallup poll, 40% of Pennsylvanians are very religious, 28% are moderately religious, and 32% are non-religious.[72] Economy See also: List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income and List of Pennsylvania locations by per capita income Pennsylvania was home of two of the largest Steel producers in the world; Pittsburgh-based U.S. Steel and Bethlehem-based Bethlehem Steel. The former blast furnace sites have either been destroyed, preserved, or in the case of Bethlehem, became a new multi-million dollar Sands Casino Resort in 2009. "Sorry We're Open" - sign. Philadelphia Pennsylvania's 2013 total gross state product (GSP) of $644 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation.[73] If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 18th largest in the world. On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $47,274 (in chained 2009 dollars) ranks 26th among the 50 states.[73] Philadelphia in the southeast corner, Pittsburgh in the southwest corner, Erie in the northwest corner, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast corner, and Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers. Much of the Commonwealth is rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.[74] Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies,[75] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it's a leader in the financial[76] and insurance industry. Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz.[75] In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies.[75] Erie is also home to GE Transportation Systems, which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States. As in the US as a whole and in most states, the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Wal-Mart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania.[77][78] As of June 2014, the state's unemployment rate is 5.6%.[79] Banking The first nationally chartered bank in the United States, the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo, which uses national charter 1. Pennsylvania is also the home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC Financial Services, and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is the state's largest bank, and the sixth-largest in the United States. Agriculture Main article: Agriculture in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall in agricultural production.[80]     The 1st is mushroom production,     The 2nd is apples,     The 3rd is Christmas trees and layer chickens,     The 4th is nursery and sod, milk, corn for silage, grapes grown (including juice grapes), and horses production. It also ranks 8th in the nation in Winemaking.[81] Pennsylvania is known all over the world for both the variety and the quality of its production. There are around 2,300 food processing companies. PA also has his own official brand of agriculture products named PA Preferred ® : This program brought together thousands companies and stores. They support and promote Pennsylvania products with the PA Preferred® logo, and promote locally-grown food. Some importants measures about the Agri-Impact in Pennsylvania ::[82]     More than 66,800 people are employed by the food manufacturing inductry     Around 3,000 new hires in the agriculture, forestery, fishing and hunting sector     Plus 1.7 billion $ in food product export (in 2011) Gambling Main article: Gambling in Pennsylvania Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. Currently, there are nine casinos across the state with three under construction or in planning. Only horse racing, slot machines and electronic table games were legal in Pennsylvania, although a bill to legalize table games was being negotiated in the fall of 2009.[83] Tables games such as poker, roulette, black jack and dice were finally approved by the state legislature in January 2010, being signed into law by the Governor on January 7. Sports betting is illegal. Governor Ed Rendell had considered legalizing video poker machines in bars and private clubs in 2009, since an estimated 17,000 operate illegally across the state.[84] Under this plan, any establishment with a liquor license would be allowed up to 5 machines. All machines would be connected to the state's computer system, like commercial casinos. The state would impose a 50% tax on net gambling revenues, after winning players have been paid, with the remaining 50% going to the establishment owners. Film The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state. Governance Presidential elections results[85] Year     Republican     Democratic 2012     46.58% 2,680,434     51.97% 2,990,274 2008     44.15% 2,655,885     54.47% 3,276,363 2004     48.42% 2,793,847     50.92% 2,938,095 2000     46.43% 2,281,127     50.60% 2,485,967 1996     39.97% 1,801,169     49.17% 2,215,819 1992     36.13% 1,791,841     45.15% 2,239,164 1988     50.70% 2,300,087     48.39% 2,194,944 1984     53.34% 2,584,323     45.99% 2,228,131 1980     49.59% 2,261,872     42.48% 1,937,540 1976     47.73% 2,205,604     50.40% 2,328,677 1972     59.11% 2,714,521     39.13% 1,796,951 1968     44.02% 2,090,017     47.59% 2,259,405 1964     34.70% 1,673,657     64.92% 3,130,954 1960     48.74% 2,439,956     51.06% 2,556,282 Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of November 4, 2014[86] Party     Number of Voters     Percentage       Democratic     4,088,149     49.55%       Republican     3,030,017     36.72%       Unaffiliated or Other Parties     1,085,383     13.15%       Libertarian     47,501     0.58% Total     8,251,050     100% Government Main article: Government of Pennsylvania See also: Commonwealth (U.S. state) Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:[87] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.[87] The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets in the State Capitol there. Further information: Political party strength in Pennsylvania Since 1992, Pennsylvania has been trending Democratic in Presidential elections (though the Pittsburgh metropolitan area trended more Republican in the 2008 Presidential election), voting for Bill Clinton twice by large margins, and slightly closer in 2000 for Al Gore. In the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%). Most recently, in the 2008 Presidential Election, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania, 3,184,778 (54%) to 2,584,088 (44%). The state holds 20 electoral votes.[59] In recent elections, Pennsylvania has leaned Democratic. The state has voted for the Democratic ticket for president in every election since 1992 and during the 2008 election campaign a recruitment drive saw registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by 1.2 million. However, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat as well as a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's mansion. Democrats won back the governor's mansion 4 years later in the 2014 election which marked the first time an incumbent Governor running for re-election in Pennsylvania lost. Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west and Alabama in the middle". Governor Main article: List of Governors of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Capitol The current Governor is Tom Wolf. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Michael Stack, Attorney General Kathleen Kane, Auditor General Eugene DePasquale, and there currently is an Acting State Treasurer.[88] See also: List of Pennsylvania state agencies General Assembly Main article: Pennsylvania General Assembly Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.[89] The General Assembly includes 50 Senators[90] and 203 Representatives.[91] Joe Scarnati is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate,[92] Dominic Pileggi the Majority Leader,[93] and Jay Costa the Minority Leader.[94] Sam Smith is Speaker of the House of Representatives,[95] with Mike Turzai as Majority Leader[96] and Frank Dermody as Minority Leader.[97] As of the 2012 elections, the Republicans hold the majority in the State House and Senate. Judiciary Main article: Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,[98] most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims.[98] Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions.[98] The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.[98] The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.[98] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.[98] Taxation Pennsylvania has the 10th highest tax burden in the United States.[99] Residents pay a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $6,640 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out of state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a taxation on gas drilling.[100] Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically Interstate 80 which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.[101] Sales tax provides 39% of Commonwealth's revenue; personal income tax 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5%.[102] Personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and lottery winnings (other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings).[103] Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings. Representation in the 113th Congress Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators in the 113th Congress are Bob Casey, Jr. and Pat Toomey. Pennsylvania's U.S. Representatives for the term beginning January 2013 are Bob Brady (1st), Chaka Fattah (2nd), Mike Kelly (3rd), Scott Perry (politician) (4th), Glenn "G.T." Thompson (5th), Jim Gerlach (6th), Pat Meehan (7th), Mike Fitzpatrick (8th), Bill Shuster (9th), Tom Marino (10th), Lou Barletta (11th), Keith Rothfus (12th), Allyson Schwartz (13th), Mike Doyle (14th), Charlie Dent (15th), Joe Pitts (16th), Matt Cartwright (17th), Tim Murphy (18th).[104] See map of congressional districts Municipalities See also: List of counties in Pennsylvania, List of cities in Pennsylvania, List of townships in Pennsylvania, List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania, List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population) and List of census-designated places in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties.[105] Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.[106] One county, Philadelphia County, is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia after it was consolidated in 1854. The largest county in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia, while the smallest is Cameron (5,085). There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified, by population, as either first, second, or third class cities.[105][107] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's largest city, has a population of 1,526,006 and is the state's only first class city.[106] Pittsburgh (305,704) and Scranton (76,089) are second class and second class 'A' cities, respectively.[106] The rest of the cities, like the third and fourth largest—Allentown (118,032) and Erie (101,786)—to the smallest—Parker with a population of only 840—are third class cities.[108] First and second class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of mayor–council government, whereas third class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a council–manager government.[106] Boroughs are generally smaller than cities, with most Pennsylvania cities having been incorporated as a borough before being incorporated as a city.[106] There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor–council government.[105][106] The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College (42,034) and the smallest is Centralia (10). Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first class or second class townships. There are 1,454 second class townships and 93 first class townships.[109] Second class township can become first class townships if it has a population density greater than 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km2) and a referendum is passed supporting the change.[109] Pennsylvania's largest township is Upper Darby Township (82,795), and the smallest is East Keating Township (11). There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.[110] In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first class township.[111] The total of 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first class townships, 1454 second class townships, and 1 town (Bloomsburg) is 2562 municipalities. See also: List of municipalities in Pennsylvania       v     t     e Largest cities or towns of Pennsylvania Source:[112]     Rank     Name     County     Pop.     Philadelphia Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pittsburgh     1     Philadelphia     Philadelphia     1,553,165     Allentown Allentown Erie Erie 2     Pittsburgh     Allegheny     305,841 3     Allentown     Lehigh     118,577 4     Erie     Erie     100,671 5     Reading     Berks     89,893 6     Scranton     Lackawanna     76,089 7     Bethlehem     Northampton     74,982 8     Lancaster     Lancaster     59,322 9     Levittown     Bucks     52,983 10     Harrisburg     Dauphin     49,528 Health Pennsylvania has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 29th overall healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.[113] Education Main article: Education in Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania quadrangle in Philadelphia Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education. Primary and secondary education In general, under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for a child from the age of 8 until the age of 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier.[114] As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 have completed high school. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school. Additionally, 25.7% have gone on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher.[115] State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for 8th grade students.[116] In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance. This law specifies the requirements and responsibilities of the parents and the school district where the family lives.[117] Higher education See also: List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the public university system of the Commonwealth, with 14 state-owned schools. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is organizing body of the 4 state-related schools in Pennsylvania, these schools are independent institutions that receive some state funding. There are also 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools that are separate from the PASSHE system. Additionally there are many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges and universities. Carnegie Mellon University, The Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh, are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation only organization of leading research universities. Lehigh University is also another renowned private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.The Pennsylvania State University is the Commonwealth's Land-grant university, Sea Grant College and, Space Grant College. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the first university in the United States and established the country's first medical school. The University of Pennsylvania is also the Commonwealth's only, and geographically the most southern, Ivy League school. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States.[118] Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.[119] Recreation Dorney Park and Wildwater Kingdom's Steel Force and Thunderhawk roller coasters in Allentown Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo.[120] Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZOOAMERICA are other notable zoos. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country, including the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and several others. One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.[121] Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh. File:Baughman's Rock Overlook.ogvPlay media Ohiopyle State Park timelapse All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission. Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Camel Beach, Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso Amusement Park, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, Splash Lagoon in Erie. There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include Musikfest and NEARfest in Bethlehem, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, the Great Allentown Fair, and Purple Door. There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. Whitetail deer, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (a Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide. The Boone and Crockett Club shows that five of the ten largest (skull size) black bear entries came from the state.[122] The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at 733 lb (332 kg) and a skull of 23 3/16 tied with a bear shot in California in 1993.[122] The largest bear ever found dead was in Utah in 1975, and the second largest was shot by a poacher in the state in 1987.[122] Pennsylvania holds the second highest number of Boone & Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, second only to Wisconsin's 299.[122] Transportation Map of Pennsylvania, showing major cities and roads See also: List of airports in Pennsylvania and List of public transit authorities in Pennsylvania Exterior Interior The Allegheny Mountain Tunnel is the longest of the five tunnels on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, owns 39,861 miles (64,150 km) of the 121,770 miles (195,970 km) of roadway in the state, making it the fifth largest state highway system in the United States.[123] The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is 535 miles (861 km) long, with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey.[123] It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. Another major east–west route is Interstate 80, whichs runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap. Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County, in the extreme northwestern part of the state. U.S. Route 220 as it passes through Lamar Township. Primary north–south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia, Interstate 81 from New York through Scranton, Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476, which begins 7 miles (11 km) north of the Delaware border, in Chester, Delaware County and travels 132 miles (212 km) to Clarks Summit, Lackawanna County, where it joins I-81. All but 20 miles (32 km) of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, while the highway south of the main line of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to by locals as the "Blue Route". The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is the sixth largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Port Authority of Allegheny County is the 25th largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.[124] Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak, with the majority of traffic occurring on the Keystone Service in the high-speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City; the Pennsylvanian follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The Capitol Limited also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as Connellsville, on its way from Chicago to Washington, D.C.[125] Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the Lake Shore Limited passes through Erie once in each direction.[125] There are 67 short-line, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.[125] Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Erie International, University Park Airport and Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International. A total of 134 public-use airport are located in the state.[125] The port of Pittsburgh is the second largest inland port in the United States and the 18th largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th largest port in the United States.[126] Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie. The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide.[127] The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh. Sports Main article: Sports in Pennsylvania Citizens Bank Park in South Philadelphia, home of the Philadelphia Phillies Pennsylvania is home to many major league professional sports teams; the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League, the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. Among them, these teams have accumulated 7 World Series Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 2), 16 National League Pennants (Pirates 9, Phillies 7), 3 pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championships (Eagles), 6 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 2 NBA Championships (76ers), and 5 Stanley Cups (Penguins 3, Flyers 2). Pennsylvania also has minor league and semi-pro sports teams: the Lehigh Valley IronPigs and the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the International League, the Erie Bayhawks of the National Basketball Association Development League, the Lehigh Valley Phantoms, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League, the Philadelphia Soul and the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League, and the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League. Among them, these teams have accumulated 1 Arena Bowl Championship (Soul), 1 ABA Championship (Pipers), 11 Calder Cups (Bears), and 6 Champion's Cups (Wings). Each summer, the Little League World Series is held in South Williamsport, near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport.[citation needed] Also, the first World Series between the Boston Pilgrims (which became the Boston Red Sox) and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh in 1903. Soccer is gaining popularity within the state of Pennsylvania as well. With the addition of the Philadelphia Union in the MLS, the state now boasts three teams that are eligible to compete for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup annually. The other two teams are the Pittsburgh Riverhounds and the Harrisburg City Islanders, both of the United Soccer Leagues Second Division (USL-2). Within the American Soccer Pyramid, the MLS takes the first tier, while the USL-2 claims the third tier. NASCAR racing at Pocono Raceway in Long Pond In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley. Notable racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth (closed); and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home to two NASCAR Cup Series races and an IndyCar Series race. The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway, near Reading, which hosts major National Hot Rod Association sanctioned drag racing events each year. There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway in located in Mt. Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City is located in Delmont, Pennsylvania. Horse racing courses in Pennsylvania consist of The Meadows near Pittsburgh, Pocono Downs in Wilkes-Barre, and Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville, Parx Racing (formerly Philadelphia Park) in Bensalem, and Presque Isle Downs near Erie, which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course. Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most notable pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, while Jim Furyk, a current PGA member, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic. Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a popular spot for skateboarding, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.[128] College sports College football is very popular in Pennsylvania. The Penn State University Nittany Lions were coached by Joe Paterno who has led Penn State to two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as five undefeated seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). On January 22, 2012, Joe Paterno died of lung cancer. Penn State's current head football coach is James Franklin, formerly the head coach at Vanderbilt University. Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, Beaver Stadium, which seats 107,282. In addition, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers have won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and have played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976).[129] Pitt plays its home games at Heinz Field, a facility it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include Lafayette College (1896), Villanova University (FCS 2009), and the University of Pennsylvania (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908).[130] College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the Big Five, have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities: La Salle University (1954), Temple University (1938), University of Pennsylvania (1920 and 1921), University of Pittsburgh (1928 and 1930) and Villanova University (1985).[131][132] Food Hershey Chocolate Factory In his book Yo Mama Cooks Like a Yankee, author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world.[133] It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. Two of the three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are based in Pennsylvania: Utz Quality Foods, which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1921, and Wise Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921 (the third, Lay's Potato Chips, is a Texas company). Other companies such as Herr's Snacks, Martin's Potato Chips, Snyder's of Berlin (not associated with Snyder's of Hanover) and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers. The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars, Godiva, and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's[134] in Souderton,[135] and Gertrude Hawk Chocolates of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which is well known for its Mallo Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels began as a market-stand in Downingtown, Pennsylvania, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City.[136] Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, Inc., headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829. Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks, hoagie, soft pretzels, Italian water ice, Irish potato candy, scrapple, Tastykake, and strombolis. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches, pierogies, and city chicken. Outside of Scranton, in Old Forge there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. Erie also has its share of unique foods, including Greek sauce and sponge candy. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania. State symbols Main article: List of Pennsylvania state symbols The Ruffed Grouse US Brig Niagara in port     Motto: "Virtue, liberty, and independence"     Tree: Eastern Hemlock[137]     Game bird: Ruffed Grouse[138]     Flower: Mountain Laurel[138]     Insect: Pennsylvania Firefly[138]     Animal: White-tailed deer[138]     Dog: Great Dane[138]     Fish: Brook Trout[138]     Fossil: Phacops rana[137]     Beverage: Milk[137]     Song: "Pennsylvania"[139]     Ship: US Brig Niagara[137]     Electric locomotive: GG1 4859[137]     Steam locomotive: K4s 1361 and K4s 3750[137]     Beautification and conservation plant: Penngift Crown vetch[137] Nicknames Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802,[140] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States, and also in part because of the number of important American documents signed in the state (such as the Declaration of Independence). It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North (making such wares as Conestoga wagons and rifles)[141][142] and the agriculture common to the South (producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco).[143] Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province,[144] in recognition of Quaker[145] William Penn's First Frame of Government[146] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility[147] Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.[148] "The Coal State", "The Oil State", "The Chocolate State", and "The Steel State" were adopted when those were the state's greatest industries.[149] Alphabetical list County     FIPS code [2]     County seat [3]     Established [3]     Origin     Etymology [4]     Population [5]     Area [3]     Map Adams County     001     Gettysburg     1800     Parts of York County.     John Adams,second U.S. President     101,407     522 sq mi (1,352 km2)     State map highlighting Adams County Allegheny County     003     Pittsburgh     1788     Parts of Washington and Westmoreland Counties.     Delaware word for the Allegheny River, which possibly translates to "beautiful river"     1,223,348     745 sq mi (1,930 km2)     State map highlighting Allegheny County Armstrong County     005     Kittanning     1800     Parts of Allegheny, Lycoming, and Westmoreland Counties.     John Armstrong, Revolutionary War general     68,941     664 sq mi (1,720 km2)     State map highlighting Armstrong County Beaver County     007     Beaver     1800     Parts of Allegheny and Washington Counties.     Beaver River, itself named for the eponymous animal that was sighted along its banks     170,539     444 sq mi (1,150 km2)     State map highlighting Beaver County Bedford County     009     Bedford     1771     Parts of Cumberland County.     Fort Bedford, which is named for John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford     49,762     1,015 sq mi (2,629 km2)     State map highlighting Bedford County Berks County     011     Reading     1752     Parts of Chester, Lancaster and Philadelphia Counties.     The English county of Berkshire     411,442     866 sq mi (2,243 km2)     State map highlighting Berks County Blair County     013     Hollidaysburg     1846     Parts of Huntingdon and Bedford Counties.     John Blair, Pennsylvania state legislator     127,089     527 sq mi (1,365 km2)     State map highlighting Blair County Bradford County     015     Towanda     1810     Parts of Luzerne and Lycoming Counties; originally called Ontario County, renamed as Bradford County in 1812.     William Bradford, second U.S. Attorney General     62,622     1,161 sq mi (3,007 km2)     State map highlighting Bradford County Bucks County     017     Doylestown     1682     One of the original counties at the formation of Pennsylvania     The English county of Buckinghamshire     625,249     622 sq mi (1,611 km2)     State map highlighting Bucks County Butler County     019     Butler     1800     Parts of Allegheny County.     Richard Butler, Revolutionary War general     183,862     795 sq mi (2,059 km2)     State map highlighting Butler County Cambria County     021     Ebensburg     1804     Parts of Somerset and Huntingdon Counties.     Cambria, the traditional name for Wales     143,679     693 sq mi (1,795 km2)     State map highlighting Cambria County Cameron County     023     Emporium     1860     Parts of Clinton, Elk, McKean, and Potter Counties.     Simon Cameron, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania     5,085     399 sq mi (1,033 km2)     State map highlighting Cameron County Carbon County     025     Jim Thorpe     1843     Parts of Monroe and Northampton Counties.     Carbon, the element found in coal     65,249     387 sq mi (1,002 km2)     State map highlighting Carbon County Centre County     027     Bellefonte     1800     Parts of Lycoming, Mifflin, Northumberland, and Huntingdon Counties.     Centre Furnance, the first industrial facility in the area     153,990     1,112 sq mi (2,880 km2)     State map highlighting Centre County Chester County     029     West Chester     1682     One of the original counties at the formation of Pennsylvania.     The English city of Chester in the county of Cheshire     498,886     760 sq mi (1,968 km2)     State map highlighting Chester County Clarion County     031     Clarion     1839     Parts of Venango and Armstrong Counties.     Clarion River, itself so named for its clarity     39,988     609 sq mi (1,577 km2)     State map highlighting Clarion County Clearfield County     033     Clearfield     1804     Parts of Lycoming and Huntingdon Counties; Clearfield functioned as a part of Centre County for judiciary purposes until 1822.     The cleared fields from logging in the area     81,642     1,154 sq mi (2,989 km2)     State map highlighting Clearfield County Clinton County     035     Lock Haven     1839     Parts of Lycoming and Centre Counties.     DeWitt Clinton, New York Governor and prominent statesman     39,238     898 sq mi (2,326 km2)     State map highlighting Clinton County Columbia County     037     Bloomsburg     1813     Parts of Northumberland and Luzerne Counties.     Columbia, the first popular and poetic name for the United States     67,295     490 sq mi (1,269 km2)     State map highlighting Columbia County Crawford County     039     Meadville     1800     Parts of Allegheny County.     William Crawford, surveyor who helped to open trans-Appalachian lands to settlement     88,765     1,038 sq mi (2,688 km2)     State map highlighting Crawford County Cumberland County     041     Carlisle     1750     Parts of Lancaster County.     The historic English county of Cumberland     235,406     551 sq mi (1,427 km2)     State map highlighting Cumberland County Dauphin County     043     Harrisburg     1785     Parts of Lancaster County.     Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France     268,100     558 sq mi (1,445 km2)     State map highlighting Dauphin County Delaware County     045     Media     1789     Parts of Chester County.     Delaware River, itself named for the Delaware tribe     558,979     191 sq mi (495 km2)     State map highlighting Delaware County Elk County     047     Ridgway     1843     Parts of Jefferson, McKean, and Clearfield Counties.     Elk, which inhabit the forested county     31,946     832 sq mi (2,155 km2)     State map highlighting Elk County Erie County     049     Erie     1800     Parts of Allegheny County; attached to Crawford County until 1803.     Lake Erie     280,566     799 sq mi (2,069 km2)     State map highlighting Erie County Fayette County     051     Uniontown     1783     Parts of Westmoreland County.     The Marquis de Lafayette, French-born Revolutionary War general     136,606     798 sq mi (2,067 km2)     State map highlighting Fayette County Forest County     053     Tionesta     1848     Parts of Jefferson County; attached to Jefferson County until 1857.     Chief natural feature     7,716     431 sq mi (1,116 km2)     State map highlighting Forest County Franklin County     055     Chambersburg     1784     Parts of Cumberland County.     Benjamin Franklin, key founding father of the United States     149,618     771 sq mi (1,997 km2)     State map highlighting Franklin County Fulton County     057     McConnellsburg     1850     Parts of Bedford County.     Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamboat     14,845     438 sq mi (1,134 km2)     State map highlighting Fulton County Greene County     059     Waynesburg     1796     Parts of Washington County.     Nathanael Greene, Revolutionary War general     38,686     578 sq mi (1,497 km2)     State map highlighting Greene County Huntingdon County     061     Huntingdon     1787     Parts of Bedford County.     The historic English county of Huntingdonshire     45,913     889 sq mi (2,302 km2)     State map highlighting Huntingdon County Indiana County     063     Indiana     1803     Parts of Lycoming and Westmoreland Counties; it was attached to Westmoreland County until 1806.     Native Americans     88,880     834 sq mi (2,160 km2)     State map highlighting Indiana County Jefferson County     065     Brookville     1804     Parts of Lycoming County. Attached to Westmoreland County until 1806 and to Indiana County until 1830.     Thomas Jefferson, third U.S. President     45,200     657 sq mi (1,702 km2)     State map highlighting Jefferson County Juniata County     067     Mifflintown     1831     Parts of Mifflin County.     Juniata River, itself named for the Iroquoian word Onayutta, meaning "Standing Stone"     24,636     394 sq mi (1,020 km2)     State map highlighting Juniata County Lackawanna County     069     Scranton     1878     Parts of Luzerne County.     Lackawanna River, itself named for the Delaware word meaning "stream that forks"     214,437     465 sq mi (1,204 km2)     State map highlighting Lackawanna County Lancaster County     071     Lancaster     1729     Parts of Chester County.     The English city of Lancaster     519,445     984 sq mi (2,549 km2)     State map highlighting Lancaster County Lawrence County     073     New Castle     1849     Parts of Beaver and Mercer Counties.     James Lawrence, War of 1812 captain     91,108     363 sq mi (940 km2)     State map highlighting Lawrence County Lebanon County     075     Lebanon     1813     Parts of Dauphin and Lancaster Counties.     Lebanon, the Biblical term for "White Mountain", which references the piety of the county's Moravian founders     133,568     363 sq mi (940 km2)     State map highlighting Lebanon County Lehigh County     077     Allentown     1812     Parts of Northampton County.     Lehigh River     349,497     349 sq mi (904 km2)     State map highlighting Lehigh County Luzerne County     079     Wilkes-Barre     1786     Parts of Northumberland County.     Anne-César, Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador to the U.S. who aided republican causes     320,918     907 sq mi (2,349 km2)     State map highlighting Luzerne County Lycoming County     081     Williamsport     1795     Parts of Northumberland County.     Lycoming Creek, itself named for the Delaware word iacomic meaning "great steam"     116,111     1,244 sq mi (3,222 km2)     State map highlighting Lycoming County McKean County     083     Smethport     1804     Parts of Lycoming County; Attached to Centre County until 1814 and to Lycoming County until 1826 for judicial and elective purposes. McKean was fully organized only in 1826.     Thomas McKean, second Governor of Pennsylvania     43,450     984 sq mi (2,549 km2)     State map highlighting McKean County Mercer County     085     Mercer     1800     Parts of Allegheny County.     Hugh Mercer, Revolutionary War general     116,638     683 sq mi (1,769 km2)     State map highlighting Mercer County Mifflin County     087     Lewistown     1789     Parts of Cumberland and Northumberland Counties.     Thomas Mifflin, first Governor of Pennsylvania     46,682     415 sq mi (1,075 km2)     State map highlighting Mifflin County Monroe County     089     Stroudsburg     1836     Parts of Pike and Northampton Counties.     James Monroe, fifth U.S President     169,842     617 sq mi (1,598 km2)     State map highlighting Monroe County Montgomery County     091     Norristown     1784     Parts of Philadelphia County.     The historic Welsh county of Montgomeryshire or Richard Montgomery, a general killed in the 1775 Battle of Quebec     799,874     487 sq mi (1,261 km2)     State map highlighting Montgomery County Montour County     093     Danville     1850     Parts of Columbia County.     Madame Montour, colonial ambassador to the Native Americans     18,267     132 sq mi (342 km2)     State map highlighting Montour County Northampton County     095     Easton     1752     Parts of Bucks County.     The English town of Northampton     297,735     377 sq mi (976 km2)     State map highlighting Northampton County Northumberland County     097     Sunbury     1772     Parts of Lancaster, Berks, Bedford, Cumberland, and Northampton Counties.     The English county of Northumberland     94,528     477 sq mi (1,235 km2)     State map highlighting Northumberland County Perry County     099     New Bloomfield     1820     Parts of Cumberland County.     Oliver Hazard Perry, War of 1812 commodore     45,969     556 sq mi (1,440 km2)     State map highlighting Perry County Philadelphia County     101     Philadelphia     1682     One of the original counties at the formation of Pennsylvania.     "Brotherly love" from Greek philos ("love") and adelphos ("brother")     1,526,006     143 sq mi (370 km2)     State map highlighting Philadelphia County Pike County     103     Milford     1814     Parts of Wayne County.     Zebulon Pike, explorer of the American West     57,369     567 sq mi (1,469 km2)     State map highlighting Pike County Potter County     105     Coudersport     1804     From Lycoming county. Attached to Lycoming County until 1826 and to McKean County until 1835 for judicial purposes, Potter was not fully organized until 1835.     James Potter, Revolutionary War general     17,457     1,081 sq mi (2,800 km2)     State map highlighting Potter County Schuylkill County     107     Pottsville     1811     Parts of Berks and Northampton Counties.     Schuylkill River, itself a Dutch corruption of a Delaware word possibly meaning "hidden river"     148,289     778 sq mi (2,015 km2)     State map highlighting Schuylkill County Snyder County     109     Middleburg     1855     Parts of Union County.     Simon Snyder, third Governor of Pennsylvania     39,702     332 sq mi (860 km2)     State map highlighting Snyder County Somerset County     111     Somerset     1795     Parts of Bedford County.     The historic English county of Somerset     77,742     1,081 sq mi (2,800 km2)     State map highlighting Somerset County Sullivan County     113     Laporte     1847     Parts of Lycoming County; attached to Lycoming until 1848.     John Sullivan, Revolutionary War general     6,428     452 sq mi (1,171 km2)     State map highlighting Sullivan County Susquehanna County     115     Montrose     1810     Parts of Luzerne County ; attached to Luzerne County until 1812.     Susquehanna River, itself named after an Algonquin word for "muddy current"     43,356     832 sq mi (2,155 km2)     State map highlighting Susquehanna County Tioga County     117     Wellsboro     1804     Parts of Lycoming County; attached to Lycoming until 1812.     Tioga River, itself named for the Delaware word for "forks of the stream"     41,981     1,137 sq mi (2,945 km2)     State map highlighting Tioga County Union County     119     Lewisburg     1813     Parts of Northumberland County.     The federal union of the states     44,947     317 sq mi (821 km2)     State map highlighting Union County Venango County     121     Franklin     1800     Parts of Allegheny and Lycoming Counties; attached to until 1805.     A corruption of the Delaware word onenge, meaning "otter"     54,984     683 sq mi (1,769 km2)     State map highlighting Venango County Warren County     123     Warren     1800     Parts of Allegheny and Lycoming counties; attached to Crawford County until 1805 and then to Venango until Warren was formally organized in 1819.     Joseph Warren, Revolutionary War general     41,815     898 sq mi (2,326 km2)     State map highlighting Warren County Washington County     125     Washington     1781     Parts of Westmoreland County.     George Washington, first U.S. President     207,820     861 sq mi (2,230 km2)     State map highlighting Washington County Wayne County     127     Honesdale     1798     Parts of Northampton County.     Anthony Wayne, Revolutionary War general     52,822     751 sq mi (1,945 km2)     State map highlighting Wayne County Westmoreland County     129     Greensburg     1773     Parts of Bedford County.     The historic English county of Westmorland     365,169     1,036 sq mi (2,683 km2)     State map highlighting Westmoreland County Wyoming County     131     Tunkhannock     1842     Parts of Luzerne County.     The Delaware word xwéːwaməŋk, meaning "at the big river flat"     28,276     405 sq mi (1,049 km2)     State map highlighting Wyoming County York County     133     York     1749     Parts of Lancaster County.     The English city of York     434,972     910 sq mi (2,357 km2)     State map highlighting York County "The State of Independence" currently appears on many road signs entering the state. Mahlon Day was born in Morristown, New Jersey, on August 27, 1790. He attended school at an academy near his home, where an older brother was a teacher. Since his mother was left a widow with seven children, Mahlon was not able to stay in school very long, so he was apprenticed to a Morristown printer, and learned the printing trade. He finished his apprenticeship in 1811 and after a short time went to New York to work. By 1815 he had done well enough to start his own business and get married. One of his earliest publications was Day's Bank Note List and Counterfeit Detector, a useful reference guide in those days of shaky banks and privately printed currency. He published this until 1837 or 1838. In his diary he referred to it as dull work, but a source of his bread and butter. He also published school books, and about 1822 he began to publish the little children's books which are now so well known. Several addresses are given for his place of business. The first 35 Beaver Street, later 84 Water Street, and finally three different numbers on Pearl Street, the last one being 374. According to advertisements in his own publications he carried a stock of school books which were the works of other publishers. In 1820 he and his wife became members of the Society of Friends and both of them worked tirelessly for the Society thereafter. He retired from active participation in his business about 1844, at which time he turned his business over to his nephew Stephen Crane, his only son Edward M. Day, and George Baker, a former apprentice, who organized the firm of Baker, Crane & Day. Thus relieved of business cares he devoted his time more and more to charitable works. According to the Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for the Year 1850 he was a member of boards of various institutions, among them The New York Institution for the Blind, The Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, and The Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans. In 1854, Day went to England with his wife and daughter to visit Mrs. Day's relatives and to attend the Yearly Meeting of the Friends. They were returning on the steamer "Arctic" which collided with the French propeller boat "Vesta" off Cape Race on September 27, 1854, and were among the hundreds who perished in that disaster. The firm of Baker, Crane & Day did not last long. Mahlon's son was not interested in the publishing business and left New York. He came to Rochester, married, and settled here in the then fashionable residential section on Spring Street. He had two sons, Mahlon and Belden, both of whom attended the University of Rochester. Mahlon was in the class of 1880, Belden, the class of 1881. Belden married Florence Osgood and had a daughter, Charlotte Seymour Day and two sons, Howard O. Day and Edward B. Day. Charlotte Seymour Day, Mahlon Day's great­granddaughter, is a niece of Mrs. Davis. Miss Day and Mrs. Davis supplied us with notes which made it possible to enlarge on biographical information found in newspapers and directories of the period. It is interesting to note that although Mahlon's son did not care for the publishing business, his grandson Belden apparently did, because he was associated with the firm of Longmans, Green & Company, and other publishing houses.
  • Condition: Very good. See description.
  • Type: Map
  • Maker: Colton
  • Original/Reproduction: Original

PicClick Insights - RARE - Colton Pocket Map PA Township Pennsylvania & Southern Counties NY 1876 PicClick Exclusive

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