Queen Elizabeth II Silver Wedding Coin Prince Phillip King Charles III Parents

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Seller: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3,239) 99.7%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 266732663825 Queen Elizabeth II Silver Wedding Coin Prince Phillip King Charles III Parents. Queen Elizabeth II Silver Wedding Crown Coin 1947 - 1972 This is a Cupro Nickel Coin minted by the Royal Mail in 1972 to Celebrate the 25th Wedding Anniversary of Queen Elizabteh II & Prince Phillip The parents of King Charles III The front has an image of the Queen Elizabeth II The back an image of the their EP Cypher for Elizabteh & Phillip with the words "Elizabeth & Phillip" "20 November 1947 - 1972" Before £5 coins, major Royal events and national celebrations were marked by the Royal Mint with Crown Coins — struck to the exact same specification as today's £5 coins. A crown tariffed at 25 pence 1972 Silver Wedding Anniversary Crown The 1972 British Crown was issued to commemorate the 25th wedding anniversary of H.M. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh. Coins are sold as ordinary circulation and are selected at random. We do have a variety of assorted coins available so if you want a good higher grade specimen please get in touch on live chat or 01253 343081 and we can sort, grade and price one up for you. If you're interested in a bag of the coins, make us an offer!  1947 - 1972 The wedding took place at Westminster Abbey on the 20th November 1947, and was regarded as an important state occasion. Much had changed in the twenty-five years which followed. King George VI died in 1952, and his daughter Elizabeth became Queen on his death, and being formally crowned the following year. In 1971, the British coinage underwent a major change from the old £sd system of pounds, shillings and pence, to be replaced by a decimal system. Whilst the pound was retained, there were 100 "new pennies" to the pound. A New Denomination The 1972 crown was the first British coin to have a face value of 25 pence. Previous crowns had been Five Shillings face value. The absence of an inscription denoting the face value now causes some confusion, particularly because, as from 1990, it appears to have been decided that future crowns would assume a Five Pounds face value. We are frequently asked why the 1972 crown, and others do not carry a mark of value. It may be more relevant to ask why it is necessary for most modern coins to carry a statement of their value. In bygone times, most people knew what coins were worth, they did not need to rely on an inscription on the coin to inform them. This would be an interesting subject for further study. From the introduction of the first crown in 1544, crowns did not carry a mark of value. Only briefly did crowns ever carry such a mark, the occasions being as follows, very rare Charles I Scarborough siege coinage, Commonwealth (1649 - 1660) crowns, and Charles II second issue hammered gold crowns. The value mark on all these was a letter "V", the Roman numeral for 5. Apart from these, the first time that crowns bore a denomination was from 1927, when the word "CROWN" appeared on them. On the three crowns issued between 1951 and 1960, the value "Five Shillings" appeared, but this was again omitted from the Churchill Commemorative crown of 1965. Britain had only just completed decimalisation in 1971, it may have been sensible, with hindsight, to have shown the new decimal equivalent - 25 New Pence - on this and subsequent crown issues. The omission may have been partly historic, for reasons given above, or it may have been partly because crowns had not been part of the regular British coinage since about 1914, and the main purpose of the 1972 issue was as a commemorative piece, which was never primarily intended to circulate. Obverse The second (decimal) portrait of the Queen facing right, designed by Arnold Machin. D G REG F D ELIZABETH II Reverse The crowned letters EP within a floral garland, the naked figure of Eros at the centre, designed also by Arnold Machin. ELIZABETH AND PHILIP 20 NOVEMBER 1947 - 1972 Specification Version Diameter (mm) Weight (grams) Uncirculated 38.61 28.28 Features Issuer United Kingdom  Queen Elizabeth II (1952-2022) Type Non-circulating coin Year 1972 Value 25 New Pence (0.25 GBP) Currency Pound sterling (decimalized, 1971-date) Composition Copper-nickel (75% Cu, 25% Ni) Weight 28.28 g Diameter 38.61 mm Thickness 3.2 mm Shape Round Technique Milled Orientation Medal alignment ↑↑ Number N# 5982 References KM# 917, Sp# LL1 Commemorative issue 25th wedding anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Obverse Second crowned portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth II right, wearing the Girls of Great Britain and Ireland tiara, legend around. Script: Latin Lettering: ELIZABETH II D·G·REG·F·D· Unabridged legend: Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina Fidei Defensatrix Translation: Elizabeth the Second by the Grace of God Queen Defender of the Faith Engraver: Arnold Machin Read more on Wikipedia Reverse The crowned letters EP within a floral garland, the naked figure of Eros at the centre, legend and dates around. Script: Latin Lettering: ·ELIZABETH AND PHILIP· EP 20 NOVEMBER·1947-1972 Engraver: Arnold Machin Read more on Wikipedia Edge Reeded Mints Royal Mint (Tower Hill), London, United Kingdom (1810-1975) Royal Mint, Llantrisant, United Kingdom (1968-date) Comments The first crown-sized coin to be issued following Decimalisation Day on 15th February 1971, the denomination was updated from 5 shillings to 25 new pence. Despite being produced in their millions and being available at face value from most post offices and banks, the ordinary business strike was a Royal Mint commemorative issue and not intended for general circulation.

A wonderful collection for anyone who loved the Queen & Prince Phillip

Would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop.

This once belonged to my Grand Mother and she kept it in a display cabinet for many years, but when she died it was placed in a box for storage. 

We Decided to have a clear out so We are using the procceds from this auction to buy a bench with a memorial plaque for my gran so we can sit with her on a nice summers day I hope it will find a good home Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They don't  do the owl  justice it looks a lot better in real life Like all my auctions bidding starts at 1p with no reserve
Click Here to Check out my other Royal Items Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 900 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together  I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.

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Elizabeth II is the current ruling monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the head of the Commonwealth as well as fifteen other Commonwealth realms. A descendant of Queen Victoria and King George III, Elizabeth II has been an influential figure throughout her entire life, beginning with her ascension to the throne in 1952 at the age of 25. Since then, she has become respected and admired throughout the world for her leadership, dedication, and commitment to her nation.

Elizabeth II is the longest-reigning Queen in British history, in 2020 surpassing Queen Victoria's 63-year reign. Over the course of her reign, she has been a consistent source of comfort, stability, and hope for her people. A symbol of hope during the Cold War, her coronation was the first ever live-televised event, watched by over 150 million people. Under her reign, the United Kingdom has become a much more diverse and inclusive nation, honoring the spirit of the Commonwealth, and she has been instrumental in bringing the Commonwealth together. In 2021, she became the first British monarch to reach 65 years of service.

Throughout her reign, Elizabeth II has upheld the values of the British monarchy, ensuring that the monarchy remain an important symbol for her people and respected by other nations. She has always been devoted to working for the betterment of the nation as well as the international community and in doing so, she has earned the respect of world leaders and institutionalized the role of her office as the head of the Commonwealth.

At the domestic level, Elizabeth II has worked to maintain a strong relationship with all citizens of the United Kingdom regardless of their religion, race, gender, or social class. She is committed to the development of the United Kingdom and making sure that all people are treated fairly and equally. Elizabeth II has remained dedicated to her constitutional duties by ensuring a peaceful transition of power whenever a new government is elected. Furthermore, she has remained open and willing to engage with different ethnicities and cultural backgrounds, promoting diversity in the nation.

In addition to her dedication to her duty and promoting the values of the monarchy, Elizabeth II is renowned for her charitable works. The Queen has been actively involved in several charitable organizations, often leading campaigns to raise money for a variety of causes. She has also personally been involved in visiting hospitals and hospices to talk with patients, as well as engaging with different organisations to promote mental health awareness and working to reduce poverty.

In spite of the long and successful reign of Elizabeth II, she has overcome many obstacles and challenges throughout her life. After a tumultous and seemingly never-ending series of divorces, deaths, and political scandals, she has shown a remarkable ability to stay strong and continue on with grace, even while dealing with personal hardship. Her frequent and passionate expressions of optimism and dedication to the nation exemplify her commitment to her role and her desire to make her nation stronger and more unified.

From her first televised speech on February 6th, 1952, to her visit to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, Elizabeth II has worked tirelessly to ensure that the United Kingdom is respected around the world and provides the best opportunities for its citizens. As her 65-year reign nears its end, the Queen will undoubtedly be remembered as one of the greatest monarchs in British history. Her leadership, compassion, and dedication to her country have ensured that the United Kingdom flourish and the Commonwealth remain unified and strong.

Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II

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Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II

A crowd assembled outside of a large building

Flowers and cards in front of large gates

A photo of Elizabeth II on a series of screens

The Queen's coffin paraded

A notice in a frame affixed to a gate

Elizabeth II lying-in-state at Westminster Hall

Top to bottom, left to right:

Crowds at Buckingham Palace following the death of Elizabeth II

Floral tributes left outside the Sandringham Estate

Images of the Queen flanking an escalator at Tottenham Court Road station

The procession leaving Westminster Abbey after the state funeral

Notice of the Queen's death posted at Holyrood Palace

Elizabeth II lying in state at Westminster Hall

Date

8 September 2022; 6 months ago, at 15:10 (BST) (death)

12 September 2022 (thanksgiving service)

19 September 2022 (state funeral and interment)

Location

Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire (death)

St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh (thanksgiving service)

Westminster Hall, London (lying-in-state)

Westminster Abbey, London (funeral)

King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (resting place)

Coordinates 57°2′27″N 3°13′48″W

Participants See list of state funeral dignitaries

Part of a series of articles

on the

Death and state funeral

of Elizabeth II

Procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II at Westminster Hall - 72 (cropped).jpg

Monarchs

Elizabeth II

Charles III

Events

Reactions

Operation London Bridge

The Queue

List of state funeral dignitaries

Succession

Proclamation of accession

Coronation

Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Both Realms).svg

vte

On 8 September 2022, at 15:10 BST, Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, and the longest-reigning British monarch, died of old age at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, at the age of 96. The Queen's death was publicly announced at 18:30. She was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.

The death of the Queen set in motion Operation London Bridge, a collection of plans including arrangements for her state funeral, and supported by Operation Unicorn, which set protocols for her death occurring in Scotland. The United Kingdom observed a national mourning period of 10 days. The Queen's lying in state took place in Westminster Hall from 14 to 19 September, during which time an estimated 250,000 people queued to pay their respects.

The Queen's state funeral on 19 September was the first held in Britain since that of Winston Churchill in 1965. A funeral service was held at Westminster Abbey, followed by a procession to Wellington Arch that featured around 3,000 military personnel and was watched by around a million people in central London. The state hearse then transported the Queen's coffin to Windsor, followed by another procession through Windsor Great Park and a committal service at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The Queen was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later that evening, in a private service attended only by her closest family.

The occasion of the Queen's state funeral was a public holiday in the UK and several Commonwealth states. The state funeral was one of the United Kingdom's most watched special television broadcasts, surpassing the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the previous most watched royal event of the 21st century.

Background

The Queen was in good health for most of her life; her health, however, declined after the death of her husband, Prince Philip, on 9 April 2021.[1] She began to use a walking stick for public engagements in October 2021.[2] On 20 October, the Queen stayed overnight in King Edward VII's Hospital in central London, necessitating the cancellation of scheduled visits to Northern Ireland and the COP26 summit in Glasgow. She suffered a sprained back in November, which prevented her from attending the 2021 National Service of Remembrance.[3][4][5][6]

In February 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic in England, the Queen was one of several people at Windsor Castle to test positive for COVID-19.[7][8] Her symptoms were described as mild and cold-like, and she later commented that the disease "does leave one very tired and exhausted".[9][10] The monarch's health became a cause of concern to commentators at this time.[11][12]

The Queen was said to be feeling well enough to resume her official duties by 1 March 2022 and attended the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March.[13][14] Despite this, the Queen did not attend several appointments over the following months, including the annual Commonwealth Day service in March, the Royal Maundy service in April, the State Opening of Parliament in May, and the National Service of Thanksgiving for her Platinum Jubilee in June.[15][16][17][18] During the Jubilee the Queen also suffered "discomfort" after standing during Trooping the Colour and was largely confined to balcony appearances during the celebrations.[19] According to her Apothecary in Scotland, Dr Douglas Glass, there had been private concerns about her health for several months before her death; he was quoted in a later biography as saying "It was expected and we were quite aware of what was going to happen."[20]

Two days before her death, on 6 September 2022, the Queen accepted the resignation of Boris Johnson and appointed Liz Truss to succeed him as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; these meetings took place at Balmoral Castle, rather than their usual location, Buckingham Palace.[21] On 7 September, the Queen was scheduled to attend an online meeting of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom to swear in new ministers in Truss's government, but this was cancelled after she was advised by doctors to rest.[22] The Queen's final public statement, issued that same day, was a message of condolences for the victims of a mass stabbing incident in Saskatchewan, Canada.[23]

Death and national mourning

Death and announcement

Queen_Elizabeth_Death_Certificate

Death certificate issued for Elizabeth II

The Queen died at 15:10 BST on 8 September 2022 at the age of 96, ending her 70-year reign. According to her death certificate, which was made public on 29 September, she died of old age.[1] Her death was publicly announced at 18:30.[24][25] Elizabeth II was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V of Scotland in 1542.[26][27]

Members of the royal family travelled to Balmoral Castle throughout the day. Prince Charles arrived at 10:30 and was met by Princess Anne, who was already staying with the Queen.[28][29] Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, also travelled to Balmoral from the Birkhall estate.[28] Charles and Anne were by the Queen's side when she died.[28][30] Prince William, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, left RAF Northolt on a flight to Aberdeen Airport and arrived at Balmoral shortly after 17:00; Prince Harry, who had travelled alone and departed later than the other family members, arrived at Balmoral at 20:00; Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex did not join them.[28][29][31][32][33]

Prime Minister Liz Truss is believed to have been informed of the Queen's declining health that morning by the Cabinet Secretary, Simon Case, and received an update at 12:00.[34][35] The Leader of the Opposition, Sir Keir Starmer, was informed by a note passed to him by Deputy Leader Angela Rayner during a speech he was giving in the House of Commons.[a][36][37][38] At 12:30 Buckingham Palace made a public announcement expressing concern for the Queen's health; the Speaker, Sir Lindsay Hoyle, made a brief statement of good wishes in response.[b][37][39][40]

Truss was informed at 16:30 that the Queen had died, and the royal family announced her death two hours later via newswires and a post on Twitter.[c][41][42][43][44] A notice with the same statement was affixed to the railings outside Buckingham Palace and posted on the royal family website.[45]

External video

BBC Queen Elizabeth II Coat of Arms.png

video icon Announcement of the death of the Queen on the BBC's television channels read by Huw Edwards

BBC One continuously covered the Queen's condition from 12:40, after the first official statement; special reports were also run on ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5.[46][47] British television announcements of the Queen's death began at 18:31, when news presenter Huw Edwards read the royal family's statement during a live broadcast on the BBC News channel and BBC One. At 18:32 the presenters of BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 5 Live made similar announcements.[47] At around 18:36 all BBC Radio stations had interrupted programming with a news report read by Chris Aldridge to announce the Queen's death.[48]

After the announcement, the Union Flags at Buckingham Palace and 10 Downing Street were lowered to half-mast.[49][50] At Balmoral Castle the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom was lowered and then, because the new king was present, was raised again. The Royal Banner of Scotland was lowered to half-mast at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, as was the Welsh flag at Cardiff Castle.[50][51] Crowds gathered outside royal residences, and rainbows were seen above Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle.[52]

Scottish events

That the Queen died in Scotland meant that Operation Unicorn was the first part of Operation London Bridge to take effect.[53] Her body was taken to Edinburgh, where ceremonies were held, then to London for the state funeral.

The Queen's coffin left Balmoral Castle at 10:46 on 11 September, draped with the Scottish version of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom and topped with a wreath of flowers from the castle gardens.[d][54][55] The journey of the cortege, which included Princess Anne and Sir Timothy Laurence, was 175 miles (282 km) long and passed through Aberdeenshire, Aberdeen, Angus, Dundee, Perth and Kinross, and Fife.[56][57] People lined the route of the cortege to pay their respects, and in Aberdeenshire farmers formed a guard of honour of tractors.[58][59] The cortege reached the Palace of Holyroodhouse at 16:23 and the coffin was placed in the Throne Room.[56][57][60] The coffin was made from oak and was lined with lead, reportedly weighing 245 kg (540 lb).[61]

The Queen's coffin arrives in Edinburgh on 11 September

On 12 September the Queen's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile to St Giles' Cathedral, in a procession that included the King, Princess Anne and Timothy Laurence, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward, the Bearer Party from the Royal Regiment of Scotland, and the Royal Company of Archers.[60][62][63][64] The Queen Consort and the Countess of Wessex and Forfar followed closely in their car.[65] Guns were fired every minute from Edinburgh Castle during the procession.[62] On arrival the coffin was carried into the cathedral, and the Crown of Scotland was placed on it.[66]

A service of thanksgiving was then held to celebrate the Queen's life and to highlight her association with Scotland.[67][62][63] The service was led by the minister of St Giles' Cathedral, the Reverend Calum Macleod, and the homily given by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, the Reverend Dr Iain Greenshields.[e][69] Psalm 118 was sung in Gaelic by Karen Matheson.[70] It was attended by the royal party; politicians, including Liz Truss and Nicola Sturgeon; and representatives from the Queen's Scottish charities and organisations.[62]

The Queen's coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, which allowed around 33,000 people to file past the coffin.[67][71] In the evening the King, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward held a vigil at the cathedral, a custom known as the Vigil of the Princes; Princess Anne was the first woman to participate.[67][72]

On 13 September the Queen's coffin was taken by hearse to Edinburgh Airport and flown to RAF Northolt on a Royal Air Force C-17 Globemaster, accompanied by Princess Anne and Sir Timothy Laurence.[73] The Royal Air Force Bearer Party carried the coffin onto the aircraft and a Guard of Honour was formed by the Royal Regiment of Scotland.[74] During the journey the Scottish version of the Royal Standard that draped the coffin was replaced by the Royal Standard that is used in the remainder of the United Kingdom.[75]

Lying-in-state

Upon the Queen's arrival in London, she was transported to Buckingham Palace, before being moved to Westminster Hall the following day for her lying-in-state before the state funeral.

The Queen's coffin being taken from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall on a horse-drawn gun carriage.

When the Queen arrived at RAF Northolt the Queen's Colour Squadron (63 Squadron RAF Regiment) assumed the role of the Bearer Party and formed the Guard of Honour.[74] The coffin was placed in the state hearse and transported through London to Buckingham Palace, with people lining the street to watch.[74][76] The coffin was then placed in the Bow Room at Buckingham Palace in the presence of the royal family.[f][76][77]

The Queen's coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall on a horse-drawn gun carriage of the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery.[g] The King, male members of the royal family, and Princess Anne followed the coffin on foot.[h][78][79][80] This procession, as well the other processions held later in London and Windsor, marched at the funeral pace of 75 steps per minute and was accompanied by military bands playing marches by Johann Heinrich Walch, Felix Mendelssohn and Frédéric Chopin.[81][78][82] Big Ben tolled each minute of the procession and minute guns were fired from Hyde Park by the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery.[78][83]

Members of the three armed forces formed a guard of honour to receive the coffin at Parliament Square, after which soldiers from the Queen's Company, 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, placed the coffin on a catafalque in Westminster Hall.[78] The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Dean of Westminster then conducted a service in the presence of the royal family.[67]

A purple coffin stands atop a red catafalque. On top of the coffin, the Royal Standard, a red flag with yellow lions. Surrounding each corner of the coffin are various guards.

Elizabeth II lying-in-state at Westminster Hall

The Queen lay in state in Westminster Hall from 17:00 on 14 September to 06:30 on 19 September.[67] The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard[i] and the Household Division.[j][k] The Imperial State Crown and a wreath of flowers and foliage from Balmoral and Windsor castles had been placed on the coffin before the procession, and to these were added the Sovereign's Orb and the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross; the Wanamaker Cross of Westminster was placed at its head and the regimental flag of The Queen's Company of The Grenadier Guards at its foot.[85][86] An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[87][88] Both the BBC and ITV offered a livestream of the Queen lying-in-state.[89][90] On 16 September, a 28-year-old man was arrested under the Public Order Act after he ran from the queue inside Westminster Hall and touched the coffin.[91][92]

In the evening of 16 September the King and his siblings held a vigil around the Queen's coffin for approximately ten minutes, and on 17 September the Queen's eight grandchildren did the same.[93][94] Prince Andrew and Prince Harry were permitted to wear military uniform on these occasions, who as non-working royals had not done at previous ceremonial events.[95][96][93]

On 18 September, pipers at four different locations in Scotland played "The Immortal Memory" at 18:00.[97] At 20:00 a minute's silence was observed across the UK.[98]

The Queue

Main article: The Queue

MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

The route of the Queue along the River Thames. The front was in Westminster Hall (left), and at its greatest extent the back was in Southwark Park (right).

Two queues were formed to view the lying-in-state, beginning 48 hours before Westminster Hall opened to the public.[99] At its maximum extent the main queue was approximately 10 miles (16 km) long and had a waiting time of over 25 hours.[100][101] This queue attracted much media attention, with many commentators noting the stereotype that British people are good at queueing.[102][103][104][105] The accessible queue, for people with a disability or long-term condition, operated a ticket system and was therefore shorter.[106]

The queue experience was generally perceived to be positive, however there was an allegation of a man committing sexual assault by exposing himself, and some heckling of queuers.[107][108][109] The London Ambulance Service also had to assist 710 people, mainly due to head injuries from fainting.[110][111]

State funeral

Planning

Further information: Operation London Bridge

Signage alerting passersby about the closure of Sainsbury's and Argos stores on 19 September.

Plans for the Queen's death had existed in some form since the 1960s, and the Queen was consulted about all the details included in her funeral plan.[112][113] The Earl Marshal was in charge of organising the event.[113]

The planning and complexity of the funeral was compared to that of Winston Churchill in 1965, the last state funeral held in Britain and also a major international event.[114][115][116][117] It marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at Westminster Abbey since George II in 1760.[115][118] The Foreign Office handled the invitations, communications, and security arrangements from a headquarters called "The Hangar", redeploying 300 staff to manage the task.[119] 500 foreign dignitaries and heads of state were expected to attend. Invitations were issued to every country with which Britain maintains diplomatic relations, except for Russia, Belarus, and Myanmar; Syria, Venezuela and Afghanistan were not invited.[117][120] The timing of the funeral allowed guests who planned to address the general debate of the UN General Assembly the following day sufficient time to fly to New York City.[117]

The day of the funeral was a bank holiday in the United Kingdom.[115][116] Many businesses, workplaces, and educational establishments closed for the day, including major supermarkets and the London Stock Exchange.[121][122][123][124] In the National Health Service several trusts chose to cancel or reschedule all non-urgent appointments.[125][126][127] Several food banks announced that they would close on the day of the funeral, though some remained open after facing public backlash.[128][129]

Hotel prices increased in the days before the funeral in London.[130] Extra train services were made available across the country to allow people to travel to and from London and pay their respects for the lying-in-state and funeral service.[131][132][133] Westminster City Council deployed its "Clean Streets" team to clean up different areas within central London.[130]

Procession to Westminster Abbey

The Queen's coffin on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy during the procession to Westminster Abbey.

At 10:44 on 19 September the Queen's coffin was moved from Westminster Hall to Westminster Abbey on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy.[134] The carriage was drawn by Royal Navy sailors, known as Naval Ratings, maintaining a tradition which began at the state funeral of Queen Victoria.[135] The King, members of the royal family, and members of the King's household walked behind.[136][115][137] Non-working royals, including the Duke of York and the Duke of Sussex, did not wear military uniforms for the state funeral and the committal service. A wreath with foliage cut from the gardens of Buckingham Palace, Highgrove House, and Clarence House was placed on the coffin, together with a note from the King which read "In loving and devoted memory. Charles R."[l][138] Before the service the tenor bell of the Abbey rang once a minute for 96 minutes, once for each year of the Queen's life.[139] The coffin arrived at Westminster Abbey at 10:52.[140]

Funeral service

Music by British composers was played before the service, and as the coffin entered the abbey the choir sang the five sentences set to music.[m][139] The service began at 11:00 and was conducted by the Dean of Westminster, David Hoyle, according to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.[142][139][143] The lessons were read by Baroness Scotland, Secretary General of the Commonwealth, and Liz Truss, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the sermon and commendation were given by the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby.[139][144] Prayers were said by clergy from several Christian denominations.[145][n]

The music included the psalm setting "Like as the hart" by Judith Weir and the anthem "Who shall separate us?" by James MacMillan, both written for the funeral, as well as pieces performed at the Queen's coronation and wedding.[o] The Choir of Westminster Abbey and Choir of the Chapel Royal led the singing, and were conducted by James O'Donell.[141]

The end of the service included a sounding of the "Last Post" and a two-minute silence, which was concluded with the "Reveille".[140] The National Anthem, followed by the bagpipe lament "Sleep, dearie, sleep", marked the end of the ceremony.[139] The "Allegro maestoso" from Elgar's Organ Sonata in G was played after the service.[141]

Processions in London and Windsor

Representatives from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand during the procession to Wellington Arch.

Two processions followed the service. The first was from Westminster Abbey to Wellington Arch, where the Queen's coffin was placed in the state hearse. From there it was transported to Windsor, where the second procession took place through Windsor Great Park.

The procession in London began at 12:15 and included around 3,000 military personnel, stretching for over a mile. It began at the abbey and passed down Whitehall, through Horse Guards, up The Mall, past Buckingham Palace, and up Constitution Hill to end at the Wellington Arch near Hyde Park. Around a million people lined the streets of central London to watch the event.[146]

At the front of the procession were representatives of Commonwealth forces led by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on horseback, then representatives of the Royal Air Force, the British Army, and the Royal Navy and Royal Marines, followed by defence staff and armed forces chaplains, officers of arms, and the royal household.[147] The Queen's coffin followed, again on the State Gun Carriage pulled by Royal Navy sailors, and surrounded by an escort party.[147] The King and royal family members were next, some marching and some in cars, with a further escort and the household of the former Prince of Wales behind.[147] At the rear of the procession were representatives of civilian services.[147]

The King, the Princess Royal, the Duke of York, the Earl of Wessex, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Sussex, Peter Phillips, the Earl of Snowdon and the Duke of Gloucester walk behind Queen Elizabeth II's coffin. Sir Timothy Laurence was also in the procession but is not seen in this image.

Seven military bands were dispersed through the procession and again played funeral marches.[147][148] Big Ben tolled each minute and minute guns were fired from Hyde Park by the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery.[140] Standards were lowered and those in the procession gave salutes as they passed the Cenotaph. At Buckingham Palace, the King's Guard gave a royal salute to the Victoria Memorial and Palace staff waited outside the gates.[134][149] At Wellington Arch the coffin was transferred with a royal salute to the state hearse for the journey to Windsor.[140] The hearse left London for Windsor at 13:30, accompanied by Princess Anne and Timothy Laurence, travelling on A roads rather than motorways to allow the public to line the route.[150][151]

At 15:00 the coffin arrived in Windsor, where a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place down the Long Walk to St George's Chapel.[152][140] Around 97,000 people lined the route.[152][146] The Queen's fell pony, Emma, and two royal corgis, Muick and Sandy, stood at the side of the procession.[153] The King and royal family joined the procession in the Quadrangle, during which Sebastopol Bell and the Curfew Tower bell tolled and the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, fired minute guns from the East Lawn of the castle.[140] At the end of the procession the coffin was taken to St George's Chapel via the West Steps with the guard of honour formed by the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards.[140]

Committal service

The committal service began at 16:00 in the presence of 800 guests, largely made up of the royal household and staff from the Queen's private estates, but also including the royal family, governors general and prime ministers from the Commonwealth realms, and members of foreign royal houses.[115][140][152] The Choir of St George's Chapel led the music, which included the Russian "Kontakion of the Departed", also sung at the funeral of Prince Philip.[p][154] A selection of music was also played before the service.[154][155][q]

The Dean of Windsor, who conducted the service, read the bidding, the readings, and the commendation.[115][154][155][140] The first reading was Revelation 21, verses 1–7, which was also included in the order of service for the funerals of Elizabeth's grandparents and father.[154] The Rector of Sandringham, the Minister of Crathie Kirk and the Chaplain of Windsor Great Park delivered the prayers, and the Archbishop of Canterbury gave the concluding blessing.[140]

Near the end of the service the Imperial State Crown, orb, and sceptre were removed from the coffin and placed on the altar.[113][140][154] The King then placed the Queen's Company Camp Colour of the Grenadier Guards on his mother's coffin, before the Lord Chamberlain symbolically broke his wand of office and also placed its halves atop the coffin.[140][155] After this the Garter Principal King of Arms recited the styles of Elizabeth II and Charles III, between which a lament — "A Salute to the Royal Fendersmith" — was played by the Sovereign's Piper as the Queen's coffin was lowered into the Royal Vault. The singing of the National Anthem marked the end of the ceremony.[140][155]

Interment

After the funeral of the Queen on 19 September, she was later interred beneath the King George VI Memorial Chapel in a private service attended only by her closest family at 19:30, alongside her father King George VI, her mother Queen Elizabeth, and the ashes of her sister Princess Margaret. The remains of Prince Philip, who was temporarily interred in the Royal Vault following his funeral in 2021, were moved to the chapel after the interment of the Queen.[149][152]

Elizabeth II's coffin was constructed more than 30 years before the funeral.[156][157][r] It is made of English oak and lined with lead to protect the coffin and the remains from moisture damage. Due to the weight of the coffin, eight pallbearers were required for lifting and carrying rather than the usual six.[156][157]

Organisation and media

Attendees

Main article: List of dignitaries at the state funeral of Elizabeth II

Map showing the countries from which at least one representative attended the funeral.

The service at Westminster Abbey was attended by 2,000 people in total, including holders of the George Cross and Victoria Cross, representatives from the United Kingdom's faith communities, and foreign and Commonwealth heads of state and heads of government.[139][152][158] Representatives from 168 countries, out of 193 UN member states and two UN observer states, confirmed attendance, including 18 monarchs, 55 presidents and 25 prime ministers.[152][158]

Due to the limited number of seats, foreign invitees were asked to keep their delegations as small as possible and to only bring their spouses.[159] The UK government also requested those travelling by air to use commercial flights; private flights were directed away from Heathrow Airport.[159] Additionally, the government asked guests not to use private cars to travel to Westminster Abbey, and instead use government-provided "coach transport from a central assembly point".[159] This was only guidance; leaders including the President of the United States, Joe Biden, the President of Israel, Isaac Herzog, and the Vice President of China, Wang Qishan, were taken to the event through other means.[119][160] Many dignitaries were present for a reception by the King at Buckingham Palace on the eve of the funeral, and all international guests were invited to attend a reception hosted by the Foreign Secretary, James Cleverly, after the funeral service.[119][159]

Security

Police officers from Wales on duty in Sloane Square London before the funeral

Around 10,000 police officers were expected to be on duty every day in London during the mourning period, a security operation described by the Metropolitan Police as the "biggest the UK has ever seen"; officers from across the country supported the operation under mutual aid agreements.[161][162][163] Thames Valley Police announced that they would introduce new water patrols for observing busy waterways in the lead-up to the funeral, and mounted police officers, police dogs, and drones provided part of the security in Windsor.[163][164][165][166] Prior to the service a special unit, the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre, began to monitor and review individuals identified as having a potentially dangerous obsession with the British royal family.[167]

MI5 and GCHQ worked in collaboration with counter terrorism police and the Metropolitan Police to provide security for the funeral.[168] A group of 1,500 military personnel was also deployed, and Westminster was inspected by a military Wildcat helicopter.[168] "Hundreds" of stewards from private security firms were hired to aid crowd management.[168]

Cost and economic impact

The total cost of the funeral has not been published, but it is expected to exceed the £5.4 million paid for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[169]

The UK's economy (as measured by GDP) contracted by 0.6 per cent in September 2022, attributable in part due to Elizabeth's funeral and the period of national mourning that preceded it.[170]

Coverage

The funeral and committal service of the Queen were the first to be broadcast to the public.[171] Filming had been prohibited during the state funeral of George VI, although the procession of his coffin was partially televised.[172]

Temporary stands set up for broadcasters across the road from Westminster Abbey

United Kingdom

The funeral was broadcast by the BBC, ITV, and Sky, with the latter two simulcasting the service on all of their channels and not showing advertisements.[173][174][175] The BBC Two broadcast included British Sign Language interpretation.[176] BBC Radio broadcast events on Radio 2, 3, 4, 5 Live, the World Service, and its Local Radio network.[177][178][179] Global's radio brands also broadcast their own coverage.[180] Channel 5 was the only major public service network that did not air the Queen's funeral.[181]

Big screens were set up at cathedrals and public areas to broadcast the service.[182] Shops, licensed establishments, parish and public halls remained open in Jersey to allow people to watch the Queen's funeral.[183]

Buckingham Palace requested that video footage did not "intrude on the grief" of individual members of the royal family, that footage of the funeral be avoided from usage on entertainment programmes and allowed only for news coverage, and that five short pieces of video featuring members of the royal family would not be broadcast again.[184]

Commonwealth and other countries

The funeral was broadcast live in Australia, The Bahamas, Canada, India, Mauritius, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, and Sri Lanka.[185] The funeral was also carried live by dozens of broadcasters in most of Europe and across the world.[186][187]

Viewing figures

Sailors on board HMS Queen Elizabeth watching the funeral

The television broadcast was the second most watched broadcast during the 21st century in the United Kingdom (after the prime ministerial statement on COVID-19 during the lockdown) and the third most watched royal event in British history (surpassing the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, and approaching the weddings of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, and Princess Anne and Mark Philips).[188][189]

Succession and four-nation tour

Accession

Main articles: Proclamation of accession of Charles III and Coronation of Charles III and Camilla

Upon the Queen's death, her eldest child Charles, Prince of Wales, immediately acceded to the British throne as King Charles III.[45][190]

There was some speculation regarding the regnal name that would be adopted by the former Prince of Wales upon succeeding his mother. During her formal televised address outside 10 Downing Street, Prime Minister Liz Truss made the first mention of the King's regnal name during a tribute to the Queen.[191] Clarence House officially confirmed the new King would be known as Charles III shortly after the Prime Minister's address. Buckingham Palace released the King's first official statement as monarch at 19:04:

The death of my beloved Mother, Her Majesty The Queen, is a moment of the greatest sadness for me and all members of my family.

We mourn profoundly the passing of a cherished Sovereign and a much-loved Mother. I know her loss will be deeply felt throughout the country, the Realms and the Commonwealth, and by countless people around the world.

During this period of mourning and change, my family and I will be comforted and sustained by our knowledge of the respect and deep affection in which The Queen was so widely held.

— King Charles III, in an official press statement[192]

Most of Charles III's pre-accession Scottish titles, as well as the title Duke of Cornwall, were passed to his elder son and the new heir apparent to the throne, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. On 9 September, William was named Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, succeeding his father.[193]

The press covering the Accession Council outside St James's Palace

The Accession Council assembled on 10 September at St James's Palace to formally proclaim the accession of Charles III.[194] Although about seven hundred people were eligible to attend the ceremony, because the event was planned on such short notice, the number in attendance was two hundred.[195] In addition to other formalities, the Council confirmed "Charles III" as the King's regnal name.[196] At 11:00, 21-gun salutes at the Tower of London, Cardiff Castle, Edinburgh Castle, Castle Cornet, Gibraltar, and naval bases and ships at sea marked the accession of Charles III.[197][198][199] The King greeted crowds outside Buckingham Palace after the ceremony.[200]

On 10 September, senior MPs swore an oath of allegiance to Charles III in a special session of Parliament.[201] The King then met with the Prime Minister for a second time and held audiences with members of her cabinet and leaders of the opposition parties.[202]

The coronation of Charles III and Camilla is expected to take place on 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey.[203] No plans have been announced for William to be invested as Prince of Wales.

Four-nation royal tour

King Charles III and Queen Camilla travelled from Balmoral to Buckingham Palace, where they greeted the crowd of mourners outside the gates.[204] The King then held an audience with the Prime Minister before paying tribute to his mother in a publicly broadcast message.[205][206] In Charles's first address as King he stated that a national period of mourning would be observed until the day after the state funeral (19 September), and an additional seven days would be observed by the royal family, royal household, and troops on ceremonial duties.[207][208]

On 11 September, the King met the Commonwealth Secretary General at Buckingham Palace, after which he hosted the High Commissioners of Commonwealth realms.[67]

King Charles III addressing the Scottish Parliament following his accession

On 12 September, the King travelled to Westminster Hall with the Queen Consort to receive condolences from the House of Commons and the House of Lords and to give a speech to both houses.[62][209] He and the Queen Consort then travelled to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, where they greeted members of the public and viewed floral tributes before the King inspected the Guard of Honour from the Royal Regiment of Scotland.[62][210] The Ceremony of the Keys followed.[62] The King then had an audience at Holyroodhouse with the First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon, and the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament, Alison Johnstone.[67][63] The King and the Queen Consort visited the Scottish Parliament to receive a motion of condolence and observed a two-minute silence with MSPs.[210][63][211]

On 13 September, the King and the Queen Consort travelled to Northern Ireland, where they met with members of the public in Royal Hillsborough before arriving at the Castle.[212][213] The King met the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Chris Heaton-Harris, and party leaders, and the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly, Alex Maskey, delivered a message of condolence.[214][67][215] The King and the Queen Consort also met with major faith leaders in Northern Ireland.[214][216] A service of reflection was held in St Anne's Cathedral in Belfast on 13 September, where John McDowell, the Archbishop of Armagh and head of the Church of Ireland, paid tribute to the Queen for her efforts in bringing peace to Ireland.[214] The service was attended by the King and Queen Consort, the Prime Minister, the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, and the Taoiseach, Micheál Martin.[217][214][216] A delegation from the republican Sinn Féin also attended, but the party did not take part in any events marking the accession.[218]

King Charles III being driven in his state car after visiting Cardiff Castle.

On 16 September, the King and Queen Consort visited Cardiff Castle, where a royal gun salute was fired and crowds gathered inside.[219] A silent protest against the monarchy was held outside by groups including trade unions, and Labour for an Independent Wales.[220][219] An audience was held for the First Minister of Wales and the Llywydd, or Presiding Officer, of the Senedd.[219][221] A service of prayer and reflection for the life of the Queen was held at Llandaff Cathedral on 16 September and attended by the King and Queen Consort. The Bishop of Llandaff and leaders of other faiths said the prayers, and the Archbishop of Wales delivered an address in both English and Welsh.[222][219] The service included the singing of Welsh hymns and anthems.[219][223] The choir accompanied by harpists Alis Huws and Catrin Finch performed the anthem "A Welsh Prayer" composed by Paul Mealor with words by Grahame Davies.[223][s]

At the Senedd the King received a motion of condolence before addressing the parliament in Welsh and English.[225][219] At Cardiff Castle, the King had audiences with the First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford, and the Llywydd, Elin Jones.[219][221] At the castle, they also held audiences with individuals associated with their royal patronages, before meeting with members of the public in the castle grounds.[225] Returning to London, the King met leaders of different faith communities at Buckingham Palace.[226]

On 17 September, the King met with the Defence Chiefs of Staff at Buckingham Palace and received the Prime Ministers of Australia, the Bahamas, Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand.[227] The governors-general of the Commonwealth realms attended a reception and lunch at Buckingham Palace, hosted by the King and other members of the royal family.[227] The King met emergency services workers at the Metropolitan Police's Special Operations Room in Lambeth, who were organising aspects of the Queen's state funeral.[227][228] He also visited The Queue with Prince William to speak to its participants.[229]

On 18 September, the King met the prime ministers of Tuvalu, Antigua and Barbuda, and Papua New Guinea at Buckingham Palace.[230] A reception for world leaders was held at Buckingham Palace.[231]

Other activities

On 10 September, a service at Crathie Kirk was attended by Anne and her husband Sir Timothy Laurence, Andrew, Edward and his wife Sophie, and the Queen's grandchildren Peter Phillips, Zara Tindall, Beatrice, Eugenie, and Louise Windsor, who then viewed floral tributes outside Balmoral.[232][233] The King's sons, William and Harry, along with their wives, Catherine and Meghan, viewed floral tributes outside Windsor Castle.[234]

On 15 September, members of the royal family viewed tributes and met crowds around the UK. The Prince and Princess of Wales visited Sandringham House, the Earl and Countess of Wessex visited Manchester, and Princess Anne and Sir Timothy Laurence travelled to Glasgow.[235][236]

On 16 September, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the Army Training Centre Pirbright to meet with troops deployed from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand that would take part in the state funeral.[237] The Earl and Countess of Wessex met with members of the public and viewed tributes at Windsor Castle.[238]

On 17 September, the Earl and Countess of Wessex met with crowds outside Buckingham Palace.[228] On 18 September, the Princess of Wales held an audience with Olena Zelenska, the First Lady of Ukraine.[230][239]

On 22 September, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the Windsor Guildhall and the Princess Royal visited HMNB Portsmouth, respectively, to thank volunteers and staff and the Royal Navy for their role in organising the state funeral.[240][241]

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the death of Elizabeth II

The Union Flag flown at half-mast at Buckingham Palace

Charles III paid tribute to his "darling Mama" in an address to the UK and Commonwealth on 9 September.[242][243] On 9 September, all flags at royal residences were ordered to be lowered to half-mast except the Royal Standard, which continued to fly at full mast wherever the current monarch was in residence.[207] All royal residences were closed to the public until after the state funeral had occurred.[207] An online book of condolence was set up by the royal website.[207] In a written statement on 18 September, the King thanked the public for their support, and a previously unseen photograph of the Queen from May 2022 was published by the Palace.[244][245]

On 9 September, the UK government published guidance on details surrounding the national mourning period, stating that businesses, public service, sports fixtures and public venues were not obliged to close.[205] A 96-gun salute was fired in Hyde Park by the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, at the Tower of London by the Honourable Artillery Company, at Edinburgh Castle by the Royal Artillery, at Cardiff Castle and Stonehenge by the 104th Regiment Royal Artillery, at Caernarfon Castle, at York Museum Gardens, and on board Royal Navy ships.[205][207][246][247] Bells tolled at Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral, and other churches across the UK,[246][248][249][250] Australia,[251] The Bahamas,[252] and Canada.[253] At Windsor Castle the Sebastopol Bell, which is only rung to mark the deaths of senior royals, tolled 96 times to mark the years of the Queen's life.[254]

A copy of the Philippine Senate's resolution of condolence for the death of the Queen being handed to the British Ambassador Laure Beaufils.

Politicians throughout the Commonwealth paid tribute to the Queen, praising her long public service.[255] Motions of condolences were also passed in the legislatures of Australia,[256][257] Canada,[258][259] New Zealand,[260] and Sri Lanka.[261][262] A resolution of condolence was also passed in the Senate of the Philippines, which was later handed over to the British ambassador.[263] Other political figures in the rest of the world also offered their condolences and tributes, as did members of royal families, religious leaders and other public figures.[264]

A service of prayer and mourning was held at St Paul's Cathedral at 18:00 on 9 September, attended by senior politicians and 2,000 members of the public.[205] The ceremony marked the first official rendition of "God Save the King" under Charles's reign.[265]

Many organisations paid their respects, and some suspended operations or cancelled events.[266][267] BBC, ITV, and Channel 4 interrupted television programming to cover the news, while print media dedicated entire front covers in tribute.[268][269] Sporting events that went ahead held minute silences.[270]

Other commemorations

The flag of Sudan at half-mast following the death of the Queen.

Brandenburg Gate illuminated with the Union Flag on 16 September as a tribute to the Queen

Floral tributes to Elizabeth II at the British Embassy in Berlin

Instructions to fly national flags at half-mast were issued in several countries. In Commonwealth realms like Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Solomon Islands, national flags were flown at half-mast until the date of the funeral; with the exception of Proclamation Day when flags were returned to full mast.[286] Several other countries also issued instructions to fly their national flags at half-mast, including Sri Lanka, the United States, and many European Union buildings.[287][288] White flags were also put up in Galle Face Green and other prominent places throughout Sri Lanka.[289]

Several Commonwealth countries also declared the Queen's funeral or a specific day as a national holiday, including Antigua and Barbuda,[290] Australia, The Bahamas,[291] Belize,[295] Canada, the Cook Islands,[296] Nauru,[297] New Zealand, Niue,[298] Papua New Guinea,[299] and Sri Lanka.[300] In addition to the service in the United Kingdom, memorial services were held in other Commonwealth realms, including Belize, Grenada, and Tuvalu.[301][302][non-primary source needed][303][304][305] Thanksgiving and memorial services were also held in Anglican churches across the world, including Holy Trinity Cathedral in Accra,[306][307] St Andrew's Church at Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei,[308] Cathedral of Christ the Living Saviour in Colombo,[309] St. John's Cathedral in Hong Kong,[310][311] and All Saints Cathedral in Nairobi.[312]

Many landmarks were illuminated in either purple or royal blue colours to honour the Queen, or illuminated with the name or image of Elizabeth II, her royal cypher, or the Union Flag;[313] including landmarks in Australia,[314][315] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[316] Brazil,[317] Canada,[318] the Czech Republic,[287] Germany,[317] Israel,[319] Kuwait,[317] New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates,[320] the United Kingdom,[325] and the United States.[317][287] Several landmarks in Canada, France, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom were also dimmed or had their lighting shut off as a sign of respect.[330]

Moments of silence were held across several Commonwealth realms. Several institutions also held moments of silence, including the Dáil Éireann,[331] the Parliament of Sri Lanka,[332] and by the Airborne Commemorations Foundation in the Netherlands.[333]

Flowers, tributes and wreaths were left at British embassies, including Berlin and Jakarta.[334]

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda hosted a service of thanksgiving in honour of the late Queen of Antigua and Barbuda on 19 September, which was declared a public holiday throughout the country. The Governor-General's Deputy, Sir Clare Roberts, and the Acting Prime Minister Steadroy Benjamin presided in the absence of Sir Rodney Williams and Gaston Browne, who were both present at the Queen's state funeral in London. The service took place at the Cathedral of St John The Divine and was officiated by Dwane Cassius, Dean of the Cathedral of the Anglican Diocese of the North East Caribbean and Aruba.

The service was followed by a parade of members of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force and the Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda.[335] The parade commenced from the Long Street entrance of the cathedral and concluded at the APUA Telephone Exchange, where the parade was dismissed.[336]

Australia

A 96-gun salute was fired by Australia's Federation Guard on the forecourt of Parliament House in Canberra on 9 September to mark the passing of the Queen of Australia.[337]

Sydney Opera House illuminated in the Queen's honour on 10 September

Monuments and landmarks across the country were lit up to honour the Queen. The Sydney Opera House was illuminated with an image of Queen Elizabeth II on the nights of 9 and 10 September, as a symbolic gesture on behalf of the Government of New South Wales.[315] The Australian Parliament House was lit up with images of the Queen throughout her seven-decade reign, reflecting her long and deep relationship with Australia.[338] Landmarks across Perth and Melbourne were illuminated in "royal purple" in honour of the Queen.[339][340]

A national memorial service for the Queen took place on 22 September at Parliament House in Canberra. The National Day of Mourning was observed as a "one-off public holiday". One minute's silence was observed at 11:00 across Australia.[341][342] Plans were announced for a new public square in central Sydney bearing the late Queen's name.[343]

Bahamas

A state memorial service for Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas, was held at Christ Church Cathedral in Nassau on 2 October.[344] A procession of parliamentarians and law enforcement officers preceded the service, which started at Rawson Square, Bay Street. Governor General Sir Cornelius A. Smith, and Prime Minister Philip Davis were among those who addressed the congregation.[345][346]

Bhutan

Upon royal command, special prayers were performed in all major dzongs, temples and monasteries across Bhutan.[347] King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Queen Jetsun Pema offered 1,000 butterlamps at Samtse on 9 September for Elizabeth II. Special prayers to offer light (called marme moenlam) were held at the ceremony, which was attended by the prime minister, government officials, and thousands of people in Samtse. Thongdrels of Guru Rinpoche and Zhabdrung were unfurled for the ceremony, to sanctify the important occasion.[347]

In Thimphu, former King Jigme Singye and members of the royal family were joined by government officials and foreign dignitaries to offer 1,000 butter lamps and prayers at the Grand Kuenrey of the Tashichhodzong.[347]

Canada

A book of condolence for the Queen in the Manitoba Legislative Building

Various locations were illuminated in honour of the late Queen of Canada as a part of the Department of Canadian Heritage's national illumination initiative.[318] The Canadian government also announced a donation of C$20 million to the Queen Elizabeth Scholars program, a program that funds Canadian university exchange programs.[348]

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the date of the Queen's funeral would be a holiday for federal government employees.[349][350] Among the Canadian provinces and territories, Prince Edward Island was the only one to declare the date of Elizabeth II's funeral a statutory holiday.[349][351][352] Alberta, the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec declared a day of mourning or commemoration instead of a holiday.[350][353] In the remaining provinces and territories government offices closed, some also closed schools,[t] and observance was optional for private-sector businesses.[350][351][354] The Retail Council of Canada and Canadian Federation of Independent Business were against making the funeral a statutory paid holiday.[355][356]

In memory of the Queen, dog group Ottawa Corgis marched with the Sons of Scotland Pipe Band on 18 September from Major's Hill Park to the Royal Display.[357][358]

The memorial parade before the Canadian commemorative ceremony.

A national commemorative ceremony for Elizabeth II took place at the Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa on 19 September, which was broadcast live on television as well as on social media. The ceremony was preceded by a parade of the Canadian Armed Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police through downtown Ottawa, from Cartier Square Drill Hall and past Parliament Hill to the Cathedral, with a 96-gun salute.[359] A flypast by the Royal Canadian Air Force was cancelled due to inclement weather.[360] The congregation was addressed by former Governor-General Adrienne Clarkson as well as former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.[360]

Gun salute in honour of the Queen on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building.

Provincial commemorative services took place in several Canadian provinces on 19 September: in Alberta,[361] British Columbia,[362] Manitoba,[363] New Brunswick,[364] Newfoundland and Labrador,[365] Nova Scotia,[366] Prince Edward Island,[367] and Saskatchewan.[368] In Ontario, a memorial service was held in Toronto on 20 September.[369][370] Two memorial services in Quebec were organized by the Anglican Church rather than the provincial government, which were attended by Lieutenant Governor Michel Doyon.[371]

Moments of silence were held across several provinces on 19 September, with several transit operators having paused their operations for 96 seconds to coincide with the provincial moment of silence.[372][373][374] Two British-made bronze cannons from 1810, were fired in Westmount, Quebec, in honour of Elizabeth II.[375]

In December 2022, the Royal Canadian Mint introduced a commemorative C$2 coin with a black outer ring, meant to symbolise mourning for the Queen. The Mint produced an initial batch of five million C$2 coins for circulation, with further batches to be made as "marketplace needs" allow.[376] In January 2023, the Mint announced the launch of a new series of limited edition silver, gold, and platinum collectible coins in honour of Elizabeth II.[377]

Fiji

The Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral in Suva hosted a special Service of Remembrance and Thanksgiving on 16 September in memory of the Queen. The service was attended by hundreds, including President Ratu Wiliame Katonivere and First Lady Filomena, Parliament Speaker Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, Minister for Health Ifereimi Waqainabete, former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, Police Commissioner Brigadier-General Sitiveni Qiliho, Head of the Catholic Church in Fiji Archbishop Peter Loy Chong, members of the diplomatic corps and the public. During the service, the Republic of Fiji Military Services accorded The Last Post, signalling the end of the Queen's 70-year reign.[378][379]

On 20 September, President Ratu Wiliame Katonivere hosted a Commemoration and Thanksgiving Service for the Queen at State House in Suva, which was attended by senior officials, government ministers, members of parliament and foreign representatives. The President reflected on the Queen's six visits to Fiji, which he said symbolized strong solidarity between Fiji and the royal family.[380][381]

France

French postal service La Poste issued a book of four collector stamps featuring the Queen. 50,000 stamps were put on sale on the day of the Queen's funeral.[382][383]

Starting from 14 October, Le Touquet's local airport was renamed Le Touquet-Paris-Plage Elizabeth II to honour the Queen.[384] In Paris, the George V Métro station, on Line 1 under the Champs-Élysées, was renamed Elizabeth II for the day of the Queen's state funeral.[385]

Hong Kong

A man paying his respects to the Queen in front of a makeshift memorial at the British consulate in Hong Kong

Thousands in Hong Kong paid tribute to the Queen, who was the colonial head of the city for 45 years before handover in 1997.[386] Long queues were seen outside the British consulate for days after the announcement of the death and until the funeral, with mourners waiting up to four hours. More than 13,000 signed the condolence books in the consulate in 11 days,[387] eulogising the "boss lady", an affectionate nickname for the Queen by the Hongkongers.[388] The tribute, which was one of the largest public gathering after imposition of the national security law and the crackdown on democracy movement, was also regarded as a protest to Hong Kong and Chinese authorities and mourning the past.[389][390]

Eric Chan, Chief Secretary for Administration and second-highest-ranking official in the city, visited the consulate and signed the condolence book on behalf of the government.[391] Nevertheless, the pro-Beijing newspaper Ta Kung Pao accused a "minority" of Hong Kong mourners for "indulging in this fantasy that they are subjects of the British Empire", and called for the eradication of colonialism.[392]

On the day of the Queen's funeral, hundreds gathered outside the consulate watching a live broadcast of the event. A harmonica player was arrested under colonial-era sedition law after playing "Glory to Hong Kong", a protest song prominently used in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, and "God Save the King".[393][394]

Jamaica

Following the announcement of the passing of the Queen of Jamaica on 8 September 2022, bells were tolled nationally in churches throughout all parish capitals for one hour beginning at 6:00 pm. Books of condolence were established at King's House, and in the Offices of the Custodes in all parishes during the mourning period.[395] A 96-gun salute was fired by the Jamaica Defence Force at Up Park Camp in St Andrew on 19 September.[396]

A national memorial service for the late Queen of Jamaica was held on 2 October at the St. Andrew Parish Church in Kingston and was attended by government officials and foreign representatives.[397][398] The service was headed by Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen, Prime Minister Andrew Holness, and Mark Golding, the leader of the official opposition, headed the service. The service included scripture readings by the governor-general, the prime minister and the leader of the opposition, as well as tributes in songs by the church choir and the Kingston College Choir.[399]

Apart from the national memorial service in Kingston, services were held on 2 October in Clarendon, Saint Catherine, Saint Ann, Portland, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Westmoreland, Hanover, Manchester, and Trelawny.[398] The custodes and mayors headed the memorial services in parishes across Jamaica.[397][400]

Kenya

In Kenya, former staff returned to the Treetops Hotel, the building where Elizabeth learned about the death of her father and her accession to the throne, to light candles and lay out a condolence book.[401]

New Zealand

The Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag paraded at the New Zealand State Memorial Service

A 96-gun salute was fired from the Te Papa Promenade in Wellington on 9 September, by personnel from the 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery based at Linton Military Camp, to mark the passing of the Queen of New Zealand.[402]

At the Auckland War Memorial Museum, a haka was led by members of the Limited Service Volunteer programme to honour the Queen.[403][404]

A state memorial service with a one-off public holiday took place on 26 September to celebrate the life and reign of Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand.[405][406] The service took place at the Wellington Cathedral of St Paul at 14:00 and was televised and live-streamed.[407][408] A national minute of silence took place at the beginning of the service, with people across New Zealand being invited to participate in the moment of silence.[409] During the service, the Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag was paraded for the last time.[410]

Memorial services were also held elsewhere in New Zealand including in Auckland,[411] Christchurch,[412] New Plymouth[413] and Hastings.[414] South Canterbury Anniversary Day, which was due to be observed on 26 September in the Timaru, Waimate and Mackenzie districts, was moved to Friday 11 November.[415]

Cook Islands

The King's Representative, Sir Tom Marsters, proclaimed 30 September a public holiday in the Cook Islands in respect of the Queen's passing.[416] On the morning of the holiday, the government held a memorial service for the Queen at the National Auditorium in Avarua. The service was attended by Marsters, traditional leaders, members of the Religious Advisory Council, Queen's Award recipients, the high commissioners of New Zealand and Australia, Members of Parliament, members of the various uniform organisations, and members of the public.[417]

Niue

Two days of commemoration took place in Niue to mark the passing of Queen Elizabeth II, Niue's head of state. A series of events took place on 18 and 19 September, with the latter being a public holiday. On 19 September, a national memorial service was held at the Taoga Niue starting at 08:00. A national moment of reflection took place at 08:15, with people across Niue taking part. People were also asked to plant a tree on 19 September in memory of the Queen.[298]

Papua New Guinea

On 12 September, a 96-gun salute was fired in honour of the Queen, and a moment of silence took place outside Parliament House in Port Moresby.[418]

On 18 September, members of various Anglican Church parishes in Port Moresby gathered at St Martin's Anglican parish for a memorial service for the late Queen of Papua New Guinea, which was presided over by the Bishop of Popondota, Lindsley Ihove.[419][420]

Saint Lucia

A 96 gun salute at Government House, Saint Lucia

On 9 September, a 96-gun salute was fired by the Royal Saint Lucia Police Force on the premises of Government House in Castries.[273]

On 19 September, the day of the state funeral, the public was invited to pause for a 70-second national tribute to reflect on the life and legacy of Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia. Church bells and sirens from fire stations throughout the nation sounded for one minute and 10 seconds starting at 09:59 to herald the commencement of the 70-second reflection period at 10:00.[421]

Slovakia

A place of remembrance for Elizabeth II was created by Servare et Manere in the Carl Gustav Swensson Park in Žilina.[422][423] The memorial is located near the first tree planted for The Queen's Green Canopy in Central Europe.[424][425] In the biblical garden at Vysoká nad Kysucou, Elizabeth II was publicly honoured with the planting of the Queen Elizabeth rose. The rose planting was a part of the official opening for the gardens and was organized by the Vysoká nad Kysucou Roman Catholic Parish in cooperation with Servare et Manere.[426][427]

Solomon Islands

In the Solomon Islands the prime minister declared 12–14 September as days of mourning, and the first a public holiday.[428] The three-day national mourning period began on 12 September with a wreath-laying and signing of the condolence book at Government House by national leaders including Governor-General Sir David Vunagi, Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare, Speaker of the National Parliament Patterson Oti and Chief Justice Sir Albert Palmer; as well as other government officials, former governors-general and prime ministers, members of diplomatic missions and uniformed groups.[429]

A memorial church service was held at the Saint Barnabas Anglican Cathedral on 14 September to celebrate the life and reign of Elizabeth II, Queen of Solomon Islands. The service was attended by acting Governor-General Patteson John Oti, Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare, Deputy Speaker Commins Mewa, Chief Justice Sir Albert Palmer, former governors-general, acting British High Commissioner Steve Auld and senior government officials.[430]

Sweden

Sweden honoured the Queen, who was one of the longest-serving members of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, the foremost order of Sweden, on the day of her funeral on 19 September. The Queen was awarded the order by King Gustaf VI Adolf on 26 May 1953, and the chain of the Order was given to her by King Carl XVI Gustaf on 23 May 1975. The Queen was the 722nd member of the Order since its inception in 1748.[431] The Queen's royal coat of arms as a member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim was then taken in procession from the palace to Riddarholmen Church in Stockholm, where the bourdon rang a traditional Seraphim Toll for one hour. The arms were then hung in the church. By command of the King of Sweden, flags above royal residences were flown at half-mast on the day.[431]

United Kingdom

Black cab drivers lined The Mall outside Buckingham Palace after her death

The billboards at Piccadilly Circus and on the BT Tower showed tributes to the Queen, as well as advertising screens on the side of bus stops on billboards across the entire country.[432]

The Royal Mail issued four commemorative stamps showing the Queen at different stages in her life.[433]

Black cab drivers of London lined The Mall to pay tribute to the Queen.[434]

United States

Billboards on the Las Vegas Strip showed images of the Queen.[287]

On 21 September, a memorial service was held at the Washington National Cathedral, arranged in conjunction with the British Embassy in Washington, D.C..[435] Attendees included Vice President Kamala Harris, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy, as well as British ambassador Karen Pierce.[436] All living former US presidents were invited, but none attended.[436][437] A sermon was delivered by Michael Curry, the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church.[436][438]

See also

State funerals in the United Kingdom

List of largest funerals

Notes

 The note said: "The Queen is unwell and Keir needs to leave the chamber as soon as possible to be briefed."

 The statement read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."

 The announcement read: 'The Queen died peacefully at Balmoral this afternoon. The King and The Queen Consort will remain at Balmoral this evening and will return to London tomorrow.'

 The flowers were dahlia, sweet pea, phlox, white heather, and pine fir

 The opening hymn of the service was "All People that on Earth do Dwell", the metrical version of Psalm 100. Matheson sang Psalm 118. The first lesson was taken from Ecclesiastes 3. The choir then sang Psalm 116 before the second reading from Romans 8. The second hymn was "The Lord's My Shepherd", which was followed by the gospel reading from John 14. Following the homily, the choir sang William Byrd's anthem "Justorum Animae". After several prayers were said, the closing hymn, "Glory to God! Our living songs we raise", was sung, followed by the national anthem and the benediction.[68][69]

 It was met by all the Queen's children and grandchildren and her nephew and niece, the Earl of Snowdon and Lady Sarah Chatto.

 This gun carriage had carried her parents' coffins.

 The full group included Prince Andrew, Prince Edward, Prince William, Prince Harry, Peter Phillips, the Earl of Snowdon, the Duke of Gloucester, and Timothy Laurence.

 The Sovereign's Bodyguard consists of three units that are classed as personal bodyguards to the Sovereign – the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms, the King's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard, and the Royal Company of Archers, The King's Body Guard for Scotland.

 The Household Division is an overall term used to describe regiments of the British Army that are classed as "guards". There are seven regiments in total – two classed as Household Cavalry (the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)), and five as foot guards (Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Guards, Irish Guards and Welsh Guards).

 An exception took place on 17 September, when the UK's service chiefs – Admiral Sir Tony Radakin (Chief of the Defence Staff), Admiral Sir Ben Key (First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff), General Sir Patrick Sanders (Chief of the General Staff) and Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Wigston (Chief of the Air Staff) – stood guard over the catafalque in place of four officers from the foot guards.[84]

 The wreath contained rosemary, English oak and myrtle, and flowers in shades of gold, pink and deep burgundy, with touches of white.

 Selections included Orlando Gibbons' "Fantasia of four parts", Vaughan Williams' "Romanza" from his Symphony No. 5, Peter Maxwell Davies' "Reliqui domum meum", Harold Darke's "Meditation on 'Brother James's Air'", Healey Willan's "Prelude on 'Ecce jam noctis'", Herbert Howells' "Psalm Prelude Set 1 No. 2", Charles Villiers Stanford's "In the Country, Op. 194 No. 2", Malcolm Williamson's "Fantasy on 'O Paradise'", and three works by Elgar: "Elegy, Op. 58", "Andante espressivo" from "Sonata in G Op. 28", and "Sospiri".[141]

 The prayers were said by Iain Greenshields (Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland), Shermara Fletcher (Principal Officer for Pentecostal and Charismatic Relations, Churches Together in England), Sarah Mullally (Bishop of London and Dean of His Majesty's Chapels Royal), Helen Cameron (Moderator of the Free Churches Group), Vincent Nichols (Archbishop of Westminster), and Stephen Cottrell (Archbishop of York).

 Besides those mentioned, the works sung at the service were "The day thou gavest, Lord, is ended" (St Clement), "The Lord's My Shepherd" (Crimond), "My soul, there is a country" by Hubert Parry, "Taste and see how gracious the Lord is" by Ralph Vaughan Williams, and "Love Divine, All Loves Excelling" (Blaenwern).

 The other music was Psalm 121 to an arrangement by Sir Henry Walford Davies, sung as the Queen's coffin made its way through the chapel, the motet "Bring us, O Lord God, at our last awakening",[154][155] "All My Hope on God is Founded",[154] "Christ Is Made the Sure Foundation", and Bach's "Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 546", played after the service.[154]

 Music before the service included "Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele BWV 654", "O Traurigkeit, O Herzeleid", "Master Tallis's Testament", "Psalm Prelude Set 1, No. 1", "Psalm Prelude Set 1, No. 2", "Melody (Three Pieces)", "Andante Sostenuto (Symphonie Gothique, Op. 70)", "The Tree of Peace", "'Nimrod' (Variations On An Original Theme, Op.36)", "Prelude" by Sir William Henry Harris, "Sheep May Safely Graze, BWV 208", and "Rhosymedre".

 The original coffin makers are now closed. It passed through the hands of two funeral directors before Leverton & Sons received it when they became undertakers to the Royal Family in 1991. The original coffin firm, Henry Smith, had also manufactured the coffin in which Prince Philip lies.[156][157]

 The text of "A Welsh Prayer" is in English.[224]

 New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia

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 Gun salute:

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 Queen Elizabeth rendered a great service to the political development of Sri Lanka!

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 GOVERNMENT HOUSE ISSUES STATEMENT ON THE PASSING OF HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH THE SECOND

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 Belize's Head of State, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, dies at 96

 Michael, Vivian (8 September 2022). "Nation's flags to be flown at half-mast in honour of Queen". Antigua Observer Newspaper. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Beavis, Laura (12 September 2022). "What flags fly at half-mast after Queen Elizabeth II's death and for how long?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

 Gollom, Mark (8 September 2022). "With Queen Elizabeth's death, Canada prepares for an official mourning period". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

 "Government announces period of mourning to mark death of Queen Elizabeth II". jamaica-gleaner.com. RJRGLEANER Communications Group. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.

 "Flag guidance following Queen's death". insidegovernment.co.nz. JSL Media Pty Ltd. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

 [271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285]

 "'She defined an era': Leaders including Biden, Putin and Macron pay tribute to the Queen". Sky News. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 Allen, Nick (9 September 2022). "Joe Biden orders all US flags around the world to fly at half-mast until Queen's state funeral". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

 "White flags flutter in the wind as Lanka joins world in mourning for Queen Elizabeth II | Print Edition - The Sunday Times, Sri Lanka". Sundaytimes.lk. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

 "National Holiday for Queen Elizabeth II's funeral". 15 September 2022.

 "National Holiday 19th September". The Government of The Bahamas. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

 "Gov't Of Belize Declares One-Time Holiday To Observe Queen's Funeral". 7 News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

 "Date of Queen's funeral to be observed as public and bank holiday". 13 September 2022.

 "Monday to be One-time Holiday for Her Majesty The Queen's State Funeral – Love FM | Belize News and Music Power". Love FM & Music Power.

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 Oceania mourns passing of Queen Elizabeth II

 Republic of Nauru: Government Gazette Archived

 "Premier will attend HM the Queen's funeral while Monday 19th is declared one-off public holiday". Television Niue. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 "Papua New Guinea Proclaims King Charles III as Head of State". Papua New Guinea Today.

 "Sri Lanka declares Sep 19 govt holiday to mourn Queen Elizabeth II". EconomyNext. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

 Memorial service in honour of Queen Elizabeth II to be held on Saturday

 Commemoration Service Celebrating the Life of the late Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

 "Public Notice: Book of Condolence to be Opened for Signing". Government of Grenada. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 "Special commemoration service for Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II | NOW Grenada". nowgrenada.com. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Tuvalu Ministry of Foreign Affairs [@Tuvalu_MJCFA] (18 September 2022). "The Ministry was proud to assist H.E. Acting Governor General Afelee Falema Pita and the Office of the Prime Minister host a State Memorial Service for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in Funafuti, #Tuvalu this afternoon" (Tweet). Retrieved 2 October 2022 – via Twitter.

 "British High Commission holds a thanksgiving service in Accra". GhanaWeb. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Exclusive photos on Thanksgiving Service for late Queen Elizabeth II by Anglican Church in Ghana". myjoyonline.com. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Queen Elizabeth II commemorative service at St Andrew's Church". Retrieved 27 September 2022 – via Facebook.

 Ishan.Ufa (19 September 2022). "Requiem eucharist for Queen Elizabeth II held in Colombo". Adadaa News.

 "教省主教長陳謳明大主教 悼念英女王伊利沙伯二世". SKH Echo. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

 "Choral Evensong in thanksgiving for the life of Queen Elizabeth II (25th September 2022 5pm)". St John's Cathedral. Retrieved 26 September 2022.

 https://www.the-star.co.ke/authors/emmanuelwanjala. "Kenya to hold memorial service for Queen Elizabeth on Sunday". The Star. Retrieved 28 March 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)

 Goodinson, Elena (9 September 2022). "Global monuments honour Queen Elizabeth II – in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

 Evans, Lauren (10 September 2022). "Australian War Memorial in Canberra pays special tribute to Queen Elizabeth II following her death at age 96". skynews.com.au. Sky News Australia. Retrieved 28 September 2022.

 "Landmarks across Australia glow in purple to mark passing of Queen Elizabeth II". 9news.com.au. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 "Tribute to the Queen: The colors of the British Flag on the Old Bridge". Sarajevo Times. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.

 Goodinson, Elena (9 September 2022). "Global monuments honour Queen Elizabeth II – in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 "Honouring Her Majesty". Department of Canadian Heritage. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

 "'Dark' Eiffel Tower, 'Purple & Silver' Empire State Building: How World Monuments are Honouring the Queen". News18. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 Desk, Web. "UAE: Burj Khalifa, Abu Dhabi landmarks pay tribute to Queen Elizabeth". Khaleej Times.

 "Queen's funeral: Northampton lift tower lights up to pay tribute". BBC News. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

 "Royal Pavilion in Brighton lit up in memory of Queen Elizabeth II". theargus.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

 Barnes, Liam (9 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth II: Nottinghamshire pays tribute to monarch". BBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 Phipps, Amy (9 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth II: Tributes from across Derbyshire". BBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

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 "Toronto lowers flags, CN Tower dims as city mourns Queen Elizabeth's death". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.

 "Queen Elizabeth II: Blackpool Illuminations switched off". BBC News. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 "Tour Eiffel éteinte, drapeaux en berne... La France rend hommage à Elizabeth II". TF1 (in French). 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

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 "Queen Elizabeth II: Minute's silence held in Dáil". BBC News. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

 "Sri Lanka declares day of mourning to honour Queen Elizabeth II". adaderana.lk. Ada Derana. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

 "Airborne-herdenkingen aangepast na dood Elizabeth: 'We volgen het Britse rouwprotocol'". RN7 (in Dutch). 13 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.

 @UKinIndonesia (17 September 2022). "Owen Jenkins, British Ambassador to Indonesia and Timor Leste, expressed his sincere gratitude for the messages of condolences received from people across Indonesia" (Tweet). Retrieved 28 September 2022 – via Twitter.

 Michael, Vivian (1 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth II to be memorialised with service of thanksgiving". Antigua Observer. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 Michael, Vivian (15 September 2022). "Time change for Queen's thanksgiving service". Antigua Observer. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 Vale Her Majesty The Queen

 "Parliament House lit up in honour of the Queen". The Canberra Times. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Mark of respect: Parliament suspended as WA mourns Queen". PerthNow. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 Souza, Nicole de (9 September 2022). "Key Melbourne Landmarks Will Light Up In Purple In Honour Of The Queen". Secret Melbourne. Retrieved 30 March 2023.

 "Frequently Asked Questions". Government of Australia. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 "Anthony Albanese remembers Queen Elizabeth II as a 'rare and reassuring constant in a world of change' — as it happened". ABC News. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Cormack, Megan Gorrey, Lucy (14 September 2022). "'Plaza for our people': Sydney to get a new public square honouring Queen Elizabeth II". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

 State Memorial Service of Thanksgiving and Remembrance for our Late Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II

 State Memorial Service of Thanksgiving and Remembrance for our Late Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II

 Order of Service

 "Bhutan offers prayers for Queen Elizabeth II". The Bhutanese. 9 September 2022.

 "Prime Minister honours the legacy of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II". Prime Minister of Canada. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Zimonjic, Peter (13 September 2022). "Canada announces federal holiday to mark Queen's funeral on Sept. 19". CBC News. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

 "Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends". CBC News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

 Cecco, Leyland (14 September 2022). "Canada's federal holiday to mourn the Queen leaves a patchwork of confusion". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

 "Why Atlantic Canada is doing what Ontario didn't — and marking the Queen's funeral with a holiday". Toronto Star. 14 September 2022.

 Rocca, Ryan; D'Mello, Colin (13 September 2022). "Ontario will not have provincial holiday Monday to mark Queen's death". Global News.

 Wentzell, Stephen (15 September 2022). "Atlantic provinces to recognize national day of mourning for Queen's funeral Monday". CTV News.

 Siekierska, Alicja (13 September 2022). "'Deeply unfair': Business groups against statutory holiday for Queen's funeral". Yahoo Finance Canada.

 Otis, Daniel (13 September 2022). "Business group opposes Sept. 19 statutory holiday for Queen". CTV News.

 Ottawa's corgi lovers muster in memory of late monarch

 Queen Elizabeth death: Ottawa corgis march with Sons of Scotland Pipe Band

 "Commemoration for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II". Canada.ca. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 Tasker, John Paul (19 September 2022). "Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service". Retrieved 19 September 2022.

 "Queen Elizabeth II memorial ceremony". Government of Alberta. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "The Ceremonial Procession and Commemorative Service for Her Late Majesty the Queen". Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Province Provides Details on Commemorative Events to Honour Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II". Province of Manitoba. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Commemorative service for the late Queen Elizabeth II". Government of New Brunswick. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Public Advisory: Details on Commemorative Service for Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Provincial Commemorative Service for Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II". Government of Nova Scotia. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Day of Mourning to be marked as Statutory Holiday on Prince Edward Island". Government of Prince Edward Island. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Saskatchewan Proclaims Day to Commemorate the Life of Queen Elizabeth the Second". Government of Saskatchewan. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Lieutenant Governor Dowdeswell and Premier Ford to attend Memorial Service for Queen Elizabeth II" (Press release). Government of Ontario. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

 "National Memorial Service for Queen Elizabeth II". Anglican Church of Canada. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022 – via YouTube.

 Karadeglija, Anja (16 September 2022). "Quebec only province that won't commemorate Queen Elizabeth next week". National Post. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 Opinko, David (14 September 2022). "Alberta to observe moment of silence for Queen's passing". lethbridgenewsnow.com. Pattison Media. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

 "Moments of silence, other tributes across Ontario today as Queen's funeral concludes". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

 Lavoie, Joanna (19 September 2022). "TTC will pay tribute to late Queen Elizabeth II by pausing service for 96 seconds Monday". toronto.ctvnews.ca. Bell Media. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

 Schwartz, Susan (18 September 2022). "Westmount Battery fires cannons in honour of Queen Elizabeth II". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

 Djan, Edward (7 December 2022). "Mint unveils new toonie with black outer ring in memory of the Queen". Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspaper. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

 Lev, Elianna (30 January 2023). "Royal Canadian Mint releases new coins to honour Queen Elizabeth II". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

 "Hundreds attend Queen Elizabeth's remembrance service". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Shaw, Wata. "Queen's remembrance service in Suva". FijiTimes. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Late Queen's legacy will inspire many

 His Excellency President Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere's address at the Commemoration Service of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

 "French postal service pays tribute to Queen with collector stamps". connexionfrance.com. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "La Poste issues a set of four collector's stamps to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II". La Poste Groupe. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Cunningham, Ed. "This French resort is renaming its airport after the Queen". Time Out Worldwide. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Paris subway station renamed "Elizabeth II" for day of Queen's funeral

 "Queen Elizabeth II: Hong Kong's grief sends message to Beijing". BBC News. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 Brian Davidson [@brijdavidson] (19 September 2022). "Flower tributes surround @UKinHongKong; in 11 days just over 13000 HKers, young and old, have signed condolence books. Thank you HK for acknowledging Her Majesty's legacy and our nation's grief. A final farewell as I watch the State Funeral with family, friends, colleagues" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 October 2022 – via Twitter.

 "Hong Kong residents queue for hours to pay tribute to Queen Elizabeth". The Guardian. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 Wang, Zixu; Yoon, John (16 September 2022). "In Mourning the Queen, Some in Hong Kong Mourn the Past". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 Magramo, Kathleen (15 September 2022). "In Hong Kong, mourning the Queen has another purpose: defying China". CNN. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 "CS signs condolence book to express condolences on passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of United Kingdom". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 "Pro-China media slam "minority" of Hong Kong mourners in wake of Queen's death". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 Ho, Kelly (20 September 2022). "Hong Kong man arrested under British colonial-era sedition law while mourning Queen outside consulate". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 "Hong Kong arrests harmonica player at Queen vigil for sedition". The Guardian. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

 "The Changing of the Guard – Jamaica Information Service". jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "JDF to undertake 96 gun salute for queen's funeral". jamaica-gleaner.com. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Spence, Chanel. "No Celebratory Events During Period of Mourning for The Queen". Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 PARISH MEMORIAL SERVICES FOR THE LATE QUEEN ELIZABETH II

 "The Queen Honoured at National Memorial Service – Jamaica Information Service". jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Memorial Service in St. James for Her Majesty The Queen – Jamaica Information Service". jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Brown, Will (10 September 2022). "Kenyan safari lodge where Elizabeth II became Queen hosts tributes to the late monarch". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

 "Death Gun Salute marking the passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Wellington Waterfront". nzdf.mil.nz. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Incredibly moving impromptu haka pays tribute to Queen Elizabeth II". Newshub. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Trainees perform impromptu haka to honour the Queen". 1 News. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "New Zealand Flag to Return to Full Mast on 27 September | Ministry for Culture and Heritage". mch.govt.nz.

 "NZ's one-off public holiday to mourn Queen's death - all you need to know". The New Zealand Herald.

 "The New Zealand Memorial Service". Governor-General of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 "Public Holiday on 26 September to mark passing of Queen Elizabeth II". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 "Official Events". gg.govt.nz. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day: What you need to know". RNZ. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day in Tāmaki Makaurau". Auckland Council. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

 "Christchurch to hold memorial service for Queen". Christchruch City Council. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

 Hill, Elijah (21 September 2022). "Commemorative services for Queen Elizabeth II to be held on Monday". Stuff. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

 "Hastings Civic Memorial Service For Queen Elizabeth II". scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

 MacDuff, Keiller (20 September 2022). "South Canterbury Anniversary Day to move after three councils vote in favour". Stuff. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

 "Confusion reigns over Queen's Memorial 'public holiday'". Cook Islands News. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Queen's Memorial: 'She will be well remembered'". Cook Islands News. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "Papua New Guinea Proclaims King Charles III as Head of State". Papua New Guinea Today (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 "PNG Anglicans join world to mourn the Queen". postcourier.com.pg. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 Service held to remember Queen

 "Nation to observe 70 Seconds of Reflection". Saint Lucia - Access Government. Retrieved 28 March 2023.

 News Agency of the Slovak Republic - TASR.sk. "V Žiline vytvorili pietne miesto na počesť britskej kráľovnej Alžbety II". tasr.sk. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

 Sobola, Marek (10 September 2022). "Memory of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II". Tree of peace / Strom pokoja. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

 "Dub letný 'Fastigiata'". Park Carla Gustava Swenssona (in Slovak). 21 October 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

 "Mesto Žilina » Parky a lesoparky » Park C. G. Swenssona » Strom kráľovnej Alžbety II. — Žilina Gallery". zilina-gallery.sk. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

 "Zosnulú kráľovnú Alžbetu pripomenuli v biblickej záhrade na Kysuciach". tkkbs.sk. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

 Servare et Manere (19 September 2022). "Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II was commemorated in the Biblical Garden in Slovakia". Tree of peace / Strom pokoja. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

 "THREE DAYS OF MOURNING IN HONOR OF THE DEMISE OF HER MAJESTY".

 "Mourning for Late Queen Elizabeth II Began with Wreath Laying and Condolence Book Signing Ceremony". Solomon Islands Government. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Public Invited to Join Special Commemoration Service in Honour of Her Majesty". Solomon Islands Government. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

 "Serafimerringning för Drottning Elizabeth II". kungahuset.se.

 Davis, Barney (9 September 2022). "London pays tribute to the Queen after her death, aged 96". Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

 Andersson, Jasmine; Gregory, James (26 September 2022). "Queen Elizabeth: Royal Mail issues special stamps in memory of monarch". BBC News. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

 Holl-Allen, Genevieve (8 September 2022). "Capital's black cab drivers pay respects to the Queen, a 'London girl'". The Independent. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

 "Cathedral to Host Memorial Service for Queen Elizabeth II" (Press release). Washington National Cathedral. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

 Smith, David (21 September 2022). "Queen's memorial service briefly unites strife-torn Washington". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

 Robinson, Breanna (21 September 2022). "Five living ex-presidents were invited to Queen memorial - none turned up". Indy100. Retrieved 23 September 2022.

 Boorstein, Michelle (21 September 2022). "U.S. leaders honor queen in D.C. as official mourning moves stateside". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Death of Elizabeth II.

Announcements and arrangements

Announcement of the death of The Queen – The Royal Household

Arrangements for the Funeral of Her Majesty The Queen – The Royal Household

The State Funeral and Committal Service for Her Majesty The Queen – The Royal Household

The State Funeral of Her Majesty The Queen – The Royal Household

Service of thanksgiving, lying-in-state, state funeral and committal service

Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Queen – The Royal Family (YouTube video)

In full: Service of reflection held at St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh – Sky News (YouTube video)

Order of Service for the Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Queen

Service for the reception of the coffin at Westminster Hall – The Royal Family (YouTube video)

Queen lies in state at Westminster – Sky News (YouTube video)

King Charles visits Northern Ireland for first time as monarch – Sky News (YouTube video)

Order of Service for the Service of Reflection for the Life of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

King Charles attends service of prayer and reflection in Wales – Sky News (YouTube video)

Order of Service for the Service of Prayer and Reflection for the life of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen – The Royal Family (YouTube video)

Committal Service for Her Majesty The Queen – The Royal Family (YouTube video)

The State Funeral of HM Queen Elizabeth II – BBC (YouTube video)

In Full: Queen Elizabeth II's funeral procession, service and committal – The Telegraph (YouTube video)

Order of Service for the State Funeral of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

Order of Service for the Committal of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

Government websites

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – UK Government

Commemoration for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – Government of Canada

Queen Elizabeth II memorial (Archived) – Government of Alberta

Remembering Queen Elizabeth II – Government of British Columbia

Passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – Government of Manitoba

Commemoration for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – Government of New Brunswick

Death of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – Government of Northwest Territories

The Demise of the Sovereign – Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island

Her Majesty The Queen – Australian Government

Queen Elizabeth II – New South Wales Government

Queen Elizabeth II – Queensland Government

Her Majesty the Queen – Government of South Australia

Her Majesty the Queen, 1926 - 2022 – Government of Western Australia

Death of Her Majesty the Queen – Governor-General of New Zealand

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Ceremonial and state funerals in the United Kingdom since 1901

State funerals

Members of the Royal Family

1901: Queen Victoria1910: King Edward VII1936: King George V1952: King George VI (Hyde Park Corner)2022: Queen Elizabeth II Operation London BridgeDignitaries

Planned

King Charles III Operation Menai Bridge

Outside the Royal Family

1914: The Earl Roberts of Kandahar1919: Edith Cavell1920: The Unknown Warrior1928: The Earl Haig1935: The Lord Carson1965: Sir Winston Churchill Operation Hope Not

Vertical Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg

Ceremonial funerals

Members of the Royal Family

1904: The Duke of Cambridge1921: The Marquess of Milford Haven1925: Queen Alexandra1953: Queen Mary1974: The Duke of Gloucester1979: The Earl Mountbatten of Burma1997: Diana, Princess of Wales2002: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (Operation Tay Bridge)2015: King Richard III (exhumation and reburial)2021: The Duke of Edinburgh (Operation Forth Bridge)

Outside the Royal Family

1919: The Lord Beresford1920: The Lord Fisher1925: The Earl of Ypres2013: The Baroness Thatcher

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Elizabeth II

Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022)

Monarchies

Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBarbadosBelizeCanadaCeylonFijiGambiaGhanaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaKenyaMalawiMaltaMauritiusNew ZealandNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSierra LeoneSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaTanganyikaTrinidad and TobagoTuvaluUgandaUnited Kingdom

Titles and

honours

Head of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannDuke of NormandyList of things named after Elizabeth IIRoyal Family OrderElizabeth CrossQueen's Official BirthdayFlags

Family

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband) weddingwedding dresswedding cakeCharles III (son)Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (son)George VI (father)Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (mother)Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)Mountbatten-Windsor family

Accession and

coronation

Proclamation of accessionCoronation Royal guestsParticipants in the processionCoronation chickenCoronation gownMedalHonoursAwardThe Queen's BeastsTreetops HotelMacCormick v Lord Advocate

Reign

HouseholdPersonality and imagePrime ministersPillar Box WarRhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Queen of RhodesiaLithgow Plot1975 Australian constitutional crisis Palace lettersMarcus Sarjeant incidentChristopher John Lewis incidentMichael Fagan incident1987 Fijian coups d'état1992 Windsor Castle fireAnnus horribilisHandover of Hong KongDeath of Diana, Princess of Wales1999 Australian republic referendumPerth AgreementState Opening of Parliament 20212022Operation London BridgeDeath and state funeral reactionsqueuedignitaries at the funeral

Jubilees

Silver Jubilee

EventsMedalHonoursJubilee GardensJubilee lineJubilee Walkway

Ruby Jubilee

Queen's Anniversary Prize

Golden Jubilee

Prom at the PalaceParty at the PalaceMedalHonoursThe Odyssey

Diamond Jubilee

PageantArmed Forces Parade and MusterThames Pageant GlorianaSpirit of ChartwellConcertGibraltar FlotillaMedalHonours

Sapphire Jubilee

Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch

Platinum Jubilee

MedalBeaconsPlatinum Party at the PalacePageantPlatinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through HistoryTrooping the ColourNational Service of ThanksgivingPlatinum PuddingThe Queen's Green CanopyPlatinum Jubilee Civic HonoursThe Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing RegattaThe Queen's Platinum Jubilee ConcertBig Jubilee ReadQueen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens

Commonwealth

tours

Antigua and BarbudaAustralia official openingsCanadaJamaicaNew ZealandSaint Lucia

Ships used

HMS Vanguard (23)SS Gothic (1947)HMY Britannia

State visits

Outgoing

State visit to SpainState visit to RussiaState visit to Ireland

Incoming

Pope Benedict XVIPresident Michael D. HigginsPresident Xi Jinping

Depictions

Televised addresses

Royal address to the nationRoyal Christmas Message

Documentaries

Royal Journey (1951)A Queen Is Crowned (1953)Royal New Zealand Journey (1954)The Queen in Australia (1954)The Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)Royal Family (1969)Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)The Diamond Queen (2012)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)The Coronation (2018)Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022)

Film and

television

Spitting Image (1984–96); (2020–21)A Question of Attribution (1992 TV)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Her Majesty (2001)The Queen (2006)South Park: The Snuke (2007)The Queen (2009 TV serial)Happy and Glorious (2012)A Royal Night Out (2015)Minions (2015)The Crown (2016–)The Queen's Corgi (2019)2020 Alternative Christmas message (2020)The Prince (2021)

Plays

A Question of Attribution (1988)The Audience (2013)Handbagged

Portraits

Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, WindsorWattle QueenPietro Annigoni's portraitsReigning QueensHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – An 80th Birthday PortraitThe QueenThe Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth IIBeautiful Portrait, The QueenQueen Elizabeth IIAlgorithm Queen

Statues

WindsorWinnipegLagosYork Minster

Books

The Queen and IThe Little PrincessesThe Uncommon ReaderWinnie-the-Pooh Meets the QueenQueen Camilla

Songs

"God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song)"Her Majesty"

Stamps

Machin series (list)Wilding seriesCastle seriesCanadian domestic rate stampCountry definitives

Animals

Corgis

DookieSusan

Horses

AureoleBurmeseCarrozzaDunfermlineEstimateHeight of FashionHighclerePall MallWinston

Related

Jewels of Elizabeth IIElizabeth lineSagana LodgeVilla GuardamangiaDorgiChildren's Party at the PalaceThe Queen's Birthday PartyJeannette CharlesRosa 'Queen Elizabeth'Queen Elizabeth cake

← George VICharles III →

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Liz Truss

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2022)Leader of the Conservative Party (2022)MP for South West Norfolk (2010–present)

Premiership

Ministry

Electoral history 2022 Conservative Party leadership electionUK cost of living crisisIndustrial disputesPostal workers strikesRailway strikesNational Health Service strikesTrussonomics Energy Price GuaranteeDeath and state funeral of Elizabeth IIProclamation of accession of Charles IIISeptember 2022 mini-budgetOctober 2022 United Kingdom government crisis Daily Star lettuceInternational trips

Liz Truss official portrait (cropped)2.jpg

Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg

Other offices

held

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Categories: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II2022 in London2022 in Scotland2020s in Berkshire2020s in Edinburgh21st century in AberdeenshireWomen deathsEuropean court festivitiesEvents involving British royaltyFunerals by personSeptember 2022 events in the United KingdomState funerals in the United KingdomWindsor Castle

Charles III, formerly called Prince Charles, formerly in full Charles Philip Arthur George, prince of Wales and earl of Chester, duke of Cornwall, duke of Rothesay, earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, (born November 14, 1948, Buckingham Palace, London, England), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from September 8, 2022. He is the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh.

How long did Prince Charles wait to become King Charles III?

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christening of Prince Charles

christening of Prince Charles

Princess Elizabeth and Prince Charles

Princess Elizabeth and Prince Charles

After private schooling at Buckingham Palace and in London, Hampshire, and Scotland, Charles entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1967. He took a bachelor’s degree there in 1971, the first ever earned by an heir to the British crown. He also spent a term at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, learning Welsh in preparation for his investiture as prince of Wales on July 1, 1969, at Caernarvon Castle. He then attended the Royal Air Force College (becoming an excellent flier) and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and from 1971 to 1976 took a tour of duty with the Royal Navy. Later he became an outspoken critic of modern architecture. He expressed his views on the topic in A Vision of Britain (1989). In 1992 he founded the Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture, which later evolved into the BRE Trust, an organization involved with urban regeneration and development projects.

8:152-153 Knights: King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table, crowd watches as men try to pull sword out of a rock

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house of Windsor

house of Windsor

Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer

Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer

Prince Charles and Princess Diana

Prince Charles and Princess Diana

Prince Charles and Princess Diana

Prince Charles and Princess Diana

Princess Diana and Prince Charles with their son Prince William

Princess Diana and Prince Charles with their son Prince William

Princess Diana and Prince Charles: Australian tour

Princess Diana and Prince Charles: Australian tour

Charles, prince of Wales

Charles, prince of Wales

On July 29, 1981, Charles married Lady Diana Frances Spencer, daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer. The royal wedding was a global media event, broadcast live on television and watched by hundreds of millions of people; following the ceremony, she took the title princess of Wales. The couple’s first child, Prince William of Wales, became at his birth (June 21, 1982) second in line of succession to the throne. Their second child, Prince Henry Charles Albert David (known as Harry), was born on September 15, 1984.

Discover how Camilla overcame controversy to become queen consort

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Charles, prince of Wales, and Camilla Parker Bowles

Charles, prince of Wales, and Camilla Parker Bowles

Prince Charles and Camilla, duchess of Cornwall

Prince Charles and Camilla, duchess of Cornwall

Charles’s marriage to Diana gradually grew strained amid intense scrutiny from the tabloid press and rumours of infidelity. On December 9, 1992, it was announced that Charles and Diana had decided to separate but would continue to fulfill their public duties and to share the responsibility of raising their sons. The couple divorced on August 28, 1996. A year later Diana died in an auto accident, and popular feeling for her, stronger even in death than in life, served to jeopardize the traditional form of monarchy that Charles represented. He subsequently spent much effort in modernizing his public image as the heir apparent. On April 9, 2005, he married Camilla Parker Bowles (born 1947), with whom he had a long-standing relationship; after the wedding, Parker Bowles took the title of duchess of Cornwall.

Prince Charles and Camilla, duchess of Cornwall

Prince Charles and Camilla, duchess of Cornwall

Arguably, the issue that has remained closest to Charles’s heart is his concern for the environment, which dates to at least 1970, when he delivered a speech on the “horrifying effects” of all forms of pollution and called attention to the threat posed by “indestructible plastic containers.” Since then he has often highlighted the need for rapid action on global warming. He has also been a passionate champion of sustainability, not least through the efforts of his Prince’s Foundation, inspired by his philosophy of harmony: “that by understanding the balance, the order and the relationships between ourselves and the natural world we can create a more sustainable future.”

British royal family in 2015

British royal family in 2015

During the 2010s the attention of royal watchers in many ways shifted from Charles to his sons, whose high-profile “royal weddings” put them and their glamorous partners in the international spotlight. In 2011 William married Catherine Middleton, and in 2018 Harry married Meghan Markle. Tensions arose between Charles and Harry, when Harry and Meghan chose to “step back” from their royal duties and, after negotiations, ceased to be working members of the royal family. Their absence from royal affairs and later that of Prince Andrew (who gave up his military titles and royal patronages in 2021 in the wake of a scandal tied to his involvement with sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein) only added to the burden on Charles, who increasingly stood in for the aging Elizabeth as her health became more fragile. Some observers even suggested that Charles had effectively become a regent for the queen. Following her death on September 8, 2022, Charles became king.

The new king toured the constituent units of the United Kingdom as they mourned Elizabeth’s death. He also participated with his siblings, his sons, and their families in a series of moving processions and ceremonies honouring the life and legacy of the queen. Notably, he stood vigil with his siblings by the queen’s coffin as it lay in state in Westminster Hall and attended Elizabeth’s sombre funeral ceremony in Westminster Abbey.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Prince Philip" redirects here. For other uses, see Prince Philip (disambiguation).

Prince Philip

Duke of Edinburgh (more)

Portrait of Philip, 1992

Portrait by Allan Warren, 1992

Consort of the British monarch

Tenure 6 February 1952 – 9 April 2021

Born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark

10 June 1921[fn 1]

Mon Repos, Corfu, Kingdom of Greece

Died 9 April 2021 (aged 99)

Windsor Castle, Windsor, United Kingdom

Burial 17 April 2021

Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

19 September 2022

King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel

Spouse Elizabeth II ​(m. 1947)​

Issue

Detail

Charles III

Anne, Princess Royal

Prince Andrew, Duke of York

Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

House

Glücksburg (until 1947)

Mountbatten (from 1947)

Father Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark

Mother Princess Alice of Battenberg

Signature Prince Philip's signature

Education

Gordonstoun

Royal Naval College, Dartmouth

Military career

Allegiance United Kingdom

Service/branch

Royal Navy

British Army

Royal Air Force

Years of active service 1939–1952

Rank

Admiral of the Fleet

Field Marshal

Marshal of the Royal Air Force

Captain General Royal Marines

Commander (active service)

Commands held HMS Magpie

Battles/wars

Second World War

Battle of Crete

Battle of Cape Matapan

Allied invasion of Sicily

Operation Dragoon

Operation Robson

Operation Lentil

Battle of Okinawa

Awards

Mentioned in dispatches

Croix de Guerre with Palm

War Cross

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark,[1] later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921[fn 1] – 9 April 2021), was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from Elizabeth's accession as queen on 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021, making him the longest-serving royal consort in history.

Philip was born in Greece into the Greek and Danish royal families; his family was exiled from the country when he was eighteen months old. After being educated in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, when he was 18 years old. In July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, the elder daughter and heir presumptive of King George VI. Philip had first met her in 1934. During the Second World War, he served with distinction in the British Mediterranean and Pacific fleets.

In the summer of 1946, the King granted Philip permission to marry Elizabeth. Before the official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, Philip stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles and styles, became a naturalised British subject, and adopted his maternal grandparents' surname Mountbatten. He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947. The day before their wedding, the King granted Philip the style His Royal Highness. On the day of their wedding, he was additionally created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. Philip left active military service when Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1952, having reached the rank of commander. In 1957, he was created a British prince. Philip had four children with Elizabeth: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

A sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He was a patron, president, or member of over 780 organisations, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, and served as chairman of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, a youth awards program for people aged 14 to 24.[2] Philip is the longest-lived male member of the British royal family. He retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, aged 96, having completed 22,219 solo engagements and 5,493 speeches from 1952.[3] Philip died in 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99.

Early life and education

At age 1, July 1922

Prince Philip (Greek: Φίλιππος, romanized: Fílippos[4]) of Greece and Denmark was born on the dining room table in Mon Repos, a villa on the Greek island of Corfu, on 10 June 1921.[5] He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.[6] A member of the House of Glücksburg, the ruling house of Denmark, he was a prince of both Greece and Denmark by virtue of his patrilineal descent from King George I of Greece and King Christian IX of Denmark; he was from birth in the line of succession to both thrones.[fn 2] Philip's four elder sisters were Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and Sophie. He was baptised in the Greek Orthodox rite at St. George's Church in the Old Fortress in Corfu. His godparents were his grandmother Queen Olga of Greece, his cousin Crown Prince George of Greece, his uncle Lord Louis Mountbatten, and the mayor of Corfu, Alexandros Kokotos.[8]

Shortly after Philip's birth, his maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, then known as Louis Mountbatten, Marquess of Milford Haven, died in London. Louis was a naturalised British subject who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten—an Anglicised version of Battenberg—during the First World War, owing to anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom. After visiting London for his grandfather's memorial service, Philip and his mother returned to Greece, where Prince Andrew had remained to command a Greek Army division embroiled in the Greco-Turkish War.[9]

Greece suffered significant losses in the war, and the Turks made substantial gains. Philip's uncle and high commander of the Greek expeditionary force, King Constantine I, was blamed for the defeat and was forced to abdicate on 27 September 1922. The new military government arrested Prince Andrew, along with others. The commanding officer of the army, General Georgios Hatzianestis, and five senior politicians were arrested, tried, and executed in the Trial of the Six. Prince Andrew's life was also believed to be in danger, and Princess Alice was under surveillance. Finally, in December, a revolutionary court banished Prince Andrew from Greece for life.[10] The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Andrew's family, with Philip carried to safety in a fruit box.[11]

Philip's family went to France, where they settled in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud in a house lent to them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece and Denmark.[11] During his time there, Philip was first educated at The Elms, an American school in Paris run by Donald MacJannet, who described Philip as a "know it all smarty person, but always remarkably polite".[12] In 1930, Philip was sent to the United Kingdom, living with his maternal grandmother, Victoria Mountbatten, Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, at Kensington Palace and his uncle George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, at Lynden Manor in Bray, Berkshire.[13] He was then enrolled at Cheam School.[13] Over the next three years, his four sisters married German princes and moved to Germany, his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and placed in an asylum,[14] and his father took up residence in Monte Carlo.[15] Philip had little contact with his mother for the remainder of his childhood.[16]

In 1933, Philip was sent to Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, which had the "advantage of saving school fees", because it was owned by the family of his brother-in-law Berthold, Margrave of Baden.[17] With the rise of Nazism in Germany, Salem's Jewish founder, Kurt Hahn, fled persecution and founded Gordonstoun School in Scotland, to which Philip moved after two terms at Salem.[18] In 1937, his sister Cecilie; her husband, Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse; her two young sons, Ludwig and Alexander; her newborn infant; and her mother-in-law were killed in an air crash at Ostend; Philip, then 16 years old, attended the funeral in Darmstadt.[19] Cecilie and Georg Donatus were members of the Nazi Party.[20] The following year, Philip's uncle and guardian Lord Milford Haven died of bone marrow cancer.[21] Milford Haven's younger brother Lord Louis took parental responsibility for Philip for the remainder of his youth.[22]

Because Philip left Greece as an infant, he did not speak Greek. In 1992, he said that he "could understand a certain amount".[23] He stated that he thought of himself as Danish and his family spoke English, French, and German.[23] Philip was raised as a Greek Orthodox Christian. As a teenager, he was involved with German Protestantism.[24] Known for his charm in his youth, Philip was linked to several women, including Osla Benning.[25]

Naval and wartime service

Philip served aboard HMS Valiant in the Battle of the Mediterranean.

After leaving Gordonstoun in early 1939, Philip completed a term as a cadet at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, then repatriated to Greece, living with his mother in Athens for a month in mid-1939. At the behest of King George II of Greece, his first cousin, he returned to Britain in September to resume training for the Royal Navy.[26] He graduated from Dartmouth the next year as the best cadet in his course.[27] During the Second World War, he continued to serve in the British forces, while two of his brothers-in-law, Prince Christoph of Hesse and Berthold, Margrave of Baden, fought on the opposing German side.[28] Philip was appointed as a midshipman in January 1940. He spent four months on the battleship HMS Ramillies, protecting convoys of the Australian Expeditionary Force in the Indian Ocean, followed by shorter postings on HMS Kent, on HMS Shropshire, and in British Ceylon.[29] After the invasion of Greece by Italy in October 1940, he was transferred from the Indian Ocean to the battleship HMS Valiant in the Mediterranean Fleet.[30]

On 1 February 1941,[31] Philip was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant after a series of courses at Portsmouth, in which he gained the top grade in four out of five sections of the qualifying examination.[32] Among other engagements, he was involved in the Battle of Crete and was mentioned in dispatches for his service during the Battle of Cape Matapan, in which he controlled the battleship's searchlights. He was also awarded the Greek War Cross.[27] In June 1942, he was appointed to the destroyer HMS Wallace, which was involved in convoy escort tasks on the east coast of Britain, as well as the Allied invasion of Sicily.[33]

A photograph of a young, bearded Philip

In Melbourne, 1945

Promotion to lieutenant followed on 16 July 1942.[34] In October of the same year, aged 21, Philip became first lieutenant of HMS Wallace. He was one of the youngest first lieutenants in the Royal Navy. During the invasion of Sicily, in July 1943, as second-in-command of Wallace, he saved his ship from a night bomber attack. He devised a plan to launch a raft with smoke floats that successfully distracted the bombers, allowing the ship to slip away unnoticed.[33] In 1944, he moved on to the new destroyer, HMS Whelp, where he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla.[35][36] He was present in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed. Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp in January 1946 and was posted as an instructor at HMS Royal Arthur, the Petty Officers' School in Corsham, Wiltshire.[37]

Marriage

Further information: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten

Queen Victoria is the great-great-grandmother of Elizabeth II (line of descent in red) and Philip (line of descent in green).

In 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth toured the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During the visit, the Queen and Lord Louis Mountbatten asked his nephew Philip to escort the royal couple's daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, who were Philip's third cousins through Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark.[38] Princess Elizabeth fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters when she was 13.[39]

Eventually, in the summer of 1946, Philip asked George VI for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request, provided that any formal engagement be delayed until Elizabeth's 21st birthday the following April.[40] By March 1947, Philip had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother's family and had stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles upon becoming a naturalised British subject. The engagement was announced to the public on 9 July 1947.[41]

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born, and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45]

Wedding portrait of Philip and Elizabeth

Though Philip appeared "always to have regarded himself as an Anglican",[46] and he had attended Anglican services with his classmates and relations in England and throughout his Royal Navy days, he had been baptised in the Greek Orthodox Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, wanted to "regularise" Philip's position by officially receiving him into the Church of England,[47] which he did in October 1947.[48]

The day before the wedding, King George VI bestowed the style of Royal Highness on Philip, and, on the morning of the wedding, 20 November 1947, he was made the Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich of Greenwich in the County of London.[49] Consequently, being already a Knight of the Garter, between 19 and 20 November 1947, he bore the unusual style Lieutenant His Royal Highness Sir Philip Mountbatten and is so described in the letters patent of 20 November 1947.[49]

Philip and Elizabeth were married in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, recorded and broadcast by BBC radio to 200 million people around the world.[50] In post-war Britain, it was unacceptable for any of the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations to be invited to the wedding, including Philip's three surviving sisters, all of whom had married German princes. After their marriage, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh took residence at Clarence House. Their first two children were born before Elizabeth succeeded her father as monarch in 1952: Prince Charles in 1948 and Princess Anne in 1950. Their marriage was the longest of any British monarch, lasting over 73 years until Philip died in 2021.[51][52] Concerned by her father's poor health, Elizabeth insisted that Philip give up smoking, which he did, cold turkey, on their wedding day.[53]

Philip was introduced to the House of Lords on 21 July 1948,[54] immediately before his uncle Louis Mountbatten, who had been made Earl Mountbatten of Burma.[55] Philip ostensibly never spoke in the House of Lords.[56] He, his sons and other royals ceased to be members of the House of Lords following the House of Lords Act 1999, although Philip's former brother-in-law, Lord Snowdon, remained in the House.[57]

Early duties

Philip and Elizabeth toured Canada in 1951, meeting with Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (right).

After his honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home, Broadlands, Philip returned to the navy, at first in a desk job at the Admiralty and later on a staff course at the Naval Staff College, Greenwich.[58] From 1949, he was stationed in Malta (residing at Villa Guardamangia) after being posted as the first lieutenant of the destroyer HMS Chequers, the lead ship of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet.[59] On 16 July 1950, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and given command of the frigate HMS Magpie.[60][61] On 30 June 1952, Philip was promoted to commander,[62] though his active naval career had ended in July 1951.[63][64]

With the King in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip were both appointed to the Privy Council on 4 November 1951, after a coast-to-coast tour of Canada. At the end of January 1952, the couple set out on a tour of the Commonwealth. On 6 February 1952, they were in Kenya when Elizabeth's father died, and she became queen. Philip broke the news to Elizabeth at Sagana Lodge, and the royal party immediately returned to the United Kingdom.[65]

On 5 December 1952, Philip was initiated into Freemasonry by the Worshipful Master of Navy Lodge No 2612, honouring a commitment he had made to George VI, who had made it clear that he expected Philip to maintain the tradition of royal patronage of Freemasonry. However, according to one journalist writing in 1983, Philip's mother-in-law and his uncle Lord Mountbatten had unfavourable views of Freemasonry; after his initiation, Philip took no further part in the organisation. Although as the consort of the Queen, he might in time have been made Grand Master of British Freemasonry, Elizabeth's cousin Edward, Duke of Kent, assumed that role in 1967. Philip's son Charles apparently never joined Freemasonry.[66]

Consort of the Queen

Royal house

Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II with Philip, June 1953, by Cecil Beaton

Elizabeth's accession to the throne brought up the question of the name of the royal house, as Elizabeth would typically have taken Philip's last name upon marriage. His uncle, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh after his ducal title.[67] When Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary heard of this, she informed British prime minister Winston Churchill, who later advised Elizabeth to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor. Philip privately complained, "I am nothing but a bloody amoeba. I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children".[68]

On 8 February 1960, the Queen issued an Order in Council declaring that Mountbatten-Windsor would be the surname of her and her husband's male-line descendants who are not styled as Royal Highness or titled as prince or princess.[69] While it seems Elizabeth had "absolutely set her heart" on such a change and had it in mind for some time, it occurred only 11 days before the birth of their third child, Prince Andrew, and only after three months of protracted correspondence between English constitutional expert Edward Iwi (who averred that, without such a change, the royal child would be born with "the Badge of Bastardy") and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who had attempted to refute Iwi's arguments.[70]

Six months after she acceded to the throne, Elizabeth announced that Philip was to have "place, pre-eminence and precedence" next to her "on all occasions and in all meetings, except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament".[71] She also intervened to ensure that Philip would serve as regent for their son Charles in the event of her unexpected death.[72] Parliament passed a bill to that effect in 1953.[73] Contrary to rumours over the years, Elizabeth and Philip were said by insiders to have had a strong relationship throughout their marriage, despite the challenges of Elizabeth's reign.[74][75] The Queen referred to Prince Philip in a speech on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 as her "constant strength and guide".[75]

Prince Philip received a Parliamentary annuity (of £359,000 since 1990[fn 3]) that served to meet official expenses in carrying out public duties. The annuity was unaffected by the reform of royal finances under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011.[76][77] Any part of the allowance that was not used to meet official expenditure was liable for tax. In practice, the entire allowance was used to fund his official duties.[78]

Supporting the Queen

With Elizabeth in New Zealand, 1954

As consort to the Queen, Philip supported his wife in her new duties as sovereign, accompanying her to ceremonies such as the State Opening of Parliament in various countries, state dinners, and tours abroad. As chairman of the Coronation Commission, he was the first member of the royal family to fly in a helicopter, visiting the troops that were to take part in the ceremony.[79] Philip was not himself crowned in the coronation service, but knelt before Elizabeth, with her hands enclosing his, and swore to be her "liege man of life and limb".[80]

In the early 1950s, Philip's sister-in-law Princess Margaret considered marrying a divorced older man, Peter Townsend. The press accused Philip of being hostile to the match, to which he replied: "I haven't done anything." Philip had not interfered, preferring to stay out of other people's love lives.[81] Eventually, Margaret and Townsend parted. For six months, over 1953 and 1954, Philip and Elizabeth toured the Commonwealth; as with previous tours, the children were left in Britain.[82]

In 1956, the Duke, with Kurt Hahn, founded The Duke of Edinburgh's Award to give young people "a sense of responsibility to themselves and their communities". In the same year, he also established the Commonwealth Study Conferences. From 1956 to 1957, Philip travelled around the world aboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia, during which he opened the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and visited the Antarctic, becoming the first royal to cross the Antarctic Circle.[83] Elizabeth and the children remained in the UK. On the return leg of the journey, Philip's private secretary, Mike Parker, was sued for divorce by his wife. As with Townsend, the press still portrayed divorce as a scandal, and eventually, Parker resigned. He later said that the Duke was very supportive and "the Queen was wonderful throughout. She regarded divorce as a sadness, not a hanging offence."[84] In a public show of support, Elizabeth created Parker a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.[85]

With Elizabeth in Ottawa, 1957

Further press reports claimed that the royal couple were drifting apart, which enraged Philip and dismayed Elizabeth, who issued a strongly worded denial.[86] On 22 February 1957, she granted her husband the style and title of a Prince of the United Kingdom by Letters Patent; it was gazetted that he was to be known as "His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh".[87] Philip was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 14 October 1957, taking his Oath of Allegiance before the Queen in person at her Canadian residence, Rideau Hall.[88] Remarks he made two years later to the Canadian Medical Association on the subject of youth and sport were taken as a suggestion that Canadian children were out of shape. This was at first considered "tactless", but Philip was later admired for his encouragement of physical fitness.[89] While in Canada in 1969, Philip spoke about his views on republicanism:

It is a complete misconception to imagine that the monarchy exists in the interests of the monarch. It doesn't. It exists in the interests of the people. If at any time any nation decides that the system is unacceptable, then it is up to them to change it.[90]

In 1960, Philip attended the National Eisteddfod of Wales wearing a long green robe, where he was initiated as an Honorary Ovate by the Archdruid of Wales Edgar Phillips through his bardic name Philip Meirionnydd, to reflect his title of Earl of Merioneth.[91] In 1961, he became the first member of the royal family to be interviewed on television, after he appeared on Panorama to answer questions by Richard Dimbleby about the Commonwealth Technical Training Week, an initiative of which he was patron.[92] In 1969, he made a similar appearance on Meet the Press during a tour of North America.[93]

Charities and patronages

Visiting Salford University, 1967

Philip was patron of some 800 organisations, particularly focused on the environment, industry, sport, and education. His first solo engagement as Duke of Edinburgh was in March 1948, presenting prizes at the boxing finals of the London Federation of Boys' Clubs at the Royal Albert Hall.[94] He was president of the National Playing Fields Association (now known as Fields in Trust) for 64 years, from 1947 until his grandson Prince William took over the role in 2013.[95] He was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1951.[96][97] In 1952, he became patron of The Industrial Society (since renamed The Work Foundation).[98] In the same year, and after his father-in-law's death, he took over the role of the Ranger of Windsor Great Park, overseeing its protection and maintenance.[99] From 1955 to 1957, he was president of The Football Association. He served two terms as president of Marylebone Cricket Club, with his tenures starting in 1949 and 1974, respectively.[100][101] In the same decade, he became the first patron of Lord's Taverners, a youth cricket and disability sports charity, for which he organised fundraising events.[102] Between 1959 and 1965 Prince Philip was the president of BAFTA.[103] He helped found the Australian Conservation Foundation in 1963 and the World Wildlife Fund in 1961 and served as the latter's UK president from 1961 to 1982, international president from 1981, and president emeritus from 1996.[83][104] He was also president of the Zoological Society of London for two decades and was appointed an honorary fellow in 1977.[105][106] Despite his involvement in initiatives for conserving nature, he was also criticised for practices such as fox hunting and shooting of game birds[104] and the killing of a tiger in India in 1961.[107] He was president of the International Equestrian Federation from 1964 to 1986,[108] and served as chancellor of the universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Salford, and Wales.[109] In 1965, at the suggestion of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Philip became chair to a scheme set up for awarding industrial innovations, which later became known as The Queen's Awards for Enterprise.[110] In the same year, Philip became president of the Council of Engineering Institutions and in that capacity he assisted with the inception of the Fellowship of Engineering (later the Royal Academy of Engineering), of which he later became the senior fellow.[111] He also commissioned the Prince Philip Designers Prize and the Prince Philip Medal to recognise designers and engineers with exceptional contributions.[111][112] In 1970, he was involved with the founding of The Maritime Trust for restoring and preserving historic British ships.[113] In 2017, the British Heart Foundation thanked Prince Philip for being its patron for 55 years, during which time, in addition to organising fundraisers, he "supported the creation of nine BHF-funded centres of excellence".[114] He was an honorary fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.[115]

Charles and Diana

At the beginning of 1981, Philip wrote to his son Charles, counselling him to make up his mind to either propose to Lady Diana Spencer or break off their courtship.[116] Charles felt pressured by his father to make a decision and did so, proposing to Diana in February.[117] They married five months later. By 1992, Charles and Diana's marriage had broken down. Elizabeth and Philip hosted a meeting between them, trying to effect a reconciliation, but without success.[118] Philip wrote to Diana, expressing his disappointment at Charles's and her extra-marital affairs and asking her to examine both his and her behaviour from the other's point of view.[119] She found the letters hard to take but appreciated that he acted with good intent.[120] Charles and Diana separated before the end of 1992 and were divorced in 1996.

A year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. At the time, Philip was on holiday at Balmoral with the extended royal family. In their grief, Diana's sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[121] For five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the ensuing press interest by keeping them at Balmoral, where they could grieve in private.[121] The royal family's seclusion caused public dismay,[121] but the public mood changed after a live broadcast made by Elizabeth on 5 September.[122] Uncertain as to whether they should walk behind her coffin during the funeral procession, Diana's sons hesitated.[122] Philip told William: "If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?"[122] On the day of the funeral, Philip, William, Harry, Charles, and Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, walked through London behind her bier.[122]

Over the next few years, Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash, claimed that Philip had ordered the death of Diana and that the accident was staged. The inquest into Diana's death concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence of a conspiracy.[123]

Longevity

With Elizabeth during a visit to Titanic Belfast, 27 June 2012

In April 2009, Philip became the longest-serving British royal consort, surpassing Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of George III.[124] He became the oldest-ever male British royal in February 2013 and the third-longest-lived member of the British royal family (following Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in April 2019.[125] Personally, he was not enthused about living an extremely long life, remarking in a 2000 interview (when he was 79) that he could not "imagine anything worse" and had "no desire whatsoever" to become a centenarian, saying "bits of me are falling off already".[126]

At the official opening of the Fifth Assembly of the Senedd in Cardiff, 2016. Clockwise and facing from left to right: Senedd speaker Elin Jones, Philip's daughter-in-law Camilla, his son Prince Charles, Welsh first minister Carwyn Jones, Philip and Elizabeth

In 2008, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital, London, for a chest infection; he walked into the hospital unaided, recovered quickly,[127] and was discharged three days later.[128] After the Evening Standard reported that Philip had prostate cancer, Buckingham Palace—which usually refuses to comment on health rumours—denied the story[129] and the paper retracted it.[130][131]

In June 2011, in an interview marking his 90th birthday, Philip said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties, stating that he had "done [his] bit".[132] His wife, the Queen, gave him the title Lord High Admiral for his 90th birthday.[133] While staying at Sandringham House, the royal residence in Norfolk, on 23 December 2011, the Duke suffered chest pains and was taken to the cardio-thoracic unit at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, where he underwent successful coronary angioplasty and stenting.[134] He was discharged on 27 December.[135]

On 4 June 2012, during the celebrations in honour of his wife's diamond jubilee, Philip was taken from Windsor Castle to King Edward VII's Hospital suffering from a bladder infection.[136] He was discharged from hospital on 9 June.[137] After a recurrence of infection in August 2012, while staying at Balmoral Castle, he was admitted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for five nights as a precautionary measure.[138] In June 2013, Philip was admitted to the London Clinic for an exploratory operation on his abdomen, spending 11 days in hospital.[139] On 21 May 2014, he appeared in public with a bandage on his right hand after a "minor procedure" was performed in Buckingham Palace the preceding day.[140] Tony Abbott's surprise 2015 decision to make Philip a Knight of the Order of Australia was widely criticised in the country and contributed to Abbott's ouster as its prime minister.[141][142][143] In June 2017, Philip was taken from Windsor to London and admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital after being diagnosed with an infection.[144] He spent two nights in the hospital and was unable to attend the State Opening of Parliament and Royal Ascot.[145][146]

Final years and retirement

Trooping the Colour, 2015

Prince Philip retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, meeting Royal Marines in his final solo public engagement, aged 96. Since 1952, he had completed 22,219 solo engagements. British prime minister Theresa May thanked him for "a remarkable lifetime of service".[147][148] On 20 November 2017, he celebrated his 70th wedding anniversary with Elizabeth, which made her the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[149]

On 3 April 2018, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital for a planned hip replacement, which took place the next day. This came after the Duke missed the annual Maundy and Easter Sunday services. On 12 April, his daughter, Princess Anne, spent about 50 minutes in the hospital and afterwards said her father was "on good form". He was discharged the following day.[150] On 19 May, six weeks later, he attended the wedding of his grandson Prince Harry to Meghan Markle and was able to walk with Elizabeth unaided.[151] That October, he accompanied Elizabeth to the wedding of their granddaughter Princess Eugenie to Jack Brooksbank,[152] with The Telegraph reporting that Philip works on a "wake up and see how I feel" basis when deciding whether to attend an event or not.[153]

On 17 January 2019, 97-year-old Philip was involved in a car crash as he drove out onto a main road near the Sandringham Estate. An official statement said he was uninjured. An eyewitness who helped him out of his car said there was "a little bit of blood".[154] The driver and a passenger of the other car were injured and taken to hospital.[155] Philip attended hospital the next morning as a precaution.[156] He apologised,[157] and three weeks later voluntarily surrendered his driving licence.[158][159] On 14 February, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that prosecuting Philip would not be in the public interest.[160] Philip was still allowed to drive around private estates, and was seen behind the wheel in the grounds of Windsor Castle in April 2019.[161]

From 20 to 24 December 2019, Philip stayed at King Edward VII's Hospital and received treatment for a "pre-existing condition" in a visit described by Buckingham Palace as a "precautionary measure".[162] He had not been seen in public since attending Lady Gabriella Kingston's wedding in May 2019.[163] A photo of the royal couple as they isolated at Windsor Castle during the COVID-19 pandemic was released ahead of his 99th birthday in June 2020.[164] In July 2020, he stepped down as Colonel-in-Chief of The Rifles, a position he had held since 2007. He was succeeded by his daughter-in-law Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.[165]

On 9 January 2021, Philip and Elizabeth were vaccinated against COVID-19 by a household doctor at Windsor Castle.[166] On 16 February 2021, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital as a "precautionary measure" after feeling unwell.[167] He was visited by Prince Charles on 20 February.[168] On 23 February, it was confirmed by Buckingham Palace that Philip was "responding to treatment" for an infection.[169][170] On 1 March 2021, Philip was transferred by ambulance to St Bartholomew's Hospital to continue treatment for an infection, and additionally to undergo "testing and observation" relating to a pre-existing heart condition.[171] He underwent a successful procedure for his heart condition on 3 March[172] and was transferred back to King Edward VII's Hospital on 5 March.[173] He was discharged on 16 March and returned to Windsor Castle.[174]

Death

Main article: Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Buckingham Palace on 9 April 2021; the Union Flag is flown at half-mast as crowds gather.

Philip died of "old age"[175][fn 4] on the morning of 9 April 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99. He was the longest-serving royal consort in world history.[177] Elizabeth, who was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[178] described his death as "having left a huge void in her life".[179]

The palace said Philip died peacefully,[180] which was confirmed by his daughter-in-law Sophie, Countess of Wessex, who told the press it was "so gentle. It was just like somebody took him by the hand and off he went."[181] His death led to the commencement of Operation Forth Bridge, the plan for publicly announcing his death and organising his funeral.[180][182] The usual public ceremonial could not take place because of the regulations for the COVID-19 pandemic which restricted the number of mourners to thirty; it was later reported in the press that Elizabeth had rejected a government offer to relax the rules.[183] The funeral took place on 17 April 2021 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and he was temporarily interred alongside 25 other coffins, including George III, in the Royal Vault inside St George's.[184][185] Representatives of countries around the world sent condolences to the royal family upon his death.[186]

As is precedent for senior members of the royal family, Philip's last will and testament will be sealed for at least 90 years, according to a High Court ruling, which deemed it necessary to protect the "dignity and standing" of the Queen.[187] This led to speculation that the will might contain material harmful to the reputation of the royal family.[188] The order was made by the President of the Family Division after a private hearing in July 2021, who said that he had neither seen the will nor been informed of any of its contents. In January 2022, The Guardian challenged the judge's decision to exclude the press from that hearing, arguing that the judge had "erred by failing to consider any lesser interference with open justice than a private hearing", and the newspaper was granted leave to appeal.[189][190] In July 2022, the Court of Appeal dismissed the newspaper's arguments, stating that the press could not have been informed of the hearing "without risking the media storm that was feared".[191] The court added that "a perceived lack of transparency might be a matter of legitimate public debate, but the (Non-Contentious Probate Rules) allow wills and their values to be concealed from the public gaze in some cases".[191]

A service of thanksgiving for Philip's life took place at Westminster Abbey on 29 March 2022, with Elizabeth, foreign royalty and politicians in attendance.[192] The royal couple's bodies were interred in the King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's on the evening of 19 September 2022, after Elizabeth's state funeral.[193]

Legacy

Interests

Philip atop a horse

At the World Championship Coach-and-fours, 1982

Philip played polo until 1971 when he started to compete in carriage driving, a sport which he helped to expand; the early rule book was drafted under his supervision.[194] He was also a keen yachtsman and struck up a friendship in 1949 with boat designer and sailing enthusiast Uffa Fox, in Cowes. Philip and Elizabeth regularly attended Cowes Week in HMY Britannia.

Philip's first airborne flying lesson took place in 1952, and by his 70th birthday, he had accrued 5,150 pilot hours.[195] He was presented with Royal Air Force wings in 1953, helicopter wings with the Royal Navy in 1956, and his private pilot's licence in 1959.[113] After 44 years as a pilot, he retired in August 1997 with 5,986 hours spent in 59 different aircraft.[113] In April 2014, it was reported that an old British Pathé newsreel film had been discovered of Philip's 1962 two-month flying tour of South America. Filmed sitting alongside Philip at the aircraft's controls was his co-pilot Captain Peter Middleton, the grandfather of Philip's granddaughter-in-law Catherine.[196] In 1959, he flew solo in a Druine Turbulent, becoming the first and, as of April 2021, the only member of the royal family to have flown a single-seat aircraft.[197]

Her Majesty the Queen at Breakfast painted by Philip in 1957. Biographer Robert Lacey described the painting as "a tender portrayal, impressionistic in style, with brushstrokes that are charmingly soft and fuzzy".[198]

Philip painted with oils and collected artworks, including contemporary cartoons, which hang at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Sandringham House, and Balmoral Castle. Hugh Casson described Philip's own artwork as "exactly what you'd expect ... totally direct, no hanging about. Strong colours, vigorous brushstrokes."[199] He was patron of the Royal Society of Arts from 1952 until 2011.[200] He was "fascinated" by cartoons about the monarchy and the royal family and was a patron of The Cartoon Museum.[201]

Personality and image

Elizabeth and Philip greeting a crowd

Philip typically walked a few steps behind Elizabeth in public.

Philip's down-to-earth manner was attested to by a White House butler, who recalled that, on a visit in 1976, Philip engaged him and a fellow butler in a conversation and poured them drinks.[202][fn 5] As well as a reputation for bluntness and plain speaking,[204] Philip was noted for occasionally making observations and jokes that have been construed as either funny, or as gaffes: awkward, politically incorrect, or even offensive, but sometimes perceived as stereotypical of someone of his age and background.[205][206][207][208][209] In an address to the General Dental Council in 1960, he jokingly coined a new word for his blunders: "Dontopedalogy is the science of opening your mouth and putting your foot in it, a science which I have practised for a good many years."[210] Later in life, he suggested his comments may have contributed to the perception that he was "a cantankerous old sod".[211]

During a state visit to China in 1986, in a private conversation with British students from Xi'an's Northwest University, Philip joked: "If you stay here much longer, you'll go slit-eyed."[212] The British press reported on the remark as indicative of racial intolerance, but the Chinese authorities were reportedly unconcerned. Chinese students studying in the UK, an official explained, were often told in jest not to stay away too long, lest they go "round-eyed".[213] His comment did not affect Sino-British relations, but it shaped his reputation.[214] Philip also made comments on the eating habits of Cantonese people, stating: "If it has four legs and is not a chair, has wings and is not an airplane, or swims and is not a submarine, the Cantonese will eat it."[215] In Australia he asked an Indigenous Australian entrepreneur: "Do you still throw spears at each other?"[216]

In 2011, the historian David Starkey described Philip as a kind of "HRH Victor Meldrew".[217] For example, in May 1999, British newspapers accused Philip of insulting deaf children at a pop concert in Wales by saying: "No wonder you are deaf listening to this row."[218] Later, Philip wrote: "The story is largely invention. It so happens that my mother was quite seriously deaf and I have been Patron of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf for ages, so it's hardly likely that I would do any such thing."[219] When he and his wife met Stephen Menary, an army cadet blinded by a Real IRA bomb, and Elizabeth enquired how much sight he retained, Philip quipped: "Not a lot, judging by the tie he's wearing." Menary later said: "I think he just tries to put people at ease by trying to make a joke. I certainly didn't take any offence."[220] Philip's comparison of prostitutes and wives was also perceived as offensive after he reportedly stated: "I don't think a prostitute is more moral than a wife, but they are doing the same thing."[215]

Centenary

To mark Prince Philip's centenary, the Royal Collection Trust held an exhibition at Windsor Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Titled Prince Philip: A Celebration, it showcased around 150 personal items related to him, including his wedding card, wedding menu, midshipman's logbook from 1940 to 1941, Chair of Estate, and the coronation robes and coronet that he wore for his wife's coronation in 1953.[221][222] George Alexis Weymouth's portrait of Philip in the ruins of the castle after the fire of 1992 formed part of a focus on Philip's involvement with the subsequent restoration.[222]

The Royal Horticultural Society also marked Philip's centenary by breeding a new rose in his honour. Created by British rose breeder Harkness Roses, it was christened "The Duke of Edinburgh Rose". The Queen, the patron of the society, was given the deep pink commemorative rose in honour of her husband, and she remarked that "It looks lovely". A Duke of Edinburgh Rose has since been planted in the mixed rose border of Windsor Castle's East Terrace Garden. Philip played a major role in the garden's design.[223][224]

In September 2021, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution honoured Philip by naming their new state-of-the-art lifeboat Duke of Edinburgh. The tribute was initially planned to mark his 100th birthday.[225] In the same month, a documentary initially planned for his centenary was broadcast on BBC One under the title Prince Philip: The Royal Family Remembers, with contributions from his children, son-in-law, daughters-in-law, and seven of his grandchildren.[226]

Portrayals

Philip has been portrayed by several actors, including Stewart Granger (The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, 1982), Christopher Lee (Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story, 1982), David Threlfall (The Queen's Sister, 2005), James Cromwell (The Queen, 2006), and Finn Elliot, Matt Smith, Tobias Menzies, and Jonathan Pryce (The Crown, 2016 onwards).[227][228]

Prince Philip appears as a fictional character in Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet (1952), Paul Gallico's novel Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Moscow (1974), Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games (1987), and Sue Townsend's novel The Queen and I (1992).[229] In John Gardner's 1964 novel The Liquidator, subsequently filmed, the story concludes after the central character, Boysie Oakes, is set up by a double agent to make a staged but unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh when the latter visits an RAF base.

Books

Philip authored several books:

Selected Speeches – 1948–55 (1957; revised paperback edition published by Nabu Press, 2011), ISBN 978-1-245-67133-0

Selected Speeches – 1956–59 (1960)

Birds from Britannia (1962; published in the United States as Seabirds from Southern Waters), ISBN 978-1-163-69929-4

Wildlife Crisis with James Fisher (1970), ISBN 978-0-402-12511-2

The Environmental Revolution: Speeches on Conservation, 1962–1977 (1978), ISBN 978-0-8464-1453-7

Competition Carriage Driving (1982; published in France, 1984; second edition, 1984; revised edition, 1994), ISBN 978-0-85131-594-2

A Question of Balance (1982), ISBN 978-0-85955-087-1

Men, Machines and Sacred Cows (1984), ISBN 978-0-241-11174-1

A Windsor Correspondence with Michael Mann (1984), ISBN 978-0-85955-108-3

Down to Earth: Collected Writings and Speeches on Man and the Natural World 1961–87 (1988; paperback edition, 1989; Japanese edition, 1992), ISBN 978-0-8289-0711-8

Survival or Extinction: A Christian Attitude to the Environment with Michael Mann (1989), ISBN 978-0-85955-158-8

Driving and Judging Dressage (1996), ISBN 978-0-85131-666-6

30 Years On, and Off, the Box Seat (2004), ISBN 978-0-85131-898-1

Forewords to:

Royal Australian Navy 1911–1961 Jubilee Souvenir issued by authority of the Department of the Navy, Canberra (1961)

The Concise British Flora in Colour by William Keble Martin, Ebury Press / Michael Joseph (1965)

Birds of Town and Village by William Donald Campbell and Basil Ede (1965)

Kurt Hahn by Hermann Röhrs and Hilary Tunstall-Behrens (1970)

The Doomsday Book of Animals by David Day (1981)

Saving the Animals: The World Wildlife Fund Book of Conservation by Bernard Stonehouse (1981)

The Art of Driving by Max Pape (1982), ISBN 978-0-85131-339-9

Yachting and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club by Graeme Norman (1988), ISBN 978-0-86777-067-4

National Maritime Museum Guide to Maritime Britain by Keith Wheatley (2000)

The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History by Richard Johnstone-Bryden, Conway Maritime Press (2003), ISBN 978-0-85177-937-9

1953: The Crowning Year of Sport by Jonathan Rice (2003)

British Flags and Emblems by Graham Bartram, Tuckwell Press (2004), ISBN 978-1-86232-297-4

Chariots of War by Robert Hobson, Ulric Publication (2004), ISBN 978-0-9541997-1-5

RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual: An Insight into the Design, Construction and Operation of the World's Largest Ocean Liner by Stephen Payne, Haynes Publishing (2014)

The Triumph of a Great Tradition: The Story of Cunard's 175 Years by Eric Flounders and Michael Gallagher, Lily Publications (2014), ISBN 978-1-906608-85-9

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Main article: List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Philip's monogram

Philip held many titles throughout his life. Originally holding the title and style of a prince of Greece and Denmark, Philip abandoned these royal titles before he married and was thereafter created a British duke, among other noble titles.[230] Elizabeth formally issued letters patent in 1957 making him a British prince.[87]

When addressing the Duke of Edinburgh, as with any male member of the royal family except the monarch, the rules of etiquette were to address him the first time as Your Royal Highness and after that as Sir.[231]

Honours and honorary military appointments

Philip was awarded medals from Britain, France, and Greece for his service during World War II, as well as ones commemorating the coronations of George VI and Elizabeth II and the silver, gold and diamond jubilees of Elizabeth.[232] On 19 November 1947, the eve of his wedding, George VI appointed him to the Order of the Garter. From then, Philip received 17 appointments and decorations in the Commonwealth and 48 from foreign states. The inhabitants of some villages on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu, worship Prince Philip as a god-like spiritual figure; the islanders possess portraits of Philip and hold feasts on his birthday.[233]

The Duke, Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment, presenting the 3rd Battalion with their Regimental Colours in Toronto, 2013

Upon his wife's accession to the throne in 1952, Philip was appointed Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps, Colonel-in-Chief of the British Army Cadet Force, and Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps.[234] The following year, he was appointed to the equivalent positions in Canada and made Admiral of the Fleet, Captain General Royal Marines, Field Marshal, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom.[235] Subsequent military appointments were made in New Zealand and Australia.[236] In 1975, he was appointed Colonel of the Grenadier Guards, a position he handed over to his son Andrew in 2017.[237] On 16 December 2015, he relinquished his role as Honorary Air Commodore-in-Chief and was succeeded by his granddaughter-in-law Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, as Honorary Air Commandant.[238]

To celebrate Philip's 90th birthday, Elizabeth appointed him Lord High Admiral,[239] as well as to the highest ranks available in all three branches of the Canadian Armed Forces.[240] On their 70th wedding anniversary, 20 November 2017, she appointed her husband Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, making him the first British national since his uncle Lord Mountbatten to be entitled to wear the breast stars of four orders of chivalry in the United Kingdom.[241]

Arms

Coat of arms of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 

Coat of Arms of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.svg

Adopted

1949

Crest

A plume of ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent issuant from a ducal coronet or.[242]

Torse

Mantled or and ermine.[242]

Helm

Upon a coronet of a son of the sovereign proper, the royal helm or.[243][page needed]

Escutcheon

From 1949:

Quarterly: First: Or semée of hearts gules, three lions passant in pale azure ducally crowned or (for Denmark), Second: Azure a cross argent (for Greece), Third: Argent two pallets sable (for Battenberg and Mountbatten), Fourth: Argent upon a rock proper a castle triple towered sable masoned argent windows port turret-caps and vanes gules (for Edinburgh).[242]

Supporters

Dexter, a savage crowned with a chaplet of oak leaves girt about the loins with a lion skin and supporting in the dexter hand a club proper (from the royal Greek arms); Sinister, a lion queue fourché ducally crowned or and gorged with a naval coronet azure (based on Battenberg arms).[242]

Motto

GOD IS MY HELP[242]

Orders

The Order of the Garter ribbon

HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE

(Anglo-Norman for 'Shamed be he who thinks evil of it')

Banner

Royal Standard of Prince Philip (1952–2021).svg A banner of the Duke's arms was used as his personal standard.[244]

Symbolism

The arms of Denmark and Greece, as well as Mountbatten, represent the Duke of Edinburgh's familial lineage. The arms of the City of Edinburgh represent Philip's dukedom. The naval crown collar alludes to the Duke's naval career.

Previous versions

Arms of Philip Mountbatten (1947-1949).svg

From 1947 to 1949: "Arms of Greece surmounted by an inescutcheon of the arms of Denmark; and over all in the first quarter the arms of Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria, viz, the Royal Arms differenced with a label of three points argent, the middle point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot. The shield is encircled by the Garter and ensigned with a princely coronet of crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, above which is placed a barred helm affronte, and thereon the crest; out of a ducal coronet or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent. The supporters are, dexter, the figure of Hercules proper, and sinister, a lion queue fourché ducally crowned or, gorged with a naval coronet azure."[245][page needed]

Issue

This section is an excerpt from Elizabeth II § Issue.[edit]

Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren

Date Spouse

Charles III 14 November 1948 (age 74) 29 July 1981

Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer William, Prince of Wales

Prince George of Wales

Princess Charlotte of Wales

Prince Louis of Wales

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

Prince Archie of Sussex

Princess Lilibet of Sussex

9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None

Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 (age 72) 14 November 1973

Divorced 23 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips

Savannah Phillips

Isla Phillips

Zara Tindall

Mia Tindall

Lena Tindall

Lucas Tindall

12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None

Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 (age 63) 23 July 1986

Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli Mozzi

Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank August Brooksbank

Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 10 March 1964 (age 59) 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor None

James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex None

Ancestry

Both Philip and Queen Elizabeth II were great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria, Elizabeth by descent from Victoria's eldest son, King Edward VII, and Philip by descent from Victoria's second daughter, Princess Alice. Both were also descended from King Christian IX of Denmark.[38]

Philip was also related to the House of Romanov through all four of his grandparents. His paternal grandmother Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia was the granddaughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.[246] His paternal grandfather George I of Greece, born Prince William of Denmark, was a brother of Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark), wife of Emperor Alexander III. His maternal grandmother, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, was a sister of Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), wife of Emperor Nicholas II, and Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse), wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. His maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, was the nephew of Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), who was the wife of Emperor Alexander II.

In 1993, scientists were able to confirm the identity of the remains of several members of the Romanov family, more than seventy years after their murder in 1918, by comparing their mitochondrial DNA to living matrilineal relatives, including Philip. Philip, Alexandra Feodorovna, and her children are all descended from Princess Alice, the daughter of Queen Victoria, through a purely female line.[247]

Ancestors of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh[248]

Notes

 Philip was born on 10 June 1921 according to the Gregorian calendar. Until March 1923, Greece used the Julian calendar, in which his birth date was 28 May 1921.

 The Danish Act of Succession 1953 removed the succession rights of his branch of the family in Denmark.[7]

 The amount was set by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1990. It was initially set at £40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952, raised to £65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972, and raised to £165,000 by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1984.

 In England and Wales, "old age" may be given as a cause of death for a decedent aged 80 or older by a physician who has "cared for the deceased over a long period" and "observed a gradual decline in [the] patient's general health" if there is no known "identifiable disease or injury that contributed to the death".[176]

 The elderly retired butler quoted in the Guardian article was mistaken: the Queen and the Duke visited the White House in July 1976, during the term of President Ford, not President Carter.[203]

References

Citations

 "Early life and education", The Royal Family, 2 March 2017, archived from the original on 9 April 2021, retrieved 9 April 2021;

"His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh", Canadian Heritage, archived from the original on 17 March 2012, retrieved 10 June 2011;

Ward, Victoria (10 June 2011), "Prince Philip's 90th birthday: a life less ordinary for The Duke of Edinburgh", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 13 June 2011, retrieved 12 April 2021;

"The Life And Times Of The Royal Consort", Sky News, 10 June 2011, archived from the original on 16 October 2012, retrieved 10 June 2011

 "Do your DofE – The Duke of Edinburgh's Award", dofe.org, archived from the original on 29 January 2019, retrieved 29 January 2019

 Low, Valentine (9 April 2021), "Prince Philip was a man determined to make an impact", The Times, retrieved 12 April 2021

 Jydske Tidende (in Danish), 18 May 1986, p. 36

 Hamilton 1985, p. 18

 Brandreth 2004, p. 56

 Tågholt 1963, p. 6

 Sakalis, Alex (17 April 2021), "Prince Philip's secret return visit to the island of his birth", The Independent, retrieved 18 April 2021

 Brandreth 2004, pp. 58–59

 "News in Brief: Prince Andrew's Departure", The Times, 5 December 1922, p. 12

 Alexandra 1959, pp. 35–37; Heald 1991, p. 31; Vickers 2000, pp. 176–178

 Alexandra 1959, p. 42; Heald 1991, p. 34. Fellow pupils at the school included Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, who later married King Michael of Romania.

 Heald 1991, pp. 35–39

 Brandreth 2004, p. 66; Vickers 2000, p. 205

 Eade 2011, p. 104

 Brandreth 2004, p. 67

 Prince Philip quoted in Brandreth 2004, p. 72

 Brandreth 2004, p. 72; Heald 1991, p. 42

 Brandreth 2004, p. 69; Vickers 2000, p. 273

 Brooks-Pollock, Tom (20 July 2015), "Queen Nazi salute film: Documentary will show Prince Philip's sister calling Hitler 'charming and modest'", The Independent, retrieved 9 April 2021

 Brandreth 2004, pp. 77, 136

 "Prince Philip: A turbulent childhood stalked by exile, mental illness and death", BBC News, 10 April 2021, retrieved 14 April 2021

 Rocco, Fiammetta (13 December 1992), "A strange life: Profile of Prince Philip", The Independent, London, retrieved 22 May 2010

 Davies 2000, p. 161; Holden 1979, p. 141

 Eade, Philip (5 May 2017), "The romances of young Prince Philip", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 10 August 2018

 Eade 2011, pp. 129–130; Vickers 2000, pp. 284–285, 433

 "Naval career", Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, retrieved 7 May 2010

 Vickers 2000, pp. 293–295

 Eade 2011, pp. 132–133

 Heald 1991, p. 60

 "No. 35455", The London Gazette, 13 February 1942, p. 715

 Brandreth 2004, p. 154; Heald 1991, p. 66

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Brandreth, Gyles (2004), Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage, London: Century, ISBN 0-7126-6103-4

Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, Cassell & Co.

Davies, Nicholas (2000), Elizabeth: Behind Palace Doors, Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84018-401-3

Dolby, Karen (2015), The Wicked Wit of Queen Elizabeth II, London: Michael O'Mara Books

Eade, Philip (2011), Prince Philip: The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, ISBN 978-1-250-01363-7

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Heald, Tim (1991), The Duke: A Portrait of Prince Philip, London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-54607-7

Heald, Tim (2007), Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2

Holden, Anthony (1979), Prince Charles, New York City: Atheneum, ISBN 978-0-689-10998-0

Knight, Stephen (1984), The Brotherhood: The Secret World of the Freemasons, Stein and Day, ISBN 978-0-8128-2994-5

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British royalty

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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021

Titles

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Royal Family (1969 film)Spitting Image (1984–1996 TV series)Willi und die Windzors (1996 film)The Queen (2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV serial)The Crown (2016–present TV series)Philip: The Final Portrait (2021 book)The Prince (2021 TV series)

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Links to related articles

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British royal consorts

George of Denmark and Norway (1707–1708)Caroline of Ansbach (1727–1737)Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1761–1818)Caroline of Brunswick (1820–1821)Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen (1830–1837)Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1840–1861)Alexandra of Denmark (1901–1910)Mary of Teck (1910–1936)Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1936–1952)Philip of Greece and Denmark (1952–2021)Camilla Shand (2022–present)

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British princes

The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.

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King George II

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Frederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland

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King George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and StrathearnPrince Frederick

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King George IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

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Prince Albert1King George V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of Cambridge

6th generation

King Edward VIIPrince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Leopold, Duke of AlbanyPrince Ernest Augustus

7th generation

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and AvondaleKing George VPrince Alexander John of WalesAlfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur of ConnaughtPrince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince George William of HanoverPrince Christian of HanoverPrince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

8th generation

King Edward VIIIKing George VIPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterPrince George, Duke of KentPrince JohnAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and StrathearnJohann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince George William of Hanover

9th generation

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2Prince William of GloucesterPrince Richard, Duke of GloucesterPrince Edward, Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent

10th generation

King Charles IIIPrince Andrew, Duke of YorkPrince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

11th generation

William, Prince of WalesPrince Harry, Duke of SussexJames, Earl of Wessex

12th generation

Prince George of WalesPrince Louis of WalesPrince Archie of Sussex

1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.

Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.

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4th generation

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5th generation

Prince Constantine-AlexiosPrince Achileas-Andreas

See also House of Glücksburg

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Danish princes

The generations are numbered from the implementation of hereditary monarchy by Frederick III in 1660.

1st generation

King Christian V1Prince George, Duke of Cumberland1

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2nd generation

King Frederick IV1Prince Christian1Prince Charles1Prince William1Prince William, Duke of Gloucester1

3rd generation

King Christian VI1

4th generation

King Frederick V1

5th generation

King Christian VII1Hereditary Prince Frederick1

6th generation

King Frederick VI1King Christian VIII1Hereditary Prince Ferdinand1

7th generation

King Frederick VII1King Christian IX5

8th generation

King Frederick VIII5King George I of Greece5Prince Valdemar

9th generation

King Christian XKing Haakon VII of NorwayPrince HaraldPrince GustavKing Constantine I of Greece2Prince George2Prince Nicholas2Prince Andrew2Prince Christopher2Prince AagePrince AxelPrince ErikPrince Viggo

10th generation

King Frederick IX3Hereditary Prince Knud3King Olav V of Norway1Prince GormPrince OlufKing George II of Greece2King Alexander I of Greece2King Paul I of Greece2Prince Peter2Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2 ' 4Prince Michael2Prince George ValdemarPrince Flemming Valdemar

11th generation

Prince Henrik5Prince Ingolf3Prince Christian3King Constantine II of Greece2

12th generation

Crown Prince FrederikPrince JoachimCrown Prince Pavlos of Greece2Prince Nikolaos2Prince Philippos2

13th generation

Prince ChristianPrince VincentPrince NikolaiPrince FelixPrince HenrikPrince Constantine-Alexios2Prince Achileas-Andreas2

1 Also prince of Norway

2 Also prince of Greece

3 Also prince of Iceland

4 Also prince of the United Kingdom

5 Not Danish prince by birth, but created prince of Denmark

Princes that lost their title are shown in italics

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Battenberg/Mountbatten family

Generations are numbered by their descent from Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg

1st generation

Marie, Princess of Erbach-SchönbergLouis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford HavenAlexander I, Prince of BulgariaPrince HenryPrince Francis Joseph

Arms of Battenberg-Mountbatten.svg

2nd generation

Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece and DenmarkLouise, Queen of SwedenGeorge Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford HavenLouis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of BurmaAlexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of CarisbrookeVictoria Eugenie, Queen of SpainLord Leopold MountbattenPrince Maurice

3rd generation

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh*David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford HavenPatricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of BurmaLady Pamela HicksLady Iris Kemp

4th generation

George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford HavenLord Ivar Mountbatten

5th generation

Lady Tatiana Dru

*Not Mountbatten or Battenberg by birth. Adopted the surname Mountbatten from his maternal line on abandoning his patrilineal Greek and Danish princely titles.

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Dukes of Edinburgh

Frederick (1726–1751)George (1751–1760)Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)Alfred (1866–1900)Philip (1947–2021)Charles (2021–2022)Edward (2023–present)

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The Story of Queen Elizabeth's Wedding Day

And why her marriage to Prince Philip almost didn't happen.

BY NANCY BILYEAU AND CHANEL VARGASPUBLISHED: APR 9, 2021

SAVE ARTICLE

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Queen Elizabeth's husband Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, died in April 2021 at 99-years-old.

The royal family released a statement at the time, which read: "It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen announces the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh."

In light of Queen Elizabeth's first anniversary as a widow, we're taking a look back at her wedding to Prince Philip.

A very young princess, determined to marry for love. A royal suitor "handsome as any film star" who provoked suspicion. A nation so traumatized by war that its people looked askance at extravagant weddings—and at dynastic couplings in general.

This past year, audiences were enthralled as The Crown revealed the challenges faced by a young Queen Elizabeth II—but even before she succeeded to the throne of England in 1952, Elizabeth faced obstacles in marrying the man of her choice, her distant cousin Philip. The road to that wedding, on November 20, 1947, was not perfectly smooth.

Elizabeth was infatuated with Philip by age 13. She was already heiress to the throne on the day she and her parents, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, toured the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. The young officer who escorted the princess was a fellow royal, an 18-year-old blond naval cadet called Philip of Greece. Soon the two were writing letters; she kept a framed photo of Philip by her bed.

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Elizabeth and Philip were both great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria. But while Elizabeth was part of a close, loving family, Philip was practically penniless and had seen little of either of his parents for years. His family, originally Danish, ruled Greece until the abdication of his uncle, King Constantine I, after World War One. They all fled Greece forever. Later, Philip's mother suffered from mental illness and his father left her to live in France with a mistress. Philip himself grew up in boarding schools.

A naval officer, he served bravely in the Mediterranean and the Far East. Through letters and occasional moments together, Philip courted the princess. In 1946 he proposed in Scotland and she immediately said yes. But that is when their romance turned tricky.

Her father, King George, insisted the couple wait to announce their engagement until the princess, barely 20, was older. There were plenty of murmurings against Philip. Of course everyone could see his attraction. "A blond Greek Apollo;" "a Viking;" "handsome as any film star"—those were the descriptions that followed him. But he was "unpolished," arrogant, destitute, and—perhaps worst of all for a country just emerging from World War Two—he was "too German."

Elizabeth's mother, the Queen, was not too sure about Philip. In private she called him the Hun.

There was no getting around it: Philip was of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksberg. While he'd been taken in by English relatives in his youth, his four sisters all married German princes. Three of his brothers-in-law joined the Nazi party. Elizabeth's mother, the Queen, was not too sure about Philip as a son-in-law. In private she called him "the Hun."

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But the princess was determined to marry him and her parents relented. In 1947, Philip proposed with a three-carat round diamond engagement ring, consisting of a center stone flanked by 10 smaller pave diamonds. The ring's stones were originally part of a tiara that belonged to Prince Philip's mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg.

His mother was given the tiara on her own wedding day by Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra of Russia, the last rulers of the Russian Empire. Princess Alice gifted her son the tiara in preparation for his proposal. The Prince then designed the ring himself by working with London jeweler Philip Antrobus Ltd.

The king and queen went on to announce their daughter's betrothal. Philip became a British citizen and took the name "Mountbatten." Just before the wedding, he was named Duke of Edinburgh.

Many of Philip's new countrymen were wary of the match. One newspaper polled its readers about Queen Elizabeth and Philip's engagement and 40 percent were against it. "The days of intermarriage of royalty have passed," intoned an editorial.

On the way to the ceremony, Princess Elizabeth's diamond tiara snapped.

But the romance of the attractive young couple eventually won the necessary hearts. The wedding date was set. The only obstacle that remained was money. The country still had food rationing, after all, and exercised controls on imports of petrol, tobacco, and paper.

It was billed as an austerity wedding and the government awarded Princess Elizabeth an extra 200 clothing coupons for her dress. She still managed to wear something beautiful: an ivory silk wedding gown sewn with thousands of seed pearls. Due to rationing in World War II, the future Queen of England saved up clothing coupons to purchase her wedding dress.

Admirers of the young royal even sent her their own coupons through the mail, but they had to be returned because it was illegal to transfer them. When the future Queen finally got her dress, the-star patterned bridal train was 13 feet in length and the ivory silk gown was decorated with 10,000 seed pearls. Overall, the gown took 350 women seven weeks to make. Rumor had it the dress was inspired by a Botticelli painting from 1482.

It was Philip who hewed closely to the austerity mandate. Always indifferent to clothes and fond of economizing, the Duke of Edinburgh brushed off his naval uniform and reportedly wore darned socks to Westminster Abbey.

On the way to the ceremony, Princess Elizabeth's diamond tiara snapped. Her mother, the Queen, kept everyone calm while the court jeweler was summoned to make repairs. It would be fixed, the Queen promised. And she was right.

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This was the wedding of the future monarch, so anonymity was out of the question. The ceremony was broadcast on the radio to millions of listeners, and there were 2,500 guests at Westminster, including six kings and seven queens. Afterward, the bride and groom left the abbey for a wedding breakfast at Buckingham Palace.

And they were radiant.

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To this day, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip continue to inspire couples everywhere with their marriage. For their 70th wedding anniversary, the royal couple even released a series of portraits that make them look cuter than ever.

Queen Elizabeth II even got her husband a special gift for their platinum anniversary in the form of a knighthood. While most people might settle for flowers and chocolate, the royal couple knows how to celebrate love the way only the royal family can.

Did you know that Her Majesty and His Royal Highness's wedding cake was 9 feet tall?

To celebrate 70 years of marriage, discover 70 facts about The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh's wedding.

The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh on their wedding day

A Royal Engagement

1. Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip first met in 1934 at the wedding of Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark to Prince George, Duke of Kent.

Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip's engagement photograph

2. Their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.

The Wedding Day

3. The Wedding took place just four months later, at 10.30am on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey.

4. On April 26 1923, The Queen's parents King George VI and Queen Elizabeth (then the Duke and Duchess of York) were also married at the Abbey.

5. The Queen (then Princess Elizabeth) was the 10th member of The Royal Family to be married at Westminster Abbey.

Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip arrive at Westminster Abbey

6. The first Royal wedding to take place in the Abbey was on 11 November 1100, when King Henry I married Princess Matilda of Scotland.

7. Before the wedding, Prince Philip was created The Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich of Greenwich in the County of London.

8. Together with her father, George VI, Princess Elizabeth arrived at the Abbey in the Irish State Coach.

The Wedding Party

9. Princess Elizabeth had eight bridesmaids: HRH The Princess Margaret, HRH Princess Alexandra of Kent, Lady Caroline Montagu-Douglas-Scott, Lady Mary Cambridge, The Hon. Pamela Mountbatten, The Hon. Margaret Elpinstone and Diana Bowes-Lyon.

Princess Elizabeth's bridemaids

10. Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Michael of Kent served as page boys.

11. The Duke of Edinburgh's best man was David Mountbatten, the Marquess of Milford Haven.

12. 2,000 guests were invited to the ceremony.

13. A number of foreign Royals attended the wedding, including; The King of Iraq, Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and The Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Princess Elisabeth of Luxembourg.

The Service

14. The wedding ceremony was officiated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, and the Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett.

15. The ceremony was recorded and broadcast by BBC Radio to 200 million people around the world.

16. The organist and Master of the Choristers at the Abbey, Australian William Neil McKie, was the director music for the wedding.

17. McKie composed a motet (a vocal musical composition) for the occasion: "We wait for thy loving kindness, O God."

The wedding service of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip

18. Psalm 67 ("God be merciful unto us and bless us") was sung into a setting by Sir Edward Cuthbert Bairstow, an English organist and composer.

19. The wedding anthem was "Blessed be the God and Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ" by Samuel Sebastian Wesley.

20. The hymns were "Praise, my soul, the king of heaven", and "The Lord's my Shepherd", to the Scottish tune "Crimond" attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine, which was largely unknown in the Church of England at the time.

21. The service started with a specially composted fanfare by Arnold Bax and finished with Felix Mendelssohn's "Wedding March".

22. There were 91 singers; the abbey choir was joined by the choirs of the Chapel Royal and St George's Chapel in Windsor.

The wedding certificate

The Wedding Outfits

23. The wedding ring was made from a nugget of Welsh gold which came from the Clogau St David's mine, near Dolgellau.

24. The platinum and diamond engagement ring was made by the jewellers, Philip Antrobus, using diamonds from a tiara belonging to Philip's mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg.

25. Princess Elizabeth's wedding dress was designed by the Sir Norman Hartnell, who submitted designs for the dress. The winning design was approved mid-August, which was less than three months before the wedding.

Norman Hartnell's design for the dress

26. Hartnell cited Botticelli's famous painting Primavera, which symbolises the coming of spring, as his inspiration for the design.

27. The dress has a simple cut with fitted bodice, heart-shaped neckline with a low v-pointed waist and a floor-length panelled skirt.

28. Due to rationing measures in place following World War Two, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to pay for her dress.

29. Hundreds of people from across the UK sent The Princess their coupons to help with the dress, although they had to be returned as it would be illegal to use them.

30. The dress has a 15-foot silk tulle full court train, which was attached at the shoulders, is embroidered in pearl, crystal and transparent applique tulle embroidery.

31. The satin for the applique was produced at Lullingstone Castle in Kent and woven by Warner & Sons.

32. The dress was made from duchesse satin, ordered from the firm of Wintherthur, near Dunfermline in Scotland. 

33. The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America.

34. Princess Elizabeth's outfit was completed with ivory duchesse satin high-heeled sandals, trimmed with silver and seed pearl buckles, made by Edward Rayne.

35.  Jewellery for the day included two pearl necklaces, the shorter of the two necklaces was the 'Queen Anne' necklace, said to have belonged to Anne, the last Stuart Queen.

36. The second pearl necklace is known as the 'Queen Caroline', and is said to have belonged to the wife of King George II.

37. Both necklaces were left to the Crown by Queen Victoria and were given to Elizabeth as a wedding present by her father, King George VI.

38. The diamond fringe tiara was lent to The Queen on her wedding day, the frame of the gem broke as the bridge was putting it on and it had to be quickly repaired.

39. Norman Hartnell also designed Princess Elizabeth's going-away outfit which was a dress and coat in mist-blue.

40. After the wedding, the dress was exhibited at St James's Palace and was then went on tour across the UK, visiting Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, Preston, Leicester, Nottingham, Manchester, Bradford, Leeds and Huddersfield.

The Wedding Flowers

41. The bridal bouquet consisted of white orchids and also included a sprig of myrtle, a tradition that was started by Queen Victoria.

42. The tradition started when Queen Victoria was given some myrtle by Prince Albert's grandmother, which she planted at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

43. The day after the wedding the bouquet was sent back to Westminster Abbey, where it was laid on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior – another Royal tradition.

44. The Worshipful Company of Gardeners supplied the flowers for the bouquet, and it was arranged by the florist MH Longman.

The Wedding Reception

The Royal couple wave to crowds from balcony of Buckingham Palace

45. After the service a wedding breakfast was held (at lunchtime) in the Ball-Supper Room at Buckingham Palace.

46. The menu was Filet de Sole Mountbatten, Perdreau en Casserole, Bombe Glacee Princess Elizabeth.

47. The wedding favours were individual posies of myrtle and white Balmoral heather.

48. The string band of the Grenadier Guards played music during the breakfast.

49. Famously, the newlyweds went onto balcony at Buckingham Palace to wave to the huge crowds on the mall.

Crowds come to see the Royal couple

The Wedding Gifts

50. The couple received over 2,500 wedding presents from around the world and around 10,000 telegrams of congratulations.

51. Mahatma Gandhi sent a present. It was a piece of cotton lace that he spun himself, and is embroidered with the words "Jai Hind" (Victory for India).

52. They also received many practical gifts; Queen Mary gave a bookcase and Princess Margaret gave a picnic case. Other gifts included a Singer sewing machine and a fridge!

53. The gifts were put on display at St James's Palace where members of the public could come and see them.

The Wedding Cake

54. Although the Royal couple received eleven wedding cakes, there was one official one which was baked by McVitie and Price.

55. The cake used ingredients from all around the world, including sugar from the Girl Guides in Australia, which gave the cake the name 'The 10,000 Mile Cake'.

56. The cake was nine feet high in four tiers.

The 9 foot tall wedding cake

57. It was decorated with the arms of both families, including the monograms of the bride and groom, sugar-iced figures of their favourite activities, and regimental and naval badges.

58. The cake was cut using the Duke's Mountbatten sword, which was a wedding present from The King.

The Royal Honeymoon

59. Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip spent their wedding night in Broadlands, Hampshire, the home of Philip's uncle, Earl Mountbatten.

60. They travelled by train to Hampshire, departing from Waterloo Station. Princess Elizabeth's Corgi, Susan, came with them.

The Royal Couple travel to Waterloo station to start their honeymoon

61. The rest of their honeymoon was spent at Birkhall on the Balmoral Estate.

Wedding Anniversary's

62. The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh celebrated their sixth wedding anniversary in the year of the coronation, with a dance at Clarence House given by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.

63. In 1972, The Queen and The Duke celebrated their silver wedding anniversary with a Service at Westminster Abbey.

The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh mark their silver wedding anniversary

64. Later that day, The Queen and The Duke, along with The Prince of Wales and The Princess Royal, attended a celebratory lunch at the Guildhall, hosted by the Lord Mayor and the Corporation of London.

65. In the evening, the Prince of Wales and The Princess Royal hosted a celebration party at Buckingham Palace

66. The Queen and The Duke celebrated their Golden Wedding anniversary in 1997, with a lunch at banqueting House in London.

Golden Wedding Anniversary celebrations

67. Her Majesty gave a speech at the occasion:

'What a remarkable fifty years they have been: for the world, for the Commonwealth and for Britain.'

68. An identical copy of the wedding bouquet was made and presented to The Queen on her Golden Wedding in 1997.

69. In 2007, The Queen became the first British Monarch to have celebrated a Diamond Wedding anniversary.

70. United Biscuits, who now owns McVities, made two cakes to mark the diamond wedding anniversary in 2007. 

  • Condition: In Very Good Condition for its age over 50 years old
  • Year of Issue: 1972
  • Year: 1972
  • Number of Pieces: 1
  • Time Period: 1970s
  • Fineness: Unknown
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Country of Origin: Great Britain
  • Colour: Silver

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